Ship communications and signaling systems are classified according to two main features: by purpose and the nature of the signals. By appointment, the means of communication are divided into means of external and internal communication.

Means of external communication serve to ensure the safety of navigation, communication with other ships, coastal posts and stations, designation of the type of activity of the vessel, its condition, etc.

The means of external communication of the vessel include:

radio communication;

sound;

visual;

emergency radio equipment;

pyrotechnic.

Intercoms and alarms are designed to provide alarms, other signals, as well as reliable communication between the bridge and all posts and services.
These tools include the ship's automatic telephone station (PBX), the ship's loud-speaking communication system, machine telegraph, loud battle calls, the ship’s bell, a megaphone, portable VHF radio, a mouth whistle, sound and light alarm indicating that the temperature has risen, smoke has appeared, water has entered in ship premises.

The most important part of the maritime alarm system is the lights, signs, lights and sound signals provided by the MPSPS-72.

Audio communications and alarms

The means of sound communication and signaling are intended, first of all, for giving signals in accordance with MPPSS-72. Audible alarms can also be used to transmit messages both on the MSS-65, and, for example, for communication between the icebreaker and the ships it conducts.

Audio tools include ship whistle or typhon, bell, fog horn and gong.

The whistle and typhon are the main means for sounding signals according to MPSPS-72. The sound signals are carried out from the wheelhouse and from the wings of the bridge by pressing the signal button.

When swimming in reduced visibility conditions, a special device is turned on, which gives fog signals according to a predetermined program.

Ship's bell is installed in the bow of the vessel, near the windlass. It is used to send signals to the bridge when anchoring a ship and taking pictures from an anchor, to supply foggy signals when the ship is anchored, aground, to give an additional signal during a fire at the port, etc.

The fog horn is a spare means of fog alarm. It is used to supply fog signals when a whistle or typhoon fails.

The gong is used to supply the fog signals prescribed by Rule 35 (g) of the COLDS-72.

Audio communications and alarms

Visual communication and alarm systems

Visual aids are light and subject. The light includes various lighting devices - signal lights, spotlights, ratier, klotic and distinctive lights.

The range of light signal devices is usually no more than 5 miles.

Signal figures and signal flags of the International Code of Signals (MCC-65) are used as subject tools.

Signal figures - balls, cylinders, cones and diamonds on ships are used in accordance with the requirements of MPPSS-72. The figures are made of tin, plywood, wire and canvas.

Their sizes are determined by the Register. They are stored on the upper bridge, except for the anchor ball, which is on the forecastle.

The Navy uses the International Code of Signals (MSS-65), a set of which consists of 40 flags: 26 alphabetic, 14 digital, 3 replacement and response pennant. These flags are raised on the files and stored in the wheelhouse in special box-cells.

, which was adopted by IMKO in 1965 and put into effect from 1.04. 1969, designed to communicate in various ways and means, especially in cases where there are language difficulties in communication. In drawing up the international code, it was taken into account that in the absence of language difficulties, the use of maritime radio communication systems provides a simpler and more effective communication.

The code is designed to negotiate on the safety of navigation and the protection of human life at sea using one-, two-, and three-letter signals.

It consists of six sections:

1. Terms of use for all types of communication.

2. Single-letter signals for urgent, important messages.

3. The general section of the two-letter signals.

4. Medical section.

5. Alphabetical indexes of the words-determinants.

6. Applications on loose sheets that contain distress signals, rescue signals and the procedure for radiotelephone negotiations.

Each signal of the International Code has a complete meaning. In order to expand the value of the main signal, some of them use digital additions.

General rules

1. Simultaneously raise only one flag signal.

2. Each signal or group of signals should be left raised until the receiving station responds.

3. When more than one signal group rises on the same file, each of them should be separated from the other by a separation file.

The call sign of the called station should be raised simultaneously with the signal on a separate file. If the call is not raised, it means that the signal is addressed to all stations located within the visibility of the signals.

All stations to which signals are addressed or which are indicated in the signals, as soon as they see them, should raise the response pennant to half, and immediately after parsing the signal - to the place; the response pennant should be lowered to half as soon as the transmitting station lowers the signal, and raised again to the place after the next signal is parsed.

The end of the exchange of signals

After the last flag signal has been lowered, the transmitting station should raise a response pennant indicating that this signal is the last. The receiving station should respond to this in the same way as with all other signals.

Actions when the signal is not understood

If the receiving station cannot distinguish the signal transmitted for it, then it should keep the response pennant raised to half. If the signal is distinguishable, but its meaning is not clear, then the receiving station can raise the following signals:

Replaced pennants are used when the signal needs to use the same flag (or digital pennant) several times, and there is only one set of flags.

The first replacing pennant always repeats the topmost signal flag of that kind of flags (separation by type is made into alphabetic and numeric), which precedes the replacement one. The second substitute always repeats the second, and the third substitute - the third on top of the signal flag of the kind of flags that precedes the substitute.

A replacement pennant can never be used more than once in the same group.

A response pennant, when used as a decimal, should not be taken into account when determining which replacement to use.

Two-letter signals   make up a general section of the code and serve for negotiations related to the safety of navigation. For example, you need to request “What is your draft as stern?”. The word “draft” in this case will be the definition word. On the letter “o” we find the word “draft”. On the page indicated next to this word, we find that this text corresponds to NT signal. This signal corresponds to the query “What is your draft?” Below this signal follow NT signals with digital additions from 1 to 9. From these signals choose NT9, which corresponds to the required request.

For convenience of analysis, the signals in the International Code are arranged in alphabetical order, and their first letters are marked on the side flaps. For example, to parse the CZ signal, you need to open the book on the valve with the letter “C”, then find the second letter “Z” and read the meaning of the signal “You must become a sidewalk to receive the boat or raft”.

Three-letter signals   serve to send medical messages. As digital additions to the signals, the supplement tables of the medical section are used, in which parts of the body are coded in two figures (table M l), a list of common diseases (tables M 2.1, M 2.2), a list of medicines (table M 3).

Ship names or geographical locations in the text of a flag signal should be spelled. If necessary, the signal YZ can be raised in advance (The following words are transmitted in clear text).

Special types of signal production

Special types of signal production

National flag of the Russian Federation

Raised on a ship in the prescribed manner the State Flag of the Russian Federation indicates the ownership of the vessel of the Russian Federation.
The national flag of the Russian Federation shall be lifted only on vessels having a certificate of the right to sail under the State flag of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Merchant Shipping Code. The day of the first flag raising is considered a ship holiday and is celebrated annually.

The national flag of the Russian Federation rises on a ship while parked on the aft flagpole, while on the move - on a gaff or aft flagpole. Small and towing vessels in the parking lot and on the move are allowed to carry the flag on the gaff.
  The national flag of the Russian Federation on the move and in parking areas rises daily at 8 o'clock and descends at sunset. Over the Arctic Circle in the winter, the State flag of the Russian Federation should rise daily at 8 o'clock and be in that position within the time range of its visibility, and in summer from 8 to 20 hours.
The national flag of the Russian Federation rises earlier than the established time (up to 8 hours), and also does not descend after sunset at the vessel’s entry and exit from the port.

The raising and lowering of the State Flag of the Russian Federation and other flags is carried out on the orders of the watch officer of the watch.

Flags of foreign countries. Flags indicate the ship’s belonging to the relevant state.

On the Russian ships, while staying in a foreign port, as well as following inland waterways, canals and approach fairways, the flag of the port country should be hoisted on the forward flagpole, along with the national flag of the Russian Federation raised on the aft flagpole.

On the days of national and local holidays, during the stay in the ports of Russia, the vessels of the Russian court are colored with the flags of the International Code of Signals, which are carried from the stem through the tops of the masts to the tow bar.

When coloring flags, the combination of their colors should be made in an intermittent order.

For colorization should not be used:

state and naval flags of the Russian Federation;

feed flags of auxiliary and hydrographic vessels;

flags of officials;

foreign national and military flags and flags of foreign officials;

flag of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.

The ascent and descent of the colorization flags are performed simultaneously with the ascent and descent of the State flag.

Flags of officials. Senior officials of the Russian Federation have their flags (pennants).

Flags of officials are raised on ships where these persons have an official seat.

Raise and lower flags (pennants) with the permission of the persons to whom they are assigned at the time this official entered the ship.

Ship call sign. Each ship is assigned its own call sign in the form of letters or numbers. By call sign, you can uniquely identify the nationality, type, name of the vessel and its main characteristics.

The detection range of a single human figure, as well as a small group of people, when observed during the daytime from an airplane flying at an altitude of 200 meters, is: in the summer - 1 - 1.5 km, in the winter - 1.6 - 1.8 km. To increase the effectiveness of the victim's visual search, it is necessary to use additional technical means, which primarily include different power and destination signal light-emitting diode pyrotechnics, parachute flares, rocket launchers, mortar cartridges, PSND, false flares, smoke bombs and the like.

There are few who did not include signal flares. There are many types of signal, lighting and other rockets (single and multi-star, red, white, green, etc.) designed for emergency and other signaling, lighting and other highly specialized purposes. A distress signal is considered to be one or several bright red or crimson stars, which are released one by one at short intervals with the help of a pistol-rocket launcher, or a long red light planning a parachute flare. As a distress signal, the fires of any other missiles can be interpreted, produced in batches of three, with short intervals between shots.

Small signal flares.

They have a diameter of 32 mm, a length of 230 mm, and a mass of 190 g. The height of the asterisk sprocket is 150 meters, the burning time is 6 - 12 seconds.

Parachute distress signal missiles (RPSP-40, PRB-40, RB-40SH).

With a diameter of 44 mm, a length of 212 mm, and a mass of 390 g, they are distinguished by a more intense and long luminescence of a signal sprocket and a greater lifting height, up to 300 meters. The color of the star is only red. The duration of the light signal can be 30 seconds or more. Power shines up to 40 thousand candles. Under favorable weather conditions, the light signal of a large parachute flare can be seen 25 to 30 km from the feed point at night and several kilometers later in the daytime.

Signal flares colored lights.

They have a similar look and size with a parachute rocket, but a much wider color range. One and two star signals of red, white, green and yellow lights. Duration of a luminescence - 5 - 40 seconds. There is also a special sound alarm rocket exploding at a height of 300 meters with a loud sound like a cannon shot.

Combined signal flares.

Externally, they look like signal flares of colored lights, but slightly larger in size (diameter 41 mm, length 255 mm, weight 450 g), give a light and sound signal at a height of 200 meters - five red lights burning for 5 seconds and a howling sound lasting 8 seconds

The order of use of signal rockets.

I will give an excerpt from the instructions for the use of signal parachute rockets.

1. Take the rocket in your left hand so that the fingers tightly covered the metal sleeve of the launch tube, and the palm does not close the cap.
  2. Unscrew the cap with your right hand, carefully release the lanyard with the ring, take the ring in your right hand.
  3. Give the missile the desired direction: hold the lighting flares at an angle of 50-60 degrees, signal flares at an angle of 70-90 degrees. In winter, the angle of shooting of lighting flares is recommended to increase.
  4. Make a right hand along the axis of the rocket a sharp jerk of the lanyard on itself.
  5. If the need to use a rocket has disappeared, then put the cord with the ring inside the rocket and screw the cap.

Mortar alarm cartridges.

Now, instead of parachute signal rockets, small mortar cartridges are sometimes used, launched using a special mechanism. They are slightly larger than a fountain pen and, by the way, looking like a fountain pen. When firing a mortar, exploding at a height of 50 - 80 meters, it forms a bright star, which burns in the sky for about 5 seconds and can be seen at a distance of up to 7 - 10 km.
  This type of mortars is used in army kits.

In the hunting stores now you can find a civilian version of mortars, which has the name "Pyrotechnic signal of the hunter." The kit includes a starting device and ammunition of red, yellow and green lights.

To bring the signal cartridges-mortar in combat platoon necessary.

- Screw mortar on the trigger nozzle, after removing the safety cap from it.
  - Cock the spring, pressing the shutter button all the way and fixing it in a special cutout on the body.

Now, in order to fire a shot, it is enough to direct the trigger to the sky at an angle of 80 - 90 degrees and push the shutter button with your thumb out of the slot.

Self-made signaling means.

Tourists, climbers and other amateur travelers most often take with them to the march as an alarm signal means cartridges to the rocket launcher. However, they refused from the rocket launcher itself because of its excessive size and weight and produce self-made short-barreled rocket launchers of aluminum alloy, the weight of which does not exceed 50 g. The drawings of such rocket launchers can be found in special tourist literature.

Signal cartridges for firearms.

In hunting stores, special signal cartridges are sometimes sold, which can be fired from an ordinary hunting rifle. There are also various signal pistol and rifle tracer cartridges. All of them are designed to signal an alarm from a combat and hunting rifle. Recently, widespread, which, in addition to the well-known cartridges of tear and noise, can shoot and light-signal charges.

It is only necessary to take care that at least several such cartridges are in the curb clip. Because tear-rescuers leading the search to rescuers about themselves to report is surprising. Is it just enough to cry about the forgotten home in the bedside signal charges. It should be borne in mind that the light power of such auxiliary ammunition, the height of the charge release and the burning time of the signal sprocket are much lower than the parachute flares. Therefore, it is better to have them more and shoot them only when there is a chance that they will be noticed.

Night and daytime signal cartridges (PSND).

PSND have a cylindrical body with a length of 172 mm, a diameter of 35 mm and a weight of 190 g, and enjoy well-deserved recognition from travelers. They have the same principle of action as the signal rockets. The cartridge is activated by pulling the ignition cord. Only it is necessary to remember: the location of the starting cord in the signal cartridge is opposite to the rocket. That is, the signal is triggered in the same direction where the cord is twitching. If you forget about it and pull out the cord not from yourself, but according to the rocket habit - to yourself, you can seethe much.

The detection limit for the PSND night signal (bright orange or crimson flame) reaches 15–20 km in the dark when seen from an airplane flying at an altitude of 500 meters. A daylight signal (crimson smoke) from the same height can be seen at a distance of up to 5-8 km. When viewed from the ship’s bridge, the detection limit for night and day signals is reduced by 20–30%. The best daytime smoke signal is read against the background of snow, ice, water, but in the sands of the desert or in the dense forest one can miss it in three hundred steps.

The action of the signal cartridge of the night and day action is short-term - no more than 10 - 20 seconds. In order not to confuse in the dark side of the signal cartridge, we must remember that the cover of the "day" signal is flat and even, and the "night" has a groove. In addition, there are special false lights, torches, candles, smoke bombs and similar pyrotechnic products that can burn longer, sometimes up to 10 minutes or more. They are usually used for emergency search alarm in transport, environmental and other departments.

Red light flare.

Intended for distress alert. Its length is 225 mm, diameter is 37 mm, weight is about 250 g. The time of burning of the light signal is 60 seconds, the intensity of light is 10 thousand candles.

Ground signal cartridge.

It has half the size and weight of the flare and, accordingly, less duration and brightness of the light signal. All the hand flares are driven by pulling the starter cord.

Torch-candle used in railway transport.

I will mention the torch-candle, used in transport for the alarm signal approaching the scene of the accident. Rather, once used, and now everywhere superseded by more modern radio technical means of emergency communication. A torch-candle is the same flare, for convenience, having two retractable wire handles. They allow you to keep your hand at a safe distance from an open flame and contribute to the complete combustion of the flare.

If a signal is needed, the knobs pressed against the case of the torch-candle with two cardboard rims extend to their full length, the upper protective cap is removed and the inside of the cap is struck along the projecting pilot wick. In the absence or wetting of a cap, a torch-candle can be lit using the side wall of a matchbox or from a flame of a match or lighter.

The torch-candle burns for 10 minutes (which distinguishes it from other hand flares) with a bright red pulsating flame, with the strongest flash being observed in the first seconds of burning. If you can choose, it is better to prefer a torch-candle, not afraid of moisture. There are even those who can burn being completely submerged in water. Due to its long-term effect, the false flare can be used for making fires in bad weather.

Entertaining rockets, firecrackers and fireworks as signal means in an emergency.

A few words should be said about the various Chinese and similar fireworks that appeared in the mass sale and are not amenable to enumeration. Like signal flares and tools, all these flares, firecrackers, “bugs”, “butterflies”, “airplanes”, lights, Bengal candles and similar flappers are not very reliable. First of all, by the fact that they are poorly executed and are not intended for operation in difficult meteorological conditions. Hence the frequent misfires, incomplete combustion of light charges, the inability to calculate the trajectory of the flight of the signal sprocket.

Such primitive pyrotechnics is extremely difficult to transport and use in real emergency conditions. Still, it is possible if nothing more reliable was at hand. It is better to be able to give at least some kind of signal than nothing at all. Moreover, unlike all other pyrotechnic products, festive salutes have two undeniable advantages - low cost and accessibility. And as potential travelers from their acquisition or dissuade, they still can not listen to good advice.

When choosing such improvised signaling means, one should prefer signal flares and pyrotechnics, made at domestic defense factories (it is most similar to real signal flares and false-flares), or pyrotechnics of industrially developed countries. Such fireworks are more reliable and safe in circulation than those gathered in semi-handicraft workshops of developing countries. It is better to choose cases not “paper”, but made at least of thick pressed cardboard with metal reinforcement rings. Shells should have maximum hardness and tightness.

And the most important thing: of all the fireworks of rockets, "Bengal lights" and similar holiday pyrotechnic products intended as alarm signaling means, it is possible to use only those that have the ORANGE-RED color signal. Red is the common color of distress. All others, of course, can also attract attention, help to be interpreted as an ordinary salute.

All listed festive signaling means before taking with you to the forest should be checked in. Shoot and see how high the light star rises, where it flies, how long it burns, how badly it is influenced by bad weather and strong wind, etc. If the light signals are not bright enough and quickly burn through, then it is better to launch signal flares, replacing quality with quantity, “bush”, that is, several times or one after the other, with short intervals so that the next one has time to flash before the previous one goes out.

With such signal consumer goods should be treated even more carefully than with combat signal rockets. It is necessary to carefully study the instructions for use and make a few training shots.

Precautions when handling pyrotechnic distress signal devices.

It must be remembered that all parachute signal rockets, PSND and some other pyrotechnic signal means are constructively prepared for firing, and therefore they should be treated like a loaded weapon, taking special care. When a missile misfires, it is necessary to hold it for at least 30 seconds in the position of a shot, not directing at people.

All memos and instructions prescribe not to fire signal flares, and in the most categorical form they prohibit repairing the failed pyrotechnics. Similarly, they guard against the use of pyrotechnics with an expired shelf life (usually 3 - 4 years). Approaching the rocket while the fire is burning under it is CATEGORALLY NOT ACCEPTABLE! Up to the complete burning down of the fire and cooling of the rocket body.

According to the book "School of survival in accidents and natural disasters."
  Ilyin A.

Pyrotechnic alarm devices are included in the supply of lifeboats and life rafts and are used to give distress signals and attract attention.

These include:

Parachute rockets;

Hand flares;

Floating smoke bombs;

All pyrotechnic means are enclosed in waterproof cases on which brief instructions or drawings are applied that clearly illustrate the methods of using pyrotechnic means. Their design should ensure the safety of the people who use them.

The rules for using each pyrotechnic agent are listed on each product.

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   Section 2. Definition Contains 11 definitions, of which three (such as 1.Cjgvention, 2.Regulation, 3. Chapter) are well known, and the remaining 8 are given below: 4. ShipSec

Organization of service on ships. Ship services. Subordination
   The basis of the organization of the ship service is made up of: - schedules for institutions; - watch service; - technical service; - schedule for alarms;

Labor organization in general court work
   Preparation for the work should include the organization of a safe and convenient workplace, the correct placement of workers, the provision of working specials. clothing and protective equipment.

The main actions related to environmental protection when entering the territorial waters of states
   1. Before the vessel enters the water, stop any operations of oil-containing mixtures and other harmful liquid substances. 2. All locking devices through which these substances are discharged are

Ship stability Stability measures. Ship deadweight
   Stability is the ability of the ship, rejected from the position, equilibrium, to return to it after the disappearance of the cause that caused the deviation. Deadweight - the difference between the displacement

First aid for victims of accidents
   1. Terminate the effect of hazardous factors on the injured person (release from the action of the electric current, take out the contaminated area, extinguish clothing that is burned out of the water, etc.) 2. Inject the injured

Floating equipment navigation equipment. Hazard Fence Systems
   A floating beacon is a vessel equipped with lighthouse light equipment, radio engineering, and sound-signal devices and designed to determine the position of ships at sea. Buoys - applied

Preparatory work for the reception and delivery of the pilot
   1. Establish communication with the pilot station or with the pilot ship. 2. To clarify the time of approach to the point of reception (return) of the pilot. 3. Prepare a pilot ramp (gangway) to check the wasps

Preparation of cargo premises (tanks) to receive cargo
The main activities for preparing cargo space for receiving cargo are: All cargo space should be fully prepared to receive cargo (swept up, washed, if necessary

Preparation and launching of lifeboats and rafts. Boarding and launching
   Before launching the boat into the water, a number of actions must be performed: 1. Regardless of the method of launching the boat, additional equipment and supplies necessary for

The procedure for determining directions on the surface of the Earth. Systems of dividing the horizon into degrees and points
   An observer on the surface of the globe can determine the direction of a certain line using a plumb line. Sheer line on the surface of the globe will give direction to the zenith of the observer

The order of abandonment of the vessel in the absence of rescue equipment at the side
   Jump into the water in a lifejacket: - put on a vest, firmly press it with your hands; - to inspect the landing place, take a deep breath, push the legs forward from the side, facing the sea;

Safety regulations for the production of freight operations, mooring operations
   On each lifting device are indicated: - register number; - permitted load capacity; - the term of the next test is FORBIDDEN to work as a cargo pendant

Causes of fires on ships. Portable and stationary fire extinguishing equipment
   The main causes of fires on the vessel. Treat: - indisputable or careless handling of open fire, heating devices, careless smoking; - fault

Fire mode on the vessel. Sentinel service
   The crew of the vessel must strictly observe the fire protection regime and take all measures to ensure the explosion and fire safety of the vessel in any conditions of its operation. When parking sous

Mast and rigging of the vessel. Their purpose
   A mast is a structure made of metal pipes or wooden blocks that are installed in the center plane of the vessel and are rigidly fastened to its body. The mast includes the masts and their

Schedule for alarms. Responsibilities for anxiety. Types of ship alarms
   The main organization of the struggle for the survival of the vessel is the Alarm Schedule. It defines the duties of the crew members in case of an accident and the place where they are collected for alarm. There are typical odds

Steering gear vessel. The composition of the steering device. Types of steering wheels, steering gears
The steering device provides controllability of the vessel, i.e. keeps the vessel on course or change its direction of movement regardless of the influence of wind, waves or currents. Composed:

Sanitary regulations and ship hygiene
   Sanitary rules contain requirements for water supply, heating, ventilation, household and waste water systems. Sanitary regulations regulate the standards of illumination of working places;

Separation equipment for bilge water treatment. Waste incineration equipment
   Each vessel with a capacity of 400 rt and more, oil tanker with a capacity of 150 rt and more should have on board: - filtering equipment that provides purification of oily water to

Internal and external communication and alarm systems on ships
   Internal communications and alarms are designed to ensure control of the vessel and reliable communication of the command bridge with all posts and services. These funds include: - ships

Cardinal system
   · Northern buoy: · Coloring: black at the top, yellow at the top Top figures: both cones tops upwards Fire: flashing without pauses, by

Special purpose signs
   Designed to refer to special areas or objects shown on maps or described in other navigation documents, such as signs, fencing off landfill areas, underwater cables

Rescue and duty boats and their types and requirements for them
   A lifeboat is a lifeboat capable of preserving the lives of people in distress since they left the ship. Closed type boats and partial closed type boats

Means of internal and external communication and alarm systems on ships
   Internal communications and alarms are designed to ensure control of the vessel and reliable communication of the command bridge with all posts and services; - ship telephone communication; - ships

Means and methods of visual signaling
   1.Signal - distinctive lights (running lights) - top lights; - side lights; - stern (gakobortny) fire; - bunker fire; - anchor lights;

Means of navigation equipment, their types of location, purpose, principle of action
   Navigation equipment of the ship consists of a set of navigation instruments that provide the course laying, determining the geographical coordinates of its location. These devices should provide

Ship fire systems, fire extinguisher brands and their use
Fire extinguishing system: Water extinguishing - consists of fire pumps, fire horn, hoses, barrels. It is in constant readiness. Sprinkler system - designed for av

Ship systems and their purpose. What is a ship fire extinguishing plan
   Ship systems are a combination of specialized pipelines with mechanisms, devices, instruments and installations. They are designed to move fluids, air or gases into

Fire extinguishing plan
   Firefighting on ships is carried out in accordance with operational tactical maps and fire extinguishing plans. The fire extinguishing plan is a scheme on which plans are plotted in

Ship anchors, their types, requirements for them. The rules of TB in the work anchor
   Hall anchor has a small number of parts and a large holding force. Being buried in the ground with both paws, the anchor does not pose a danger to other vessels in shallow water and excludes the possibility of

Safety in the performance of general shipwork. Industrial sanitation on ships
   The crew of all specialties must be aware of and follow the general requirements of the safety device when operating the vessel. For the safe execution of general shipwork, team members are provided with workwear and

Requirements for the steering device. Checking the steering device before entering the flight. Standard length of intermediate bows of the anchor chain
   In preparing the ship for work, all details of the steering device are carefully inspected, lubricated if necessary. Axiometers are checked. Check the stopper. All defects found

Cables and rigging, rope care
   Cables (ropes) are products made of steel wires or twisted from plant and artificial fibers. Vegetable cables are made from vegetable fiber (hemp, mani

Conditions for dumping ballast and garbage from ships
   “Garbage” means all types of food, household and operational waste that forms during the normal operation of the vessel and is subject to permanent or periodic disposal.

The design of the hull of ships, the purpose and the main elements of the set
   Apply three systems set: transverse, longitudinal, combined. In the transverse system of the set, the main beams go across the vessel (flora, frames, beams) In the longitudinal system

Ship bulkheads
To ensure floatability, the vessel is usually divided by special bulkheads into compartments, which prevents it from being completely flooded due to local hull damage. Bulkhead reinforce the building

Exercises on the transition to emergency steering. Emergency Steering Transition Procedures
   The transition from the main steering gear to the spare should be done quickly: two people should do this work in no more than 2 minutes. To acquire the necessary practical experience of the ship

Anchor device. Preparation for release and anchor sampling
   Anchor device provides a secure parking of the vessel at sea or on the roadstead. When approaching the anchorage, they say the entire anchor device and first of all the windlass. Windlass

Anchor device. Designation and composition. TB at return and selection of an anchor
   Anchor device - provides a secure parking of the vessel in a given area of \u200b\u200bthe sea. The main elements of the anchor: anchors, anchor chains, anchor mechanisms, klyuzy, stoppers. Anchor

The detection range of a single human figure, as well as a small group of people, when observed during the daytime from an airplane flying at an altitude of 200 m, is: in the summer - 1 - 1.5 km, in the winter - 1.6 - 1.8 km. To increase the effectiveness of the victim's visual search, it is necessary to use additional technical means, which primarily include different power and destination signal light-emitting diode pyrotechnics (parachute rockets, rocket launchers, mortar cartridges, PSND, false flares, smoke bombs, etc.).

There are few emergency kits, the package of which would not include one or more signal rockets. There are many types of signal, lighting and other rockets (single and multi-star, red, white, green, etc.) designed for emergency and other signaling, lighting, and other highly specialized purposes.

! A distress signal is considered to be one or more bright red or crimson stars, singly released at short intervals with a pistol-gun, or a long red light of a planning parachute rocket (Fig. 10).

As a distress signal, the fires of any other missiles can be interpreted, produced in batches of three, with short intervals between shots.

Small signal rocket   has a diameter of 32 mm, a length of 230 mm, a mass of 190 g. The height of the asterisk sprocket is 150 m, the burning time is 6 - 12 s.

Parachute rocket distress (RPSP-40, PRB-40, RB-40SH) with a diameter of 44 mm, a length of 212 mm, a mass of 390 g, is more intense and long-lasting luminosity of the signal sprocket and a greater height of its rise (up to 300 m). The color of the star is only red. The duration of the light signal can be 30 seconds or more. Power shines up to 40 thousand candles. Under favorable weather conditions, the light signal of a large parachute rocket can be seen 25 to 30 km from the feed point at night and several kilometers in the daytime. (Fig. 11).

Signal flares colored lights   They have a similar look and size with a parachute, but a much wider color range: one- and two-star signals of red, white, green and yellow lights. Duration of luminescence - 5 - 40 s. There is also a special sound rocket   exploding at a height of 300 m with a loud sound like a gun shot (pic 12).

Combined flare,   similar in appearance but slightly larger in size (diameter 41 mm, length 255 mm, weight 450 g) gives a light-sound signal at a height of 200 m: five red lights burning for 5 s and a howling sound lasting 8s.

I will give an excerpt from the instructions for the use of signal parachute rockets:

1. Take the rocket in your left hand so that the fingers tightly covered the metal sleeve of the launch tube, and the palm does not close the cap.

2. Unscrew the cap with your right hand, carefully release the lanyard with the ring, take the ring in your right hand.

3. Attach the required direction to the rocket: hold the lighting flares at an angle of 50-60 °, and signal flares at an angle of 70-90 °. In winter, the angle of shooting of lighting flares is recommended to increase.

4. Make a right hand along the axis of the rocket a sharp jerk of the lanyard itself (Fig. 13).

5. If the need to use a rocket has disappeared, then put the cord with the ring inside the rocket and screw the cap.

The disadvantages of missiles include their considerable size and weight.

Now instead of parachute rockets, small ones are sometimes used. mortar cartridges,   launched by a special mechanism, the size of a little more than a fountain pen and, by the way, having the appearance of a fountain pen. When firing a mortar, exploding at a height of 50 - 80 m, forms a bright star, which burns in the sky for about 5 s and can be seen at a distance of up to 7 - 10 km (Fig. 14).

Another type of mortars used in domestic military sets is shown on rice 15.

In the hunting stores now you can find a civilian version of mortars, which has the name "Pyrotechnic signal of the hunter." The kit includes a starting device and ammunition of red, yellow and green lights (Fig. 16).

To bring the "fountain pen" into a combat platoon is necessary; wind the mortar key onto the nozzle, after removing the safety cap from it, cocking the spring, pressing the shutter button all the way and fixing it in a special cutout on the body. Now, in order to fire a shot, it is enough to direct the “fountain pen” to the sky at an angle of 80 - 90 ° and push the shutter button with your thumb out of the groove.

Tourists, climbers and other amateur travelers most often take with them to the march as an alarm signal means cartridges to the rocket launcher. However, they refused from the rocket launcher itself because of its excessive size and weight and produce self-made short-barreled rocket launchers of aluminum alloy, the weight of which does not exceed 50 g. The drawings of such rocket launchers can be found in special tourist literature.

In hunting stores, special signal cartridges are sometimes sold, which can be fired from an ordinary hunting rifle. There are also various signal pistol and rifle tracer cartridges. All of them are designed to signal an alarm from a combat and hunting rifle.

Recently, gas weapons, which, in addition to the well-known tear and noise action cartridges, are also capable of shooting light-signal charges, have become widespread. It is only necessary to take care that at least several such cartridges are in the curb clip. Because tear-rescuers leading the search to rescuers about themselves to report is surprising. Is it just enough to cry about the forgotten home in the bedside signal charges.

! It should be borne in mind that the light power of such auxiliary ammunition, the height of the charge release and the burning time of the signal sprocket are much lower than the parachute flares. Therefore, it is better to have them more and shoot them only when there is a chance that they will be noticed.

Night and daytime signal cartridges   (PSND), having a cylindrical body with a length of 172 mm, a diameter of 35 mm and a weight of 190 g (fig. 17)   enjoy well-deserved recognition from travelers. They have the same principle of operation as the missiles. The cartridge is activated by pulling the ignition cord. Only it is necessary to remember: the location of the launch cord in the signal cartridge is opposite to the rocket! That is, the signal is triggered in the same direction where the cord is twitching! If you forget about it and pull the cord not from yourself, but from a rocket habit - to yourself, you can singe strongly (pic. 18)!

! Starting cord at PSND is located in the same place where the signal nozzle looks!

The detection limit of the PSND night signal (bright orange or crimson flame) reaches 15–20 km in the dark when observed from an airplane flying at an altitude of 500 m. A daylight signal (crimson smoke) from the same height can be seen from a distance to 5 - 8 km. When viewed from the ship’s bridge, the detection limit for night and day signals is reduced by 20–30%. The best daytime smoke signal is read against the background of snow, ice, water, but in the sands of the desert or in the dense forest one can miss it in three hundred steps. The action of the signal chuck for a short time is no more than 10 - 20 s. In order not to confuse in the dark side of the signal cartridge, we must remember that the cover of the "day" signal is flat and even, and the "night" has a groove.

In addition, there are special false lights, torch candles, smoke bombs and similar pyrotechnic products that can burn longer, sometimes up to 10 minutes or more. They are usually used for emergency search alarm in transport, environmental and other departments.

Red Fire Flare   designed to give a distress alert. Its length is 225 mm, diameter is 37 mm, weight is about 250 g. The light signal is burning for 60 s, the luminous intensity is 10 thousand candles (Fig. 19).

Ground signal cartridge   has half the size and weight and, accordingly, less duration and brightness of the light signal. All the hand flares are driven by pulling the starter cord.

I will mention torch-candle   used in rail transport to signal an alarm approaching the scene of the accident. Rather, once used, and now everywhere superseded by more modern radio technical means of emergency communication. A torch-candle is the same flare, for convenience, having two retractable wire handles. They allow you to keep your hand at a safe distance from an open flame and contribute to the complete combustion of the flare (Fig. 20).

If a signal is needed, the knobs pressed against the case of the torch-candle with two cardboard rims extend to their full length, the upper protective cap is removed and the inside of the cap is struck along the projecting pilot wick. In the absence or wetting of a cap, a torch-candle can be lit using the side wall of a matchbox or from a flame of a match or lighter. The torch-candle burns for 10 minutes (which distinguishes it from other hand flares) with a bright red pulsating flame, with the strongest flash being observed in the first seconds of burning.

If you can choose, it is better to prefer a torch-candle, not afraid of moisture. There are even those who can burn being completely submerged in water.

Due to its long-term effect, the false flare can be used for making fires in bad weather.

A few words should be said about the various types that appeared in the mass sale and are not amenable to transfer. chinese   and the like fireworks (Fig. 21).   As signal means, all these rockets, firecrackers, “bugs”, “butterflies”, “airplanes”, lights, Bengal candles and similar flappers are not very reliable. First of all, by the fact that they are poorly executed and are not intended for operation in difficult meteorological conditions. Hence the frequent misfires, incomplete combustion of light charges, the inability to calculate the trajectory of the flight of the signal sprocket.

Such primitive pyrotechnics is extremely difficult to transport and use in real emergency conditions. Still, it is possible if nothing more reliable was at hand. It is better to be able to give at least some kind of signal than nothing at all! Moreover, unlike all other pyrotechnic products, festive salutes have two undeniable advantages - low cost and accessibility. And as potential travelers from their acquisition or dissuade, they still can not listen to good advice.

When choosing such improvised signaling means, one should prefer pyrotechnics made at domestic defense factories (it is most similar to real signal flares and false-flares) or pyrotechnics of industrially developed countries. Such fireworks are more reliable and safe in circulation than those gathered in semi-handicraft workshops of developing countries. It is better to choose cases not “paper”, but made at least of thick pressed cardboard with metal reinforcement rings. Shells should have maximum hardness and tightness.

! And most importantly: of all the fireworks of rockets, “Bengal lights” and similar festive pyrotechnic products intended for fireworks, it is possible to use only those that have the ORANGE-RED color signal as alarm signals! Red is the common color of disaster! All others, of course, can also attract attention, help to be interpreted as an ordinary salute.

Before taking with you to the forest, all the above mentioned festive signaling means should be checked in: to shoot off and see how the light star rises high, where it flies, how long it burns, how badly it is influenced by bad weather and strong wind and t .P. If the light signals are not bright enough and quickly burn through, then it is better to launch rockets, replacing the quality with quantity, a “bush”, that is, several times or one after the other, at short intervals so that the next one has time to flash before the previous one goes out.

! With such signal consumer goods should be treated even more carefully than with "military missiles." It is necessary to carefully study the instructions for use and make a few "training" shoots.

It must be remembered that all parachute missiles, PSND and some other pyrotechnic signal means are constructively prepared for the shot, and therefore should be treated as if they were loaded weapons, taking special care! When a missile misfires, you must hold it for at least 30 seconds in the position of a shot, not directing at people! All memos and instructions prescribe to throw away non-shot rockets and prohibit in the most categorical form the repair of non-working pyrotechnics. Similarly, they guard against the use of pyrotechnics with an expired shelf life (usually 3 - 4 years).

Approaching the rocket while the fire is burning under it is CATEGORALLY NOT ACCEPTABLE!

Up to the complete burning down of the fire and cooling of the rocket body!

The detection range of pyrotechnic distress signals largely (sometimes to a decisive degree!) Depends on the place of their supply. Even the most powerful rocket can be managed to be launched in such a place and at such a time that no one will ever see it.

The first step is to take into account the time of day and weather conditions. A bright star in the sky during the day is almost imperceptible, while at night it attracts attention for many kilometers. Therefore, in the daytime it is better to use smoke signals, saving the rocket for darkness. In the same way, a rocket launched into a cloud that accidentally floats over your head can disappear without any benefit. Therefore, if possible, postpone the signal for a few seconds, wait for the passage of clouds, or try to get into a part of the sky free from clouds or fog.

To work with false flares and smoke bombs, you should choose elevated points of relief. At the same time it is necessary to try so that on the leeward side, where the smoke will be assigned, there is an open space - a reservoir, a glacier, a glade.

! When giving a signal, any pyrotechnic means should be held in an outstretched hand, turning it nozzle away from you. On the leeward side, there should be no people standing, there should be flammable and fire-fighting objects. It is categorically unacceptable to send missiles and cartridges in the direction of rescue aircraft, helicopters, ships!

When using rockets, one should take into account the direction and force of the wind, which can strongly demolish a parachute with a signal asterisk burning under it. If you want the signal to burn above your head, shoot a little towards the wind.

Another purely “rocket” mistake is to underestimate the power of its recoil. This is especially true of large parachute rockets! If it is not enough to hold the rocket sleeve tightly, it can, when fired, jerk down and slip out of her hands. I was once convinced of this by giving a light (not alarm) signal in the winter taiga. The mittens frozen to the state of ice did not allow squeezing the fingers with sufficient force, and for this reason the rocket shot at once in two directions: with an asterisk - at the sky, with a sleeve at the ground. Only by a miracle, the light charge that went not along its path did not burn my hair. And it could be worse, much worse. For example, during a rock concert at the Palace Square in St. Petersburg, a rocket unexpectedly released into the crowd, hitting the temple, killed a nearby spectator. That is why the rocket should be taken only with your bare hand, wiping your palms and fingers dry beforehand.

And another very important tip. Most pyrotechnic products have a one-time action, that is, by giving a signal once, it is impossible to repeat it. Therefore, it is necessary to give a signal from the closest possible distance and only when there is confidence that it will be noticed. For example, when you see a rescue plane or a ship or you can clearly hear the increasing noise of operating engines.

On the other hand, in the presence of a stock of disposable pyrotechnic means, it is better not to save a rocket when approaching an invisible rescue plane or helicopter. Here stinginess can do a disservice. The search plane is not a city tram, which takes the same route several times a day. Search aircraft does not always return to a place that has already flown around. Therefore, it is better to give a distress signal (I repeat: if you do not feel the need for pyrotechnics!) Before it can be detected visually. Giving in the direction of sound, if possible, calculating the direction of flight by increasing or damping it. A rocket, breaking through low clouds, can be seen by pilots, while you will never see this plane.

If the need for a signal disappears, the ignition cord with the ring must be carefully placed in the socket intended for the rocket and the protective cap must be screwed on.

While driving, signaling devices must be stored protected from shocks and precipitation and at the same time an easily accessible place. And during halts to keep away from fire. Many pyrotechnic products are afraid of heat, intense friction and shocks, from which they can fail or even explode!

In addition to the direct appointment, almost all pyrotechnic signaling means can be successfully used to scare away predatory animals - white and brown bears, wolves, jackals, etc.

Though with a stretch, the simplest pyrotechnic signal means can be considered spray cans.   Any - from hairspray and other cosmetics to repellents. A jet of aerosol, released from a can, if you let it through a flame of a match or lighter, flashes bright, several tens of centimeters long, with a torch visible from the air for several kilometers. Releasing the aerosol should be short, no more than 1 - 2 seconds, pressing with 2 - 5-second pauses.

With a longer burning spray spray can explode in your hands!

If it is necessary to give a long signal, the cartridge should be dug into the ground, a flat stone should be laid on the trigger button or a rubber band passed through the bottom should be pulled off, a small torch should be placed in the path of the jet and move a few meters to the side.

And if you recall childhood pranks, you can make various “bombs”, firecrackers, “Bengal lights,” etc. from sulfur heads of matches, magnesium, cerium, etc. self-made, of dubious properties, but still pyrotechnic light-sound signaling means. Their production and use are associated with a certain risk, so I do not give a specific recipe here. Whoever was interested in such “chemistry” before, I think, will be able to use children's skills not for entertainment, but for business.

International Maritime Distress Signals (fig. 22):

· the release of clouds of orange smoke (1);

· flames on the vessel (for example, from a burning tar barrel) (2);

· rockets or grenades emitting red stars, released one by one at short intervals (3);

· red parachute rocket or false red in color (4);

· nC flag signal (NC) according to the International Code of Signals (5);

· a signal consisting of a square flag with a ball above or below it (6);

· slow, repeated raising and lowering of arms extended to the sides (7);

· cannon shots, or explosions produced at intervals of about one minute, or a continuous sound made by any apparatus for supplying fog signals (8);

· sOS distress signal transmitted via wireless telegraphy or by using another signal system, or the word “Mayday”, pronounced over the radiotelephone (9).

All of these signals have one single meaning known to sailors all over the world - “I suffer disaster, I need help.”

Smoke and color distress signals.

These include (except for the PSND day signal) various smoke bombs and firecrackers, most often used in the sea. Such checkers are triggered after pulling out the ignition cord and burn, emitting orange smoke, from 1 minute (hand check) to 4 minutes (floating check).

The floating smoke bomb used in domestic fleets has a length of 253 mm, a diameter of 80 mm and a weight of 820 g. The calculated visual range of the smoke signal lasting 3 minutes is one nautical mile. The checker is activated by pulling the ignition cord (Fig. 23).

There are other types of smoke bombs. Up to those with which one person simply can not cope. For example, a large smoke alarm box has a length of 74 cm, a diameter of 21 cm and a weight of 32 kg! This giant "smoke" is lit for 8 minutes, and its signal is visible for 20 km (pic. 24)!

In addition to color-smoke signals, there are special dyes, which, dissolving in water, create a large, color, noticeable stain from a distance.

These include, for example, uranin, intended for use at sea or in vast freshwater bodies of water. Upon contact with water, uranin spreads over the surface, forming a huge stain of intense green-emerald color (if it has fallen into cold water) or orange (if it has appeared in warm water). The dye remains noticeable for about 4 to 6 hours in calm water, and only 2 to 3 hours during agitation. (Fig. 25).

To some extent, the color of distress signals can be various orange panels, awnings of life rafts and boats, clothing and tents of bright red colors.

To talk about the next type of signaling device, I will ask the reader to recall their childhood. In those happy times, how many of you didn’t amuse yourself by blowing a bright sunny hare across the walls with a pocket mirror? This “bunny” was put by experts at the service of those who had been in distress, creating several signal mirrors of different design.

Each ship should have the following signal pyrotechnic means: rockets, false lights, smoke bombs, luminous and illuminated buoys to indicate the place of the lifebuoy on the water in the dark.

Pyrotechnic products are moisture resistant, safe in handling and storage, they operate under any hydrometeorological conditions and retain their properties for at least three years.

Pyrotechnic products are stored in waterproof metal cabinets and boxes with cells on the deck of the navigation bridge or in cabinets embedded in the bulkheads of the navigation bridge, with a door to the open deck. Drawers and cabinets are always locked. One key must be in the senior (third) assistant captain, the other - in the navigational cabin.

Pyrotechnic means of boats and rafts, laid in containers, in the sea should be at the regular places in the boats, and when parked at the port, they are recommended to be stored in a safe storage lock.

Single star rockets   red or green are intended for signaling during the rescue operation.

Red single shotgun

Distress rocket   red color throws out at a height of 300 - 400 meters red stars that burn for at least 20 seconds.

Parachute rocket   designed to give a distress alert. The take-off height is 300-400 meters, the burning time is 45 seconds.

Handshake - This is the sleeve in which the pyrotechnic composition and the incendiary device are located. The hand flare burns with a bright red light for 1 minute and is a distress signal. To attract attention, false white lights are used.

Designed to give a distress signal, exploding at a height imitates a cannon shot. The sound rocket is launched only from launching glasses fixed on a gunwale or guard rail on both wings of the bridge. In the event of a missile failure, it is allowed to remove it from the glass after at least 2 minutes.

Floating smoke bombs   used to give a distress signal during daylight hours. The checker is a tin box, inside which there is an igniter and a mixture that forms thick orange smoke. Smoke release time is 5 minutes, visibility range is up to 5 miles.

Light-emitting buoys   attached to lifebuoys, which are located on the wings of the bridge. The main purpose of lifebuoys with light-smoking buoys is the designation of the place where a person falls overboard.

Distress signals

The following signals, used or displayed together or separately, indicate that the ship is in distress and needs help (Annex IV of the COLREG-72):

Distress signals
1. cannon shots or others produced by blast signals at intervals of about 1 minutes;	4. signal transmitted by radiotelephone or using any other signaling system, consisting of a combination of sounds ... - - - ... (SOS) in Morse code;
2. continuous sound by any device intended for supplying fog signals;	5. The signal transmitted by the radiotelephone is aloud MAYDAY;
3. rockets or grenades throwing out red singles through short periods of time;
6. The distress signal according to the International Code of nalov - NC;	7. signal consisting of a square flag with above or below it or like a ball;
	8. flames on the ship
9. red light rocket with a parachute or a false slate red;	12. wireless telegraph alarm;
10. smoke alarm - release of orange clubs colors;	13. wireless telegraph alarm;
11. slow and re-raising and lowering arms extended to the sides;
14. Signals transmitted by emergency radio beacons. indication of the position;	16. orange panel with black quad ratom or around or other appropriate a symbol (for identification from the air);
15. set signals transmitted by the system radio communications, including radar signals lighthouses-responders at rescue boats and rafts;	17. color spot on the water.

Offered for reading.