Markup

Marking

1) plumbing operation, which consists in preparing a part or several parts of a product at the same time for processing, manufacturing, assembly. When marking, they use the tools and devices that are necessary to determine the dimensions, check the relative position of the part planes, the axes of the holes, the parallelism of the lines, etc. To place the workpieces, a marking plate is used - a massive steel plate with a well-machined surface. Cylindrical parts for marking are fixed on a special prism with a clamping bolt. Marking consists in drawing lines and dots on the workpiece that indicate the contours of the marked part. A scriber is also used for this purpose. According to the drawing, sample, or locally, in accordance with the dimensions of the interface (as if with a fitting), auxiliary and center marks are applied, as well as lines for the precise installation of the workpiece on the machine. Measurements are carried out using a square (checking the mutual perpendicularity of the axes and planes), a goniometer (location of oblique surfaces and faces), a caliper (comparing hole diameters, lengths, thicknesses, etc.), a thickness gauge (drawing parallel lines), a caliper and other tools, level (determination of the horizontal surface), etc.

1 - marking plate; 2 - marking box; 3 - punch; 4 - scriber; 5 - compass; 6 - a prism for fixing cylindrical parts; 7 - square; 8 - goniometer; 9 - ; 10 - ; 11 - level

2) Road marking - lines and signs on the carriageway of streets and roads, as well as on piers of bridges, curbs, etc., establishing the order of traffic and helping to navigate in traffic conditions.

Encyclopedia "Technique". - M .: Rosman. 2006 .

See what markup is in other dictionaries:

Label, marking; drawing, measuring, marking, layout, size Dictionary of Russian synonyms. markup noun, count of synonyms: 10 wiki markup (1) ... Synonym dictionary

Marking  - drawing on the difference to be machined K article Marking Tools and devices used in marking: 1 marking plate; 2 marking box; 3 punch; 4 scriber; 5 compasses; 6 prism for fixing cylindrical ... ... Big Polytechnical Encyclopedia

Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

MARKING, marking, pl. no wives (specialist.). Same as 1 mark. Explanatory dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

MARK, sword, mark; baked; owls. that. Arrange badges, tags. R. fonts (for typography). Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova

  - (Marking) operation of transferring points and lines from a drawing to a workpiece to indicate places and size of subsequent processing. Samoilov K.I. Marine Dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Marine Dictionary

FES elements are linear, flat and three-dimensional figures, which perform both in the form of products and are applied to the surface in the place of placement. Note: Lines and figures are used to designate independently or in combination with inscriptions and ... ... Emergency Dictionary

markup  - Life-size transfer from the drawing to the workpiece surface of the contour, points and processing lines of the future part [Terminological dictionary of construction in 12 languages \u200b\u200b(VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] EN marking outsetting out DE AnreißenAnzeichnen FR ... ... Technical Translator Reference

markup  - 3.6 marking: Elements of FES linear, flat and three-dimensional figures, which are performed both in the form of products and applied to the surface in the place of placement. Note Lines and figures are used to designate independently or in combination with the inscriptions ... Glossary of terms of normative and technical documentation

Locksmith operation, which consists in applying to the surface of the workpiece the recesses (cores) and lines (marks) that define the contours of the workpiece or place to be processed. According to the risks, the stock is removed from the workpiece during processing. R … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Marking: Road marking Unified network marking Signal marking Workpiece marking Markup language ... Wikipedia

Books

• Traffic signs and road markings (set of 10 posters), series posters are designed for specialists of automobile enterprises, students of driving schools, universities, colleges, educational complexes, vocational schools, the program of which provides for the study of ... Category: Driving School Teachers. Visual aids. Posters Publisher: Third Rome,
• New road signs and markings for 2018,, Recently, cases of receipt of complaints and appeals of citizens to the Department of Road Traffic Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on the issue of bringing them to administrative responsibility for violation of the rules ... Category:

Markupthey call the process of transferring the shape and dimensions of the part or its part from the drawing to the workpiece to indicate places and boundaries of processing on the workpiece. The processing boundaries separate the material that must be removed from the material that remains and forms the part.

The markup is performed using various tools, which are divided into the following types: (fig. 1.2)

1) for drawing and drawing depressions (scriber, compasses, center punches);

2) to measure and control linear and angular quantities (metal rulers, calipers, squares, micrometers, goniometers, etc.);

3) combined, allowing measurements and risks (marking calipers, calipers, etc.).

Scriberserve for drawing on the surface of the workpieces.

Marking compasseson the device and purpose correspond to the drawing and are used to draw circles, transfer linear dimensions.

The steel legs of the scriber and compasses are made of U7 and U8 steels, the working ends of the scriber and compasses are sharpened sharply.

Punchit is used to apply recesses on the marking risks, so that in the process of processing the marking risks, even when erased, are noticeable. Kerner - a steel round rod, made of alloyed (7ХФ, 8ХФ) or carbon steel (U7A, U8A) steel. Its working part is hardened and sharpened at an angle of 60 about.

Squaresused for drawing lines, angles and checking them .

Vernier Caliperserves for measuring the dimensions of the external and internal surfaces and for carrying out marking drawings. It differs from a conventional caliper in the presence of hard-alloy sharpened tips on its lips.

Cutting

Felling -method of metalworking workpieces using a chisel or crosshead. Surplus metal is removed by cutting, burrs on parts are cut off, shells, non-metallic inclusions, lubricating and keyways are cut out, and welds are cleaned.

Cutting is carried out in cases where special processing accuracy is not required and a small layer of metal needs to be removed from the part. This work is time-consuming and inefficient, requiring large expenditures of physical strength, is performed using a chisel, crosshead and hammer, used only in cases when it is impossible to use machine processing.

During the cutting process, the cutting tool is held with the left hand in the middle part, and the hammer is held in the right and strike with the hammer with such force that the blade of the chisel cuts into the metal.

To increase the productivity (6-8 times) of the cutting process, pneumatic and electric chipping hammers are used. Due to air pressure R = 5-6 atm.  and the magnetic field provides reciprocating motion of the striker.

Chisels are metalwork(GOST 7211-94) are used for metal cutting and are produced in length and width, respectively 100 (5), 125 (10), 150 (15), 175 (20) and 200 (25) mm. The angle of the tip is selected: for solid metal 70 about, for medium - 60 about and for soft - 45 about. (fig. 1.4)

Kreutzmeisel -it is used for cutting narrow grooves and keyways and differs from the chisel in a narrower cutting part. Sharpening and hardening angles are similar to a chisel.

Chisels and crossheads are made of alloyed (7XF and 8XF) or carbon (U7A and U8A) steel.

Marking is the operation of drawing lines (lines) on the surface of the workpiece, which, according to the drawing, determine the contours of the part or place to be processed. Marking lines can be contour, control or auxiliary.

Contour risks determine the contour of the future part and show the boundaries of processing.

Control risks are carried out in parallel with the contour "into the body" of the part. They serve to verify the correct processing.

Auxiliary risks outline the axis of symmetry, the centers of the radii of curvature, etc.

The marking of the blanks creates the conditions for removing metal stock from the blanks to specified boundaries, obtaining parts of a certain shape, the required dimensions and for maximum material savings.

Marking is used mainly in individual and small-scale production. In large-scale and mass production, there is usually no need for marking due to the use of special devices - conductors, stops, stops, limiters, templates, etc.

The markup is divided into linear (one-dimensional), planar (two-dimensional) and spatial, or volumetric (three-dimensional).

Linear marking is used when cutting shaped steel, preparing blanks for wire products, rods, strip steel, etc., i.e. then, when borders, for example, cutting or bending, indicate only one size - length.

Plane marking is usually used in the processing of parts made of sheet metal. In this case, the risks are applied only on one plane. The planing also includes the marking of individual planes of parts of complex shape, if this does not take into account the relative position of the planed planes.

Spatial marking is the most difficult of all types of marking. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that not only individual surfaces of the workpiece are located, located in different planes and at different angles to each other, but also the mutual alignment of the location of these surfaces with each other is made.

When performing the marking of these types, a variety of control and measuring and marking tools are used.

To a special marking tool include scriber, punch, marking compasses, thicknesses. In addition to these tools, when marking, hammers, marking plates and various auxiliary devices are used: linings, jacks, etc.

Scriber (7) are used for drawing lines (marks) on the marked surface of the workpiece. Three types of scriber are widely used in practice: round (7, a), with a bent end (7, b) and with an inserted needle (7, c). Scriber is usually made of tool steel U10 or U12.

Punches (8) are used for applying recesses (cores) on pre-marked lines. This is done so that the lines are clearly visible and not erased during the processing of parts.

Punches are made from tool carbon steel. The working (tip) and shock parts are subjected to heat treatment. Center punches are divided into ordinary, special, mechanical (spring) and electric.

Ordinary punch () is a steel core 100-160 mm long and 8-12 mm in diameter. Its shock part (firing pin) has a spherical surface. The center punch is sharpened on the grinding wheel at an angle of 60 °. With more accurate markings, the punch angle can be 30-45 °, and for marking the centers of future holes -75 °.

Special center punches include a compass punch (fig. 8, b) and a punch bell (center finder) (8, c). The compass punch is convenient for tapping arches of small diameter, and the punch bell is for marking the centering holes of workpieces to be further processed, for example, turning.

The mechanical (spring) center punch (8, g) is used for precise marking of thin and critical parts. Its principle of operation is based on compression and instant release of the spring.

The electric punch (8, d) consists of a body 6, springs 2 and 5, a hammer, coil 4 and the actual punch /. When you press the workpiece with a center punch installed at risk, the electric circuit closes, and the current passing through the coil creates a magnetic field; the drummer is pulled into the coil and strikes the core punch. During the transfer of the center punch to another point, spring 2 opens the circuit, and spring 5 returns the hammer to its original position.

Special, mechanical and electric punching machines greatly facilitate the work and increase its productivity.

Marking (metalwork) compasses (9) are used for marking circles and arcs, dividing circles and segments into parts, and other geometric constructions when marking a workpiece. They are also used to transfer dimensions from the measuring line to the workpiece. By device, they are similar to drawing compasses-gauges.

Marking compasses are mainly of two types: simple (9, a) and spring (9, b). The legs of the spring compass are compressed by the action of the spring, and unclenched by means of a screw and nut. The legs of the compass can be solid or with inserted needles (9, c).

One of the main tools for performing spatial marking is a surface gage. It is used to apply parallel vertical and horizontal patterns and to verify the installation of parts on a scribe.

The thickness gage (10) is a scriber 5, mounted on a stand 2 with a clamp 3 and a screw 4. The clamp moves on a stand and is fixed in any position. The scriber passes through the screw hole and can be installed with any inclination. The screw is secured with a wing nut. Thicknesser stand mounted on a massive stand 1.

Flat and especially spatial marking of workpieces is carried out on screed plates.

A marking plate is a cast iron casting, the horizontal working surface and the side faces of which are very precisely machined. On the working surface of large plates, longitudinal and transverse grooves are made with a depth of 2-3 mm and a width of 1-2 mm, which form squares with a side of 200 or 250 mm. This facilitates the installation of various devices on the stove.

In addition to the considered markup according to the drawing, template markup is used.

A template is a device by which parts are manufactured or checked after processing. Template marking is used in the manufacture of large batches of identical parts. It is advisable because the time-consuming and time-consuming marking according to the drawing is performed only once during the manufacture of the template. All subsequent marking operations of blanks consist in copying the outline of the template. In addition, fabricated templates can be used to control the part after processing the workpiece.

Templates are made of sheet material with a thickness of 1.5-3 mm. When marking, the template is applied to the marked surface of the workpiece and risks are drawn with the scriber along its contour. Then, according to the risks, core samples are applied. Using the template, the centers of future holes can also be marked. The use of templates significantly speeds up and simplifies the layout of workpieces.

In the manufacture of metal products, the starting material — castings, sheet and sectional products — does not correspond to the designer's drawing in size and shape. To cut off excess metal, drill, stamp, weld or otherwise process the workpiece, the key points of the drawing are applied to it. Applying to these points and lines, and carry out the processing.

Basic Concept and Markup Types

As a rule, they mark out unique parts and products produced in small and ultra-small series. For large-scale and mass production, blanks are not marked, instead, they use special equipment and control programs.

What is markup

The operation of applying the dimensions and shape of the product to the workpiece is called marking. The purpose of the operation is to indicate the places where the part should be machined, and the boundaries of these actions: drilling points, bend lines, weld lines, marking, etc.

The marking is done with points that are called cores and lines that are called risks.

Risks are scratched on the metal surface with a sharp tool or applied with a marker. Cores are stuffed with a special tool - punch.

According to the method of execution, such types of markup are distinguished as:

• Manual It is made by locksmiths.
• Mechanized. It is carried out using means of mechanization and automation.

On the surface of application distinguish

• Superficial. It is applied to the surface of the workpiece in one plane and is not connected with lines and marking points applied to other planes.
• Spatial. It is carried out in a single three-dimensional coordinate system.

The choice between the surface and is determined primarily by the complexity of the spatial configuration of the part.

Markup requirements

Benchmarking must meet the following requirements:

• accurately convey key dimensions of the drawing;
• to be clearly visible;
• do not wear and grease during mechanical and heat treatment operations;
• do not impair the appearance of the finished product.

The marking of parts should be carried out with high-quality inventory tools and devices subject to periodic verification.

RISKING

The standard governs the application of marking lines:

1. horizontal
2. vertical
3. inclined;
4. curved.

Drawing curvilinear elements after rectilinear gives one more opportunity to check their accuracy. The arcs should close the straight lines, the pairing should be smooth.

Direct risks are carried out by a well-sharpened scriber, without interruption in one go. At the same time, the scriber is tilted away from the ruler or square, so as not to introduce distortions.

Parallel lines are drawn using a square and moving it along the reference ruler to the required distance.

If there are already holes in the workpiece, then a special tool is used to bind the marking lines to them - a center finder.

In order to mark inclined lines, use a marking protractor with an articulated ruler fixed at its zero point.

Calipers are used for particularly accurate marking in plumbing. They allow you to measure distances and scratch risks with an accuracy of hundredths of a millimeter.

In order to more accurately carry out the risk, cores are placed at its beginning and at the end. This allows you to visually control the position of the ruler during drawing.

On long risks, auxiliary cores are also placed every 5-15 cm.

The lines of circles are drawn at four points - the ends of perpendicular diameters.

If already treated surfaces are marked, then punching is used only at the beginning and end of the scratch.

After finishing, the risks are extended to the lateral surfaces and the core is already laid on them.

Markup techniques

In plumbing, the following techniques are used:

• According to the pattern. Used in case of small batch production. The template is made of rolled metal, the entire batch is marked (or even processed) through the once marked slots and holes in this sheet. For parts of complex shape, several templates can be made for different planes.
• Following the pattern. Dimensions transferred from the part - the sample. It is used in the manufacture of a new part instead of a broken one.
• Local. It is used in the production of complex multicomponent products and structures. The blanks are placed on a plane or in space in the order in which they enter the final product and are marked together.
• Pencil (or marker). It is used for workpieces made of aluminum alloys, so that the scriber does not destroy the passivated protective layer.
• Accurate. It is done by the same methods, but measuring and special accuracy are used.

The selection of techniques is carried out in accordance with the design and technological instructions.

First of all, when marking up, the marriage made at the previous stages of manufacturing emerges. The products of procurement sites or workshops, as well as materials purchased at other enterprises, are found:

• size violation
• shape distortion
• warping.

Such castings or rolled products are not subject to further marking operations, but are returned to the unit or organization that allowed the marriage to correct it.

At the actual markup stage, marriage can be caused by the following factors:

• Inaccuracy of the drawing. Locksmith, without hesitation, displays the wrong dimensions on the part, and in the course of further processing, defective products come out.
• Inaccuracy or malfunction of tools. All marking tools are subject to mandatory periodic verification in the metrological service of the enterprise or in an authorized metrological center.
• Improper use of tools or marking accessories. There are cases when instead of measured calibrated pads, regular pads were used to set the level. In this case, the wrong application of angles and slopes is also possible.
• Inaccurate installation of the workpiece on a marking table or plaza. They lead to distortions when deferring dimensions, violation of parallelism and alignment.
• Wrong choice of base planes. It is also possible that some of the dimensions were applied from the base planes, and some from the rough surfaces of the workpiece.

Separately, among the causes of marriage are scribe errors. These include:

• Incorrectly read drawing. It is possible to draw a radius instead of a diameter and vice versa, inaccurate drawing of the centers of the holes relative to the center marks, etc. In case of difficulties, the locksmith must seek clarification from the foreman or foreman.
• Sloppy and inattentive when tumbling and drawing lines.

The human factor, unfortunately, is the most common cause of markup marriage.

Negligence can be allowed by both the locksmith himself and his leaders who did not believe the tool in time or issued unsuitable marking devices.

Typically, marking operations are entrusted to the most experienced and responsible workers, hoping that they will not mechanically transfer the dimensions from the drawing to the workpiece, but will react to the case thoughtfully and notice in time and eliminate the causes of a possible marriage on their own or by contacting their managers.

Chapter xii

Marking

§ 46. TYPES OF MARKING

A significant part of the machine parts is made from billets coming in the form of castings, forgings, or high-quality material.

In the subsequent processing of the workpiece to the size of the part indicated in the drawing, a certain layer of metal is removed.

In order to prevent errors in the manufacture of the part during processing, the dimensions of the part are laid out exactly on the drawing according to the drawing and marked with lines (risks) that indicate the boundaries of the processing to which the metal layer should be removed (allowance).

The operation of applying marks that define the boundaries of the processing is called marking.

There are two types of markup: planar and spatial.

Flat marking  it is carried out by drawing on the surface of flat parts, sheet and strip metal, the surfaces of cast and forged parts.

Spatial marking  significantly different from planar. The difficulty of performing this marking is that surfaces and lines lying in different planes and at different angles are interconnected by a certain position in space.

The choice of the marking method is determined by the shape of the workpiece, the required accuracy and the number of products to be manufactured. In practice, there are various ways of marking: according to the drawing, template, sample and in place.

The marking is carried out using special devices and tools: squares, goniometers, calipers, calipers, etc.

Marking risks serve as guidelines for the correct installation of the workpiece on the machine and determine the amount of allowance for processing.

The accuracy of the markup greatly affects the quality of processing. The degree of accuracy of the marking ranges from 0.25-0.5 mm. Mistakes made during marking usually lead to marriage and damage to valuable material. In order to correctly markup, you need to know the drawing well, be able to read drawings, and also use marking tools and devices correctly.