The choice of one or another type of bandaging depends on the average physiological position in the joint (for example, the right angle for the elbow joint); geometrical configuration of body parts (cylindrical - shoulders, conical - shins, spherical - heads, etc.); development of muscles, fatty tissue.

The following main types of bandage dressings are distinguished: circular (circular), spiral (ascending and descending), creeping (serpentine), cruciform (eight-shaped), complex intersecting bandages, spike, converging or diverging (in a turtle), returning, venerable, T-shaped, Often resort to a combination of different types of bandaging. Thus, the circular bandage of the foot is easily displaced without reinforcement with its eight-shaped passages on the shin with a cross over the ankle joint.

The circular (circular) dressing is rarely used in isolation, but it is the beginning and end of almost all dressings. The bandage head is slightly dismissed, the beginning of the bandage is fixed with the thumb of one hand. Then the other hand begins to roll out the bandage, consistently closing the subject tours.

Spiral bandage. The ascending spiral bandage begins with the imposition of circular rounds of 2-3 rounds, then the rounds lead obliquely from the periphery to the center so that each subsequent bandage stroke covers the previous one by 1/2; or 2/3 of its width. The result is a spiral covering the body in a large area.

If the bandage is applied from top to bottom, then it is called descending. On parts of the body that have a cylindrical shape (shoulder, lower third of the leg, chest), the bandage lies flat and tight. In the same place where the cylindrical shape is replaced by a conical one (the middle third of the shin, forearm), the tours of such a spiral dressing fit snugly, forming pockets and folds. In this case, apply a spiral bandage with kinks. Bandage tours lead more obliquely than with a conventional ascending spiral bandage. The thumb of one hand fix the bottom edge of the bandage, it is bent on itself and placed at an angle of 45 ° so that the top edge becomes the bottom. The bends are done in a single line, away from the site of damage. The more pronounced the taper of the bandaged part of the body, the greater the bends made at a large angle.

A creeping (serpentine) bandage is applied when it is necessary to quickly fasten the dressing over a considerable length of the limb. Beginning with circular tours, the dressing is screw-shaped, with the bandage tours not touching and there are gaps between them.

A cross-shaped (eight-shaped) is called a bandage, in which the bandage moves intersect in one place (over the damaged area) and resemble the number "8".

A bandage is applied to irregularly shaped parts of the body (upper half of the chest, neck, perineum, ankle joint, hand). If in this bandage the bandage tours, when they cross over, do not completely close each other, then its appearance resembles an ear and it itself is called spike-shaped. This bandage is applied to the shoulder, hip, i.e. in places where dense and uniform imposition of other dressings is almost impossible.

Complicated interlocking bandages. These include the Deso dressing, designed to immobilize the upper limb with fractures of the clavicle or after the reduction of shoulder dislocation. Before bandaging, a wedge-shaped cushion (roller) is placed in the armpit in the armpit, which can be additionally fixed with a hem tape tied on the opposite shoulder girdle. The arm is bent at the elbow and pressed to the body, moving slightly forward. The shoulder at the same time deviates backwards and outwards. Spiral descending tours arm pinned to the body, and the bandage is tighter with those, the lower he goes down from the shoulder to the elbow. Begin to bandage from the healthy side to the patient. This ensures the shoulder abduction, some external rotation of the arm and tight fixation of the elbow to the chest.

Then the bandage is carried out from the side of the healthy axillary region along the front surface of the chest, slanting up to the diseased shoulder girdle,

from there, back parallel to the shoulder, under the elbow, pick up the forearm from below and, skewing it cross, raise it again to the axilla. Then the bandage is rolled obliquely across the back onto the diseased shoulder girdle, bends around it and lowered down the front surface of the shoulder under the elbow. From under the elbow, the bandage is held obliquely along the back under the healthy underarm, from where again along the chest to the diseased shoulder girdle, bend over it and again directed along the shoulder under the elbow.

Make 3-4 such full turns, picking up the forearm all over, as well as the wrist and partially the brush. The bandage is completed with the imposition of several spiral-horizontal tours.

For a full bandage, Deso requires at least three wide gauze bandages. For greater strength, it can be greased with starch paste or cleol. When bandaging with a single bandage with a single tour, the bandage reliably fixes the limb only if it is made with a plaster bandage.

A converging or diverging (turtle) dressing is applied to the knee and elbow joints. A diverging bandage begins over the middle of the joint in a circular course of the bandage. Subsequent tours are eight-shaped, intersecting on the flexor surface and gradually fan-shapedly diverging on the extensor to the complete closure of the damaged area.

With a converging bandage, circular bandage tours are conducted from one side and then from the other side of the joint, from which, constantly drawing closer, bandage tours, partially overlapping each other and crossing over, completely close the joint. The converging turtle dressing may be a continuation of the spiral bandage of the lower leg or forearm.

The returning bandage is applied on rounded or arched surfaces (head, hand, foot, limb stump). It starts with circular strokes, then bend the bandage at an angle of 90 °, and carry out vertical strokes longitudinally to the axis of the limb from the front to the back surface and back.

Each returning tour is fixed circular. All the moves of the bandage are covered by the next half, gradually moving from one edge of the stump to the opposite until the surface is completely closed. Fix the bandage with circular tours at the place of the beginning of bandaging with the addition of eight-shaped passages through the overlying joint.

A sling bandage is applied with limited damage to the protruding parts of the head (chin, nose, neck). A piece of wide bandage is notched at both ends. A sterile gauze cloth is put on the wound, and a bandage is placed on top of it, the ends of which are crossed and tied.

A T-bandage consists of a bandage tape, to the middle of which the beginning of another band is sewn (or slung over it). A bandage is applied on the crotch: the horizontal part is tied around the waist in the form of a belt, and the vertical passages lead through the crotch, throwing it through the belt alternately on the ventral and dorsal parts of it.

A variant of the T-shaped bandage is a spiral bandage on the chest, reinforced by a piece of another bandage held under the bandage tours from one shoulder girdle to another. The loose ends of this bandage cover the bandage, like a belt, not letting it slip; on the back of the neck ends bind. The bandage is held stronger if you put a bandage strip on each shoulder girdle, so that when you tie the strips, you have two straps.

Elastic bandaging of the lower extremities is carried out to compress the superficial veins during their varicose expansion and other diseases. This is achieved by increasing blood flow in the deep veins of the leg and thigh, improving hemocirculation, prevention of thrombosis. Previously the patient is laid with his legs raised for the falling of the veins and reducing the swelling.

Bandage elastic knit bandage, starting from the base of the fingers. With one hand, hold the beginning of the bandage, and with the other roll it, all the time moderately and evenly tightening and 2/3 overlapping the previous round. It is necessary to ensure that all surfaces are closed, incl. the ankle and knee joints, and the bandage did not fold. Elastic bandaging is carried out as a simple spiral bandage without kinking, because due to the elasticity of the bandage, it is well modeled on the surface, evenly and tightly covering the limb. The dressing is completed in the upper third of the thigh with several circular tours, which are fixed between each other by a pin.

Elastic bandage can be washed and reused, while its elasticity is not lost.

Cravat bandages. The scarf is a triangular piece of matter; its long side is called the base, the angle lying against it is the tip, the other two angles are the ends. A square piece of fabric folded diagonally can be used. Apply scarves for first aid, and in hospital conditions - for hanging hands. When laying on the hand, the center of the kerchief is placed on the forearm, bent at the elbow at a right angle, the base being placed along the midline of the body, the tip is directed obliquely to the elbow between the torso and arm. The ends are tied around the neck, and the top is straightened and attached with a pin to the front of the dressing.

To put a bandage on the foot, its plantar surface is placed in the middle of the kerchief, the top is wrapped around the back to the shin, and the ends are tied around the ankles. Similarly, apply a bandage on the brush.

On the head, the base of the bandage is placed on the back of the head, the tip - on the forehead. The ends are wrapped around the head and tied, throwing the kerchief to the top through a knot, which can additionally be fastened with a pin.

Bandages with a tubular bandage are designed to fix the dressing material. They save the dressing, time when applying dressings, do not prevent the aeration of the body part to which the dressing is applied. The tubular medical bandage is a knitted sleeve made of viscose fabric in the form of a rare non-falling elastic mesh. It is available in rolls, the number of the bandage means the width of the sleeve in centimeters. A piece of bandage of the desired length is cut off from the roll and put on over a superimposed gauze bandage. Bandage No. 5 is designed to fix the dressings on the upper and lower limbs. Bandage No. 9 can be applied on the head and gluteal region. Elastic mesh-tubular medical bandages (elongation up to 800%) are of the tepermat type (knitted elastic dressing); Made from elastomeric yarn woven over with synthetic fibers and cotton yarn. Bandages produce seven numbers with a sleeve width in the free state from 10 to 75 mm. Before applying a mesh-tubular dressing, the wound is pre-closed with a sterile napkin or cotton-gauze pad. After applying a napkin to a wound, a piece of knitted sleeve is collected with an accordion, stretched to the maximum diameter and put on as a stocking. Since tubular bandages are shortened when stretched to width, the cut piece should be 2-3 times longer than the intended dressing. The grid is straightened, stretching along the length or screw-like, and its ends proximal and distal to the affected area are turned inside out, put on top of the first layer. In this form, the grid is held more closely. Likewise bandages on the limbs. To cover the fingers and when applying a bandage on the stump of a limb, one end of the trimmed piece of mesh is tied and put on like a pouch. When applying headbands, they cut a hole for the face, and the top of the bandage is pinched together. On the chest, the bandage is better retained after cutting the side openings for the arms in the mesh and reinforcing it with the straps. Similarly made dressing on the pelvic region and buttocks. Also, after cutting the holes for the fingers, bandage the brush.

Adhesive bandages. Dressings are fixed with adhesive tape strips, which are glued to the surrounding healthy skin. Do not glue even small wounds and scratches without gauze lining, as under the plaster, the wound becomes wet and may fester. For small wounds, a bactericidal plaster is used - an adhesive plaster with a narrow strip of gauze soaked in antiseptics. To close large surfaces, adhesive tape can be used in the form of perforated sheets, from which a dressing of the required size and shape is cut. The presence of perforations reduces the "greenhouse" effect of such a bandage on the skin. Adhesive plaster is used to bring together the edges of granulating wounds, which can significantly reduce the healing time. In pediatric traumatology, adhesive plastering is applied for fractures of limb bones. Strengthening adhesive plaster bandages have drawbacks: irritation of the skin under the patch, especially with frequent dressings, difficulties in applying them to the hairy parts of the body, lagging the patch from the skin when the dressing is wound drained.

Adhesive dressings are fixed on the skin with adhesives (gluol, rubber glue, collodion, etc.). When applying a calico bandage, the skin around the sterile gauze cloth is smeared with cleol and after it dries, the surface is covered with a stretched piece of gauze (bandage) and it is pressed tightly. The edges of the gauze, not stuck to the skin, cut with scissors. Cleol bandage does not irritate or irritate the skin, so it can be used many times. Before re-applying such a bandage, the skin should be cleaned with a swab moistened with ether. Cleol dressings are convenient because gluing its edges around the perimeter of the wound to the skin prevents the dressing material from moving.

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TYPE OF SPEECH - a method of presentation chosen by the author and oriented (depending on the content of the utterance and the nature of the textual information) to one of the tasks: to statically depict reality, to describe it; dynamically reflect reality, talk about it; reflect the causal relationships of the phenomena of reality. In accordance with these goals of communication, there are three main types of speech: description, narration, reasoning.

The choice of a particular type of speech to represent information is subordinated to the communicative intentions of the author. For the creation of texts (statements) of the character of nature, representing information about objects or phenomena of reality, the author usually chooses a description or narration as a way of presentation, for creating texts of a reasoning (explanatory) character - reasoning. Some linguists additionally distinguish such types of text as definition (explanation), the purpose of which is to present, compare and summarize facts (speech genres of scientific, popular science, encyclopedic, vocabulary articles, etc.), and instructing, which is intended to encourage the implementation of certain actions (speech genres instructions, orders, regulations, laws, etc.).

The type of speech is associated with the functional-semantic style of speech. In the scientific style are used mainly reasoning and description; in journalistic - narration and reasoning; in the official business and conversational - the story; in the art - all types of speech in various combinations. However, in relation to one or another functional style, one can speak only about the prevailing type of speech. Thus, in the texts of a scientific style, the predominance of one or another type of speech or their combination depends on a specific scientific discipline: for texts of mathematical subjects, reasoning is more characteristic, biological - description, historical - narration, physical - description and discourse.

The main features inherent in a particular type of speech can be manifested and combined not only in the whole text, but also in certain parts of it, fragments, paragraphs, and even individual sentences, for example: He suddenly ceased to hiccup, his heart knocked and for a moment fell somewhere, then returned, but with a blunt needle entrenched in it. In addition, Berlioz was seized by an unreasonable, but so strong fear that he immediately wanted to run away from the Patriarch's Headlessly. Berlioz looked around sadly, not realizing what had frightened him. He turned pale, wiped his brow with a handkerchief, thought: “What is it with me? It never happened ... my heart is naughty ... I'm overtired. Perhaps it’s time to throw everything to hell and to Kislovodsk ... ”And then the sultry air thickened in front of him, and a transparent citizen of a prestigious look woven from this air. On a small head there is a jockey caplet, a checkered air jacket is the same ... Citizen's height is sazhen, but in the shoulders it is narrow, thin incredibly, and physiognomy, please note, mocking   (M. Bulgakov). In this excerpt from the novel "The Master and Margarita" are combined narration   (actions and states of the character are consistently described: stopped hiccuping, my heart knocked and sank, came back, gripped fear, looked back, turned pale, wiped, thought), description   (listed are signs of the picture seen by the character: weaved a citizen of a pre-dominant species, on a small head there is a jockey cap, checkered jacket with a knotted head, with a height of sazhen, narrow at the shoulders, thin, incredibly, physiognomy is mocking) and reasoning   (given the character's reflections, marked by a kind of reasoning markers - a rhetorical question and introductory word: What is it with me? It never happened ... my heart is naughty ... I'm overtired. Perhaps it's time to throw everything to hell ...).

Sometimes the distinction between types of speech presents certain difficulties: within a text fragment, it is easy to accept one type after another. For example:   A letter came to the editorial office. The author, a seventy-two-year-old Muscovite, writes: “When I look at my fourteen-year-old grandson, it sometimes seems to me that he is some kind of alien.<...>. No, he is actually a good guy, a sin to complain: he studies decently, his mother helps her mother — my daughter — with the housework, and even in his rude address to me “grandfather” I sometimes feel affection ... But his clothes, this sweater with hanging sleeves , jeans with holes in his knees, two earrings in one ear, his speech with all these "outfit" and "jokes", his views and the fact that all my thoughts and judgments cause him a mockery - all this makes him an alien in our family   (E. Korenevskaya).

At first glance, in the test the narrative is combined ( i received a letter, the author writes) and description ( a sweater with hanging sleeves, jeans with holes in the knees, two earrings in one ear), however it is obvious that the description in this case is subject to the tasks of reasoning: it does not perform an independent function, but serves as arguments in the reasoning built by the author of the letter. Therefore, the speech type of this text fragment should be defined as combining narrative and reasoning.

The word type identifies the word order. Comparing offers The train stopped at the station   and The train stopped at the station, it can be noted that in the first action is active (the train was driving and stopped), which means that the phrase belongs to the narrative context, in the second fact is presented as observable from the side, as a detail of the drawn picture, therefore, the sentence can be referred to the description.

Term functional-semantic type of speech   emphasizes the dependence of the form of oral or written utterance on the purpose (function) of speech and its meaning, and therefore, according to linguists, it most accurately describes the forms of verbal expression that were previously called types of presentation, varieties of monologue speech, ways of presentation   etc. In school practice, the terms type of text and type of speech are used as synonyms.

Plumbing: choose and connect independently Alekseev Viktor Sergeevich

What determines the choice of a particular type

The choice of sink and sink is dictated primarily by the size of the room in which they are installed - the kitchen and bathroom. The choice is also influenced by the financial possibilities of the consumer-buyer. In addition, when choosing a sink and sink, it is necessary to take into account the overall design of the kitchen and bathroom, the location of other plumbing fixtures: bathtubs, shower cubicle (with a combined toilet and bath, the presence of a toilet bowl, bidet is also taken into account); in the kitchen - the size and location of the gas stove.

What does a chicken egg color depend on? The color of the chicken egg is determined by the pigment in the outer layer of the shell and can take many shades from almost snow white to dark brown. Only egg color depends on the chicken breed. To advance approximately