Gerakan ini diketuai oleh Jeneral Charles de Gaulle dari ibu pejabat di London (Jawatankuasa Kebangsaan Perancis, sehingga 1943). Ia menetapkan matlamat untuk memulihkan kemerdekaan Perancis daripada penceroboh fasis Jerman dan kolaborator Vichy yang bekerjasama dengan mereka. Menyertai gabungan anti-Hitler.

Pergerakan itu mempunyai senjata dan mengambil bahagian dalam beberapa operasi dalam Perang Dunia II. Kejayaan pergerakan itu sebahagian besarnya dibantu oleh sokongan gerakan penentangan dalam Perancis.

Kira-kira 300 ribu pejuang Perancis Berjuang mengambil bahagian dalam pendaratan Bersekutu di Normandy pada tahun 1944. Pada tahun yang sama, pada 24 Ogos, de Gaulle kembali dengan penuh kejayaan ke Paris dan mula membina semula negara Perancis.

Normandy-Niemen

Menamakan semula

Pada 2 Jun 1944, jawatankuasa itu menamakan dirinya sebagai Kerajaan Sementara Republik Perancis, yang diketuai oleh Jeneral Charles de Gaulle.

Yayasan Wikimedia. 2010.

Lihat apa "Free France" dalam kamus lain:

- ("Perancis Bebas") ialah nama rasmi (sehingga Julai 1942) pergerakan yang terbentuk semasa Perang Dunia II 1939 45 atas panggilan Jeneral Charles de Gaulle (Lihat Gaulle), yang bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan pembebasan Perancis dari fasis Jerman ... ... Ensiklopedia Soviet yang Hebat

- (La France libre) pegawai. nama (sehingga Julai 1942) yang terbentuk semasa Perang Dunia ke-2 atas panggilan gen. C. de Gaulle, gerakan yang bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan pembebasan Perancis daripadanya. fasc. penceroboh dan pengikutnya. Pada Julai 1942 berkaitan dengan ... ...

- (Republik Perancis), sebuah negeri di Eropah Barat, di barat dan utara dibasuh oleh Lautan Atlantik (Teluk Biscay dan Selat Inggeris), di selatan oleh Laut Mediterranean (Teluk Lyon dan Laut Ligurian) . Keluasannya ialah 551 ribu km2. Penduduk… … Ensiklopedia moden

- (Perancis) negeri di Barat. Eropah. kawasan 551 601 km2. AS. 52 300 ribu orang (setakat 1 Jan 1974). St. 90% daripada penduduk adalah Perancis. Ibu kota Paris. Sebilangan besar penganut beragama Katolik. Menurut perlembagaan 1958, F., sebagai tambahan kepada metropolis, termasuk: ... ... Ensiklopedia Sejarah Soviet

- (Perancis), Republik Perancis (République Française), sebuah negeri di Eropah Barat, di barat dan utara dibasuh oleh Lautan Atlantik dan Selat Inggeris, di selatan oleh Laut Mediterranean. 551 ribu km2. Penduduk 58.4 juta orang (1996), ... ... Kamus ensiklopedia

Perancis- Château d'If. Marseille, Perancis. PERANCIS (Republik Perancis), sebuah negeri di Eropah Barat, di barat dan utara dibasuh oleh Lautan Atlantik (Teluk Biscay dan Selat Inggeris), di selatan oleh Laut Mediterranean (Teluk Lyon dan Ligurian . .. ... Kamus Ensiklopedia Bergambar

Perancis->) /> Pemberontakan Jun 1848. Litografi () Pemberontakan Jun 1848. Litografi () Perancis () sebuah negeri di Eropah Barat. Keluasan 551 ribu persegi. km. Penduduk 57.7 juta. Ibu kotanya ialah Paris. Pada zaman dahulu, wilayah Perancis didiami oleh Gaul (), ... ... Kamus Ensiklopedia "Sejarah Dunia"

PERANCIS- (Perancis) Maklumat am Nama rasmi ialah Republik Perancis (Perancis. La République Française, Inggeris. Republik Perancis). Terletak di bahagian barat Eropah. Keluasannya ialah 547 ribu km2, penduduknya ialah 59.7 juta orang. (2002). Negeri ... ... Ensiklopedia negara-negara di dunia

Artikel ini harus di wikified. Sila isikannya mengikut peraturan pemformatan artikel. Program dokumentari "Free Thought" diadakan dalam rangka Festival Filem Antarabangsa Moscow (MIFF ... Wikipedia

Halaman ini dicadangkan untuk digabungkan dengan ... Wikipedia

Buku

• Selamatkan Paris dan Mati, Sergei Zverev. Pada 18 Ogos 1944, "Free France" mengetuai pemberontakan menentang pendudukan Nazi, dan beberapa hari kemudian Paris dibebaskan, tentera fasis Jerman menyerah kalah. Charles de ...

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oBGYPOBMSHOSCHK LPNIFEF CH GEMPN, LBL LPMMEZYBMSHOSCHK PTZBO, Y LBTSDSCHK YY EZP YUMEOPCH CH PFDEMSHOPUFY CHUEZDB PLBISHCHBMY NOE GEOPSHEMEKH YPEPSCH RP. LPOEYUOP, UP CHUENY CHBTSOSCHNY DEMBNY NOE RTYIPDYMPUSH JOBLPNYFSHUS MYUOP. OP CHUE TSE VTENS, MECBCHIE TENTANG NOE, UFBMP NEOSHIE CHHYDH FPZP, UFP FERETSH NEOS PLTHTSBMY Y PLBUSCHCHBMY NOE RPNPESH LPNREFEOFOSCH UPFTHDOYLY. LPOEYUOP, FЙN NYOYUFTBN, YЪ LPFPTSCHI OY PDYO RTECDE OE BOYNBM CHYDOPZP PVEEUFCHEOOPZP RPUFB, OEDPUFFBCHBMP RPDYUBU OEPWIPCHDUFFBUTPZP OP POI UHNEMY RTYPVTEUFY Y FP Y DTHZPE. x LBTSDPZP YY OYI, LTPNE FPZP, VSCHMY GEOOSCHE LBYUEUFCHB Y MYUOSCHK PRSCHF. h GEMPN TBVPFBS CH lPNYFEFE, POI URPUPVUFCHPCHBMY HUIMEOYA CHMYSOIS uTBTSBAEEKUS jTBOGY. nOE YUBUFP RTYIPDYMPUSH CHUFTEYUBFSH UP UFPTPOSCH NPYI UPFTHDOYLPCH, LPOEYUOP, OE PRRPYGYA, OP CHPTBCEOIS YMY LTYFILKH RP RPCHPNEDECH NPYK. h FTHDOSCHE NYOHFSCH, LPZDB S PVSCHYUOP ULMPOSMUS L RTYOSFYA TEYYFEMSHOSHI NO, NOPZYE YUMEOSCH lPNYFEFB CHSCHULBBSHCHBMYUSH AB LPNRTPNYUU. OP LFP VSHMP DBTSE IPTPYP. h LPOEYUOPN UYUEFE, YUMPTSYCH UCHPY DPCHPDSCH, OY PDOY Y OBGYPOBMSHOSHI LPNYUUBTPCH OYLPZDB OE PURBTYCHBM NEPEZP PLPOYUBFEMSHOPZP TEEOYUBFEMSHOPZP.

ke IPFS YOPK TBB NOEOIS NPZMY TBDEMYFSHUS, PFCHEFUFCHEOOOPUFSH GEMYLPN METSBMB MENGENAI NOE. h VPTSHVE ЪB PUCHPVPTSDEOYE NOE, VEDOSZE, RTYIPDYMPUSH CHUEZDB CH LPOEYUOPN UYUEFE PFCHYUBFSH ЪB CHUE. chP zhTBOGY LP NOE CHUE YUBEE PVTBEBMY UCHPY CHAPTSCH FE, LFP CHUE VPSHYE UVTENYMUS L BLFYCHOPNKH UPRTPFYCHMEOYA. h LFPN YUKHCHUFCHPCHBMUS CHUE VPMEE SUOSCHK PFCHCH MENGENAI NPY RTYYSCHCHCH. h LFPN RTPSCHMSMPUSH FBLCE Y UPDUFCHP OBUFTFEOYK, LPFPTPE NOE LBBMPUSH UFPSHMSH TSE OEPVIPDYNSCHN, LBL Y CHPMOHAEYN. chYDS, YUFP ULMPOOPUFSH ZHTBOGHPCH A TBYAEDYOEOYA J TBPVEEOOPUFY, LPFPTHA dH OBCHSSCHCHBM TETSYN HZOEFEOYS, URPUPVOB CHSCHCHBFSH TBTPOEOOSCHE CHURSCHYLY CHPNHEEMFFUSCHEE CHPNHEMEFYUSBYPK CHPNHEEMFFUSCHE CHPNHEEMFFUSCHE CHURSCHYLY CHPNHEEMFFUSCHYPHACHYPCHYPHACHYPCHYPCHYPHACHYPK CHPNHEEMFFUSCHEE CHPNHEMEFYUDSCHYPHACHYPSYPHACHYPKYPCHYPHACHYPKYPKYPHYDS DEKUFFCHYFEMSHOP, YNEOOOP EDYOUFCHP PRTEDEMSMP VPECHCHE HUREY UPRTPFYCHMEOIS, EZP OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK IBTBLFET, EZP NETSDHOBTPDOPE YOBYUEE.

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b LFP CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH RPCHPMSMP NOE UDEMBFSH CHCHCHPD P TBMPTSEOY CHYYYUFULPZP TETSYNB. YMMAYY CH PFOPYEOYY LFPZP TETSYNB TBUESMYUSH. rTETsDE CHUEZP RPVEDB zETNBOYY, P LPFPTPK BSCHMSMY LBL P UBNP UPVPK TBHNEAEENUS Deme, YUFPVSCH PRTBCHDBFSH LBRYFHMSGYA, UFBOPCHYMBUSH OECHPNPTSOPK, RPUME FPZP LBL B CHPKOH CHUFHRYMY tPUUYS J BFEN uPEDYOEOOSchE yFBFSch, B bOZMYS J "uChPVPDOBS zhTBOGYS" DPLBBMY UCHPA URPUPVOPUFSH A UPRTPFYCHMEOYA. hFCHETTSDEOYE, UFP TBDY URBUEOIS "NBFETYBMSHOSHI VMBZ" OEPVIPDYNP VSCHMP UPZMBUYFSHUS OB RPTBVPEEOEYE UFTBOSCH, CHCHZMSDUMP UNIPSCHIPYUPSCHYUK OENGSCH RTBLLFYUEULY BOOELUYTPCHBMY ьMSHBU Y mPFBTYOZYA Y PFTEBMY CH BDNYOYUFTBFYCHOPN PFOPYEOYY UCHET UVTBOSCH PF PUFBMSHOPK FETYTE; RTPYCHPDYCHYYEUS PLLHRBOFBNY YYASFYS DEOETSOSCHI UTEDUFCH, USCHTSHS, UEMSHULPIPSKUFCHEOOSCHI J RTPNSCHYMEOOSCHI FPCHBTPCH YUFPEBMY OBYH LPOPNYLH, Chueh VPMSHYEE YUCHTSHYEE YUMSHYEE YUMSCHYUMP CHSVETCHNBPPYATB. tBZPChPTSch PV PVPTPOE zhTBOGHULPK YNRETYY PF "MAVPZP CHTBZB" OE NPZMY HTSE OYLPZP PVNBOHFSH, mempunyai FEI RPT LBL ZHTBOGHULHA BTNYA J ZHMPF BUFBCHYMY CHPECHBFSH RTPFYCHBLUECHODE, nWVPYCHBLBOCHODE, nWVPYCHBLODBECHODE, NPFYCHBLUEBOCHO, WZPChPTSch W FI CHTENS LBL OENGSCH J YFBMSHSOGSCH dv LPNYUUYK RP RETENYTYA UCHPVPDOP TBURPTSTSBMYUSH B bMTsYTE, fHOYUE, lBUBVMBOLE J vEKTHFE, OENEGLYE UBNPMEFSCH RTYENMSMYUSH B JMERCH lBUBVMBOLE J vEKTHFE, OENEGLYE UBNPMEFSCH RTYENMSMYUSH B JMERCH BBLYOHPOLIPOLY, PJBYOHPOLYPOLY, PBYOHPOLYPOLY pFOSHOE uTBTSBAEBSUS zhTBOGYS UFBMB CHPRMPEEOYEN CHUEEI OBDETSD TENTANG CHUCHTBF ABNPTULYI FETTYFPTIK. POB RPUFEOOOP HFCHETTSDBMBUSH CH LCHBFPTYBMSHOPK BZHTYLE, TENTANG PUFTPCHBI PLAYBOY, CH rPODYYETY, CHMECHBOFE, TENTANG PUFTPCH UEO-rSHET, OBNBDBZBULBGBTE. CHNEUFE U FEN POB HTSE BTBOYE OERTELMPOOP BSCHMSMB P UCHPYI OEPURPTINSHI RTBCHBI MENGENAI UCHETOKHA BZHTYLKH, ъBRBDOHA BZHTYLKH, BOFYMSHULPYE YUFFYPYLH.

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rP NETE FPZP LBL DHFPE CHEMYUYE CHYYYUFULPZP TETSYNB YUYUEBMP RPCHUADH, CH NEFTPRPMY CHOYLBMY PYUBZY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS. eUFEUFCHEOOOP, TEYUSH YMB P DEKUFCHISI, PYUEOSH TBMYUOSHI RP IBTBLFETH, YUBUFP OE PYUEOSH YUEFLP PRTEDEMEOOSHI, OP RTEUMEDPCHBCHYY YEDYOHA. h PDOPN NEUFE UPUFBCHMSMY, REYUBFBMY Y TBURTPUFTBOSMY TBBOOPZP TPDB MYUFPCHLY. h DTHZPN UPVYTBMY UCHEDEYS TBCHEDSCHBFEMSHOPZP IBTBLFETB P RTPFYCHOYLE. nHTsEUFChEOOSchE MADY UPDBCHBMY ZTHRRSCH DEKUFCHYS, LPFPTSCHE CHSCHRPMOSMY UBNSCHE TBOPPVTBOSCHE BDBYUY: OBMEFSCH ON CHTBZB, RPTYUH YNHEEUFCHB, RPMHYUEOYE J TBURTEDEMEOYE ZTHPCH, LPFPTSCHE UVTBUSCHCHBMYUSH ON RBTBYAFBI YMY DPUFBCHMSMYUSH DTHZYNY RHFSNY, RETEIPD dv PDOPK Posch B DTHZHA, RTYEN YMY PFRTBCHLH BZEOFPCH, RETEIPD ZTBOYGSCH J F. R. h TSDE NEUF UPDBCHBMYUSH ЪBTPDSCHY PTZBOY'BGYK UPRTPFYCHMEOIS, YUMEOSCH LPFPTSCHI PVYEDYOSMYUSH NECDKH UPVPK MYVP RP YLBBOYSHYSPHUCHUK pDOIN UMPCHPN, ЪB CHOEYOEK RBUYCHOPUFSHA Y VEDDEKUFCHYEN, LPFPTSCHE, LBBMPUSH, GBTYMY CH NEFTPRPMY, UPRTPFYCHMEOYE OBYOOBMP BYFSHYCHRIPKUPK VPKGSCH UPRTPFYCHMEOYS PE ZhTBOGY ZPFPCHYMYUSH FERETSH OBOPUYFSH HDBTSCH RP CHTBZH, OEUNPFTS OB ZKHUFHA UEFSH RPMYGEKULJI Y DPOPUYLPCH.

h UEOFSVTE 1941 OBYUBMBUSH WETIS YPMYTPCHBOOSHI OBRBDEOIK TENTANG OENEGLIYI CHEOOOPUMKHTSBEYI. RETCHSCHNY VSCHMY HVIFSCH LPNEODBOF ZBTOYIBPOB CH OBOFE, PZHYGET CH vPTDP Y DCHB UPMDBFB CH RBTEYTS MENGENAI KHMYGE yBNRYPOOE. ъBFEN YUYUMP HVYFSCHI UFBMP TBUFY. nUFS ZHTBOGHBN, CHTBZ UPFOSNY TBUUFTEMYCHBM BMPTSOYLPCH, VTPUBM B FATSHNSCH FSCHUSYUY RBFTYPFPCH, LPFPTSCHE RPFPN CHSCHUSCHMBMYUSH dv zhTBOGYY, DHYYM YFTBZHBNY J TERLEBIH DAHULU u YUKHCHUFCHPN NTBYUOPK ZPTDPPUFY HOBCHBMY NSCH PV FPK CHOKOE PDYOPYUEL, LPFPTSCHE RPDCHETZBMY UEVS PZTPNOPNKH TYULKH, VPTSUSH U PLLKHRBOFBNY. u DTHZPK UVPTPOSCH, ZYVEMSH ZhTBOGKH'PCH - TSETFCH PFCHEFOSCHI TTERTEUUIK OENGECH CHSCHCHCHBMB CH OBYY UETDGBU ULPTVSH, OP PFOADSH OE PFYUBSOYE, RPFPNSH YFPYUPL pDOBLP YUIPDS Y'MENEOFBTOSHI FTEVPCHBOYK CHPEOOPK OBKHLY, NSCH UYUIFBMY, UFP VPTSHVPK OHTSOP THLPCHPDYFSH Y UFP L FPNKH TSE EE OE NPPESHCHOOFKHRYMYUM vPTShVB, TBUUYUYFBOOBS ON AF YUFPVSCH OE DBCHBFSH RTPFYCHOYLH RPLPS, BFEN BLFYCHOSCHE PRETBGYY CHOHFTEOOYI UYM uPRTPFYChMEOYS B OBNEYUEOOSCHI RHOLFBI, OBLPOEG, OBGYPOBMSHOPE CHPUUFBOYE, LPFPTPE NShch OBNETECHBMYUSH OBYUBFSH B OBDMETSBEYK NPNEOF, NPZMY R ™ £ VSCHFSH CHEUSHNB ZHZHELFYCHOSCHNY NK HUMPCHYY, YUFP Chueh FP HDBMPUSH R ™ £ PUHEEUFCHYFSH LBL PDOP GEMPE CH UPYUEFBOYY U DEKUFCHYSNY BTNYK PUCHPVPTSDEOYS. nETsDH DRYER W 1941 uPRTPFYChMEOYE EDCHB OBYUYOBMP BTPTSDBFSHUS, Q, Y DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, NShch OBMY, YUFP POP NPTSEF RPFETREFSH RPMOPE RPTBTSEOYE VHLCHBMSHOP, VHLCHBMSHOP, VHLCHBMSHOP, VHLCHBMSHOP, VHLCHBMSHOP, VHLCHBMSHOP, VHLCHBMSHOP.

chPF RPYUENKH 23 PLFSVTS S BSCHYM RP TBDIP: “FPF ZhBLF, UFP ZhTBOGKHYSH HVYCHBAF OENGECH, SCHMSEFUS BVUPMAFOP OPTNBMSHOSCHN Y BVUPDMAFOPPTNCH. eUMY OENGSCH OE IPFSF, YUFPVSH NSCH YI HVYCHBMY, YN UMEDKHEF PUFBCHBFSHUS DPNB ... rUME FPZP LBL YN OE KHDBMPUSH RPLPTYFSH NYT, LBTSDSCHK OENEGBYP. OP UHEEUFCHHEF FBLFILB CHEDEOYS CHOCOSCH. chPKOPK DPMTSOSCH THLPCHPDYFSH FE, LPNKH LFP RPTHYUEOP ... h OBUFPSEEE CHTENS NPK RTYLB DMS PLLHRYTPCHBOOPK FETTYFPTYY: OENGECH PFLTSHYUEOP! PADA CHSCHCHBO EDYOUFCHOOOSCHN UPPVTBTSEOYEN: UEKYUBU CHTBZ NPTSEF UPCHETIEOOP VEURTERSFUFCHEOP PUHEEUFCHMSFSH NBUUPCHCHCHE HVYKUFCHB OBYYE RPSCHELB ESPT. OBRTPFYCH, LBL FPMSHLP NSCH UNPTSEN RETEKFY CH OBUFHRMEOYE, VHDHF PFDBOSCH UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEE RTYLBSCH ".

uFTENSUSh UPLTBFYFSH UCHPY RPFETY, LPFPTSCHE NK UMPTSYCHYEKUS PVUFBOPCHLE VSCHMY UMYYLPN CHEMYLY RP UTBCHOEOYA mempunyai DPUFYZOHFSCHNY CHEUSHNB OEOBYUYFEMSHOSCHNY TEHMSHFBFBNY, NShch CHNEUFE mempunyai DRYER DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY YURPMSHPCHBFSH TEBLGYA NBUU ON OENEGLYE TERTEUUYY B YOFETEUBI HLTERMEOYS OBGYPOBMSHOPK UPMYDBTOPUFY J URMPYUEOYS UYM ZHTBOGHULPZP OBTPDB. 25 PLFSVTS, MENGENAI UMEDHAEYK DEOSH RPUM LBOOY 50 VBMPTSOILPCH CH OBOFE Y yBFPVTYBOYE Y 50 RBFTYPFPCCH CH vPTDP DENGAN ABSCHIM RP TBDIP UMEDCHABUDEEE zhTBOGYS DPLBTSEF, YUFP ITS BRHZBFSH OEMSHS ... dengan RTYSCHCHBA Chuei ZHTBOGHPCH J Chuei ZHTBOGHTSEOPL RTELTBFYFSH CHUSLHA TBVPFH J CHUSLPE DCHYTSEOYE PBN zde Sing VHDHF OBIPDYFSHUS, B RSFOYGH 31 PLFSVTS dalam 4 YUBUPCH DP 4 YUBUPCH 05 NYOHF, saya DRYER YUFPVSCH FP UETSHEOPE RTEDPUFETETSEOYE, ЬФБ NPEOBS OBGYPOBMSHOBS ъBVBUFPCHLB RTPDENPOUFTYTPCHBMB UYMKH VTBFULPK UPMYDBTOPUFY ZhTBOGKHHPCh Y RPLBGBMB ChTBZKH, LBFDUFSH EPRBUZ OBLBOKHE OBNEYUEOOPZP DOS DENGAN RPCHFPTYM UCHPK RTYYSCHCH. uPUFPSCHYBSUS ABVBUFPCHLB RTYPVTEMB PE NOPZII NEUFBI, PUPVEOOP MENGENAI ABCHPDBI, CHOHYYFESHOSCHK IBTBLFET. h TEHMSHFBFE PE NOE HLTERYMBUSH TEYYNPUFSH OE DPRHULBFSH, YUFPVSCH DCHYTSEOYE UPRTPFYCHMEOIS CHSCHMYMPUSH CH BOBTIYA; OBRTPFYCH C IPFEM DPVYFSHUS PTZBOYPCHBOOPUFY, OE RTEUELBS CHNEUFE mempunyai DRYER YOYGYBFYCHSCH, LPFPTBS VSCHMB EZP DCHYTSHEEK UYMPK, TH OE PFCHETZBS CHBYNOPK YPMYTPCHBOOPUFY NEUFOSCHI PTZBOYBGYK, VE LPFPTPK uPRTPFYChMEOYE NPZMP R ™ £ VSCHFSH RPMOPUFSHA MYLCHYDYTPCHBOP PDOYN HDBTPN.

chP CHUSLPN UMKHYUBE HYUBUFOILY DCHYTSEOIS CHYTSEOIS CHYBRTPFYCHMEOYS Y EZP PTZBOYBGY PE NOPZJI PFOPYEOYSI DEKUFCHPCHBMY FERETSH U VPMSHYPK TESCHYNPUFURSHY fBN, ZDE POI NPZMY Y DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY YI OBKFY, FP EUFSH CH FPN, UFP PUFBCHBMPUSH PF BTNYY, RHFSH RTZTBTSDBMY CHYYYUFSH. nd PENGERING RAMBUT NEOEE RETCHSCHE HDBTSCH RP CHTBZKH VSCHMY OBEUESCH CHPEOSCHNY. pZHYGETSCH BTNEKULYI Y PLTHTSOSHI YFBVPCH RTSFBMY PHTTSIE PF LPNYUUIK RP RETENYTYA. TBCHEDSCHBFFEMSHOBS UMHTSVB RTPDPMTSBMB FBKLPN CHEUFY LPOFTTBCHEDLKH Y CHTENS PF BACA PFRTBCHMSMB BOSMYYUBOBN YOZHPTNBGYA. RTY UPDEKUFCHY ZEOETBMPCH ZHTTB, DEMEUFTOB, CHETOP {175} , vMPL-dBUUP, dATNEKETB, U RPNPESHA, CH YUBUFOPUFY, PZHYGETULYI LMHVPCH RPDZPFBCHMYCHBMYUSH NPVYMYBGYPOSCHE NETPRTYSFYS. ZEOETBM LPYU UFBM CHEUFY BLFYCHOHA RTPRBZBODKH RTPFYCH LBRYFKHMSOFULYI OBUFTFEOIK. utedy THLPCHPDYFEMEK NPMPDETSOSHI PTZBOYBGYK, CH UPUFBCH LPFPTSCHI CHIPDYMP ЪOBYUYFEMSHOPE LPMYUEUFCHP VSCCHHYYI CHEOOSHI, NOPZYE FBTEOYTESHI h PUFBCHYYIUS CPYOULYI YUBUFSI RPYUFY CHUE PZHYGETSCH, KHOFET-PZHYGETSCH Y UPMDBFS OE ULTSCHCHBMY UCHPYI OBDETSD CHOPCHSH RTYOSFSH HYUBUFYE CH VPSIOSH HYUBUFYE CH VPSI.

OBUEMEOYE PFOPUIMPUSH L FPNKH CHEUSHNB RPMPTSYFESHOP. rTYCHEEOOBS Y ZhTBOGY LYOPITPOILB, LPFPTHA DENGAN RTPUNPFT CH mPODPOE, UMHTSIMB OBZMSDOSCHN FPNKH DPLBBBFEMSHUFCHPN. h ZHYMSHNE VSCHM YBUOSF NPNEOF, LPZDB REFEO PE CHTENS PDOPK YU UCHPYI RPEDPL CH NBTUESH RPSCHYMUS TENTANG VBMLPOE TBFKHY RETED CHPKULBNY Y OBTPCHPDPBSCHPN NPCOP VSCHMP UMSHYBFSH, LBL, RPCHYOHSUSH EDYOPDKHYOPNKH OBUFTFEOYA YFPK NBUUSCH MADEK, ON LTYLOHM: "OE ABVKHDSHFE, YUFP CHUE CHSCH NPBWAYM!" ьФЙ УМПЧБ CHSCHCHBMY VHTOSCHK YOFKHIBEN CHUEI UPVTBCHYYIUS, CHEOOSHI Y OECHPEOOSHI, LPFPTSCHE UNESMYUSH Y RMBLBMY PF CHPMOEOIS.

fBLYN PVTBPN, OEUNPFTS ON OP YUFP BTNYS RPFETSMB HVYFSCHNY YMY RMEOOSCHNY VPMSHYYOUFCHP UCHPYI YUBUFP MHYUYYI UPMDBF J PZHYGETPCH, POB UFYIYKOP UFTENYNHMBUSH. pDOBLP JNEOOP LFPZP Y OE IPFEMP "RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP" LPFPTPNKH BTNYS RPDYUYOSMBUSH. chYYYUFULYK TETSYN, UPITBOSCHYYK CHOBYUBME CHYDYNPUFSH OEKFTBMYFEFB, BFEN CHUFBCHYYK ON RHFSH UPFTHDOYYUEUFCHB mempunyai CHTBZPN, RPNEYBM BTNYY PUHEEUFCHYFSH UCHPE RTYCHBOYE, J H TEHMSHFBFE POB NPTBMSHOP PLBBMBUSH B FHRYLE, CHSCHIPD dv LPFPTPZP NPTSOP VSCHMP OBKFY, MYYSH PFLBBCHYYUSH PF ZHPTNBMSHOPK DYUGYRMYOSCH. IPMF NOPZYE CHPEOOSCHE Chueh CE RPYMY ON FP, PUPVEOOP LFP UPUFPSM B PTZBOYBGYSI uPRTPFYChMEOYS, YMY LFP CHUFHRYM B FBKOHA BTNYA, YMY, OBLPOEG, EF, LFP RPTSE PUOPCHBM "bTNEKULHA PTZBOYBGYA uPRTPFYChMEOYS" ZHBLFYYUEULY DCHYTSEOYE uPRTPFYChMEOYS CHSCHOHTSDEOP VSCHMP RETCHPE CHTENS UBNP ZPFPCHYFSH UCHPY LBDTSCH.

h "UCHPVPDOPK" NPOE FBLYE PTZBOYIBGYY, LBL "lPNVB" PE ZMBCHE U LBRIFBOPN zHTEO {176} , "MYVETBUSHPO", CH LPFPTPK PUOPCHOHA TPMSH YZTBM YNNBOAMSH D "BUFSHE DE MB CHYTSETY {177} , "ZhTBO-FITET", THLPChPDUFCHP LPFPTPK CHP'ZMBCHMSM tsBO-rSHET MECHY {178} , ЪBOYNBMYUSH BLFYCHOPK RTPRBZBODYUFULPK DESFEMSHOPUFSHA Y UPDBCHBMY CHPEYYYYTPCHBOOSCHE ZHPTNEYTPCHBOYS. pDoPCHTENEOOP POOFBFLY VSCHHYYI RTPZHUPAOSCHI RTPZBOYBGYK - "CHUEPWEEK LPOZHEDETBGY FTHDB" bOBMPZYUOHA TBVPFKH RTPCHPDYMY TBMYUDSHE ZTKHRYTPCHLY, UPUFFPSCHYE YY YUMEOPCH VSCHCHYY RBTFYK, CH YUBUFOPUFY FBLYI, LBLUBUFDUPGYBYUBYME. rPULPMShLH JPOB OE VSCHMB PLLHRYTPCHBOB OENGBNY, VPTSHVB CHEMBUSH, EUFEUFCHEOOOP, RTPFYCH CHYYUFULPZP TETSYNB, RTPFYCH EZPYB RPMYHEYV. rTY FPN THLPCHPDYFEMY, ZPFPCHS UYMSCH, LPFPTSCHE H UMHYUBE OEPVIPDYNPUFY NPZMY VSCHFSH YURPMSHPCHBOSCH RTPFYCH CHTBZB, DHNBMY BICHBFE CHMBUFY P Q W CHYDEMY, uPRTPFY PTTHCHPYEMBOSHTED FPTNFY, DHNBMY BICHBFE CHMBUFY P Q W CHYDEMY, uPRTPFY PTTHCHPYEMBOSHTED FPCHOPCHLPFY PTTHCHPYENBOSHTED

rPMYFYYuEULYK IBTBLFET PTZBOYBGYK uPRTPFYChMEOYS ATSOPK Posch DEMBM, EUFEUFCHEOOP, YEE DESFEMSHOPUFSH CHEUSHNB ZHZHELFYCHOPK, URPUPVUFCHPCHBM RTYCHMEYUEOYA B YEE TSDSCH CHMYSFEMSHOSCHI MENEOFPCH, RTYDBCHBM YEE RTPRBZBODE MPVPDOECHOPUFSH J BTSYZBFEMSHOPUFSH, LPFPTSCHE VHDYMY HNSCH. OP U DTHZPK UVPTPOSCH, RPMOPE UPZMBUYE Y CHSCHFELBAEBS PFUADB UPCHNEUFOBS DESFEMSHOPUFSH THLPCHPDSEYI LPNYFEFFPCH UVTBDBMY PF CHUEZP FPZP. uMEDHEF ULBBFSH, YUFP TDPCHSCHE YUMEOSCH FYI PTZBOYBGYK J UPYUHCHUFCHHAEYE RPYUFY OE YOFETEUPCHBMYUSH OH DBMSHOEKYEK RTPZTBNNPK uPRTPFYChMEOYS, OH HUMPYBFIKBUHY. rP PVEENKH NOOYA, ZMBCHOPE UPUFPPSMP CH FPN, YUFPVSCH UTBTSBFSHUS YMY RP LTBKOEK NETE ZPFPCHYFSHUS L FPNKH. DPVSCHBFSH PTHTSIE, HUFTBYCHBFSH FBKOILY, RPDZPFBCHMYCHBFSH Y CHTENS PF CHTENEOY PUHEEUFCHMSFSH OBMEFSCH - PPF P YUEN YYMB TEUSH! u FPC GEMSHA OBDP VSCHMP PTZBOY'PCHSCHBFSH ZTHRRSCH MENGENAI NEUFBI JJ OBAEYI DTHZ DTHZB MADEK, YULBFSH UTEDUFCHB DMS VPTSHVSCH Y DETTSBFSH SUNCHV ЪBNB. lPTPYuE ZPCHPTS, EUMY CHOHFTY PTZBOYBGYK J UHEEUFCHPCHBMP PFOPUYFEMSHOPE EDYOUFCHP CHZMSDPCH, OP RTBLFYYUEULBS VPTSHVB CHEMBUSH, OBPVPTPF, TBTPOEOOSCHNY ZTHRRBNY, LPFPTSCHE YNEMY UPVUFCHEOOSCHI THLPCHPDYFEMEK, J DEKUFCHPCHBMY UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP PURBTYCHBMY DTHZ X DTHZB RTBCHP ON YNECHYYEUS H NYETOPN LPMYYUEUFCHE PTHTSYE J DEOSHZY.

h PLLHRYTPCHBOOPK VPOE, CH HUMPCHYSI OERPUTEDUFCHEOOPK PRBUOPUFY, FBLPK LPOLKHTEOGY OE UHEUFCHPCHBMP, PDOBLP TBBPVEOOOPUFSH MADEK RIBUIPN fBN VShMP RTSNPE Y PRBUOPE UPUUDUFCHP U RTPFYCHOYLPN. rTYIPDYMPUSH YNEFSH LEMBAP U ZEUFBRP. OE VSCHMP OYLBLPK CHP'NPTSOPUFY RETEDCHYZBFSHUS, RETERYUSCHBFSHUS, CHCHVYTBFSH LCHBTFYTKH, OE RPDCHETZBSUSH UVTPPZPNKH LPOFTPMA. CHUE RPDPATTYFEMSHOSHE RPRBDBMY CH FATSHNKH Y CHCHUSCHMBMYUSH. SFP LBUBEFUS BLFYCHOPZP uPRTPFYCHMEOIS, FP EZP VPKGPCH OEHNPMYNP RPDUFETEZBMY RSCHFLY Y UNETFSH. h FYI HUMPCHYSI UYMSCH VSCHMY LTBKOE TBURCHMEOSCH. CHNEUFE U FEN, RTYUHFUFCHYE OENGECH UPDBCHBMP PVUFBOPCHLKH, FPMLBCHYKHA TENTANG UPRTPFYCHMEOYE, TENTANG UPDBOYE RPDRPMSHOSHI PTZBOYBGYK. chPF RPYUENKH DCHYTSEOYE UPRTPFYCHMEOIS CH FPK ЪPOE RTYPVTEFBMP OBRTSTSEOOSCHK CHPEOOOP-ЪBZPCHPTEYYUEULYK IBTBLFET. "ZTBTsDBOULBS J CHPEOOBS PTZBOYBGYS" PUOPCHBOOBS RPMLPCHOYLPN fHOY, PTZBOYBGYS "uFPTPOOYLY PUCHPVPTSDEOYS" PE ZMBCHE mempunyai tYRPYEN, PTZBOYBGYS "uFPTPOOYLY uPRTPPOOBSFYChPOhME" {179} , PTZBOYBGYS "pUChPVPTsDEOYE uEChETB" LPFPTHA UZHPTNYTPCHBM lBChBKEU, OBLPOEG, PTZBOYBGYS "zPMPU UECHETB" PUOPCHBOOBS B bon, OOO zhMBODTYY, B LTBA YBIFETPCH, RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN hLLB, LBFEZPTYYUEULY PFLBSCHCHBMYUSH RTYDETTSYCHBFSHUS LBLPZP-MYVP RPMYFYYUEULPZP OBRTBCHMEOYS, Chemy FPMSHLP CHPPTHTSEOOHA VPTSHVH J DEKUFCHPCHBMY OEVPMSHYYNY, Y 'PMYTPCHBOOSCHNY DTHZ PF DTHZB RPDRPMSHOSCHNY ZTHRRBNY.

h LPOGE 1941 LPNNKHOYUFSCH CHUCHPA PYUETEDSH CHUFHRIMY CH VPTSHVKH. DP FPZP YI THLPCHPDIFEMY ЪBOYNBMY RTEINTEOEULHA RPYGYA RP PFOPYEOYA L PLLHRBOFBN, ЪBFP TELP OBRBDBMY OBOZMPUBLUBMEULE pDOBLP YI RPCHEDEE NPNEOFBMSHOP YNEOYMPUSH, LPZDB ZYFMET OBRBM OB tpuuya, B POI UBNY U FTHDPN UHNEMY HKFY CH RPDRPMSHE Y HUFBOSCHSPCHYFYSH CHRTPYUEN, POI VSCHMY L OEK RPDZPFPCHMEOSCH UCHPEK UYUFENPK RBTFYKOSCHI SYUEEL, UELTEFOPUFSHA UCHPEK YETBTIY, RTEDBOOPUFSHA UCHPYI LBDTPCH. h OBGYPOBMSHOHA CHPKOH Sing CHLMAYUYMYUSH PFCHBTSOP J HNEMP, PFLMYLBSUSH VEUURPTOP (PUPVEOOP TSDPCHSCHE YUMEOSCH) ON PCH TPDYOSCH, OP OYLPZDB OE FETSS DV CHYDH, LBL BTNYS TECHPMAGYY, LPOEYUOHA GEMSH, BLMAYUBCHYHAUS H FPN, YUFPVSCH HUFBOPCHYFSH UCHPA DYLFBFHTH, CHPURPMSHPCHBCHYYUSH DTBNPK, LPFPTHA RETETSYCHBMB zhTBOGYS. POI CHUE CHTENS UVTENYMYUSH UPITBOYFSH ЪB UPVPK UPHPVPDKH DEKUFCHYK. OP CHNEUFE mempunyai DRYER, RPMSHHSUSH OBUFTPEOYSNY VPTGPCH uPRTPFYChMEOYS B FPN YUYUME J H UCHPYI UPVUFCHEOOSCHI TSDBI, LPFPTSCHE IPFEMY FPMSHLP CHPECHBFSH Sing HRPTOP UFTENYMYUSH PVYAEDYOYFSH Chueh uPRTPFYChMEOYE, YUFPVSCH RTECHTBFYFSH EZP, EUMY PLBTSEFUS CHPNPTSOSCHN, B PTHDYE UCHPYI YUEUFPMAVYCHSCHI HUFTENMEOYK.

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"UNSchUM RETCHPZP RPMPTSEOYS, ULBBM C H FNV UPUFPYF, YUFPVSCH CHPECHBFSH, OP EUFSH RTYDBFSH CHPNPTSOP VPMSHYYK TBNBI J CHPNPTSOP VPMSHYE NPEY HUYMYSN ZHTBOGHPCH B ... LPOZHRTYOLPH TBCHBOGHPCH B ... LPOZHRTYOLPHNBCHHPCH B ... LPOZHRTYOLPHNBCHB ... BFEN, TEYYFEMSHOP PUHTSDBS LBL DPCHPEOOSCHK TETSYN, J FBL TETSYN chYY C BSCHYM "NShch UYUYFBEN OEPVIPDYNSCHN, J YUFPVSCH NPZHYUBS GEMYFEMSHOBS CHPMOB RPDOSMBUSH DV ZMHVYO OBGYY J UNSCHMB RTYYUYOSCH LBFBUFTPZHSCH CHNEUFE UE Chueca OBDUFTPKLPK, CHPOYLYEK LBRYFHMSGYEK HBS. rPFPNKH CHFPTPE RPMPTSEOYE OBYEK RPMYFILY FTEVHEF RTEDPUFBCHYFSH UMPCHP OBTPDKH, LBL FPMSHLP UPVSCHFYS RPCHPMSF ENKH UPVSHFYS RPYCHPMSF ENKH UPVSPDOB YFSPYUPS OBLPOEG, CH FTEFSHEN RPMPTSEOY S OBNEYUBM PUOPCHSCH, MENGENAI LPFPTSCHI, RP OBYENKH NOOYA, DPMTSOSCH UVTPYFSHUS PVOPCHMEOOSHE YOUFIFHFSH zhTBOGEY. "ЬФЙ ПУПЧЩ, - ЗПЧПТЙМ С, - PRTEDEMSAFUS FTENS DECHYIBNY UCHPVPDOSCHI ZhTBOGKHHPCH." nSCh ZPCHPTYN: "YUEFSH Y TPDYOB", YNES CH CHYDKH, UFP OBGYS NPTSEF ChP'TPDIFSHUS FPMSHLP CH TEKHMSHFBFE RPVEDSCH, UFP POB NPTSEF UHEUFPSLPSHBFSH. nSCh ZPCHPTYN: "uChPVPDB, tBcheOufChP Y vTBFUFCHP", RPFPNKH UFP NSCh IPFIN POOFBFSHUS PRETTY DENPLTBFYUEEULINE RTYOGYRBN. Hm ZPCHPTYN "pUChPVPTsDEOYE" YVP EUMY OBY HUYMYS OE PUMBVOHF DP RPVEDSCH HBS CHTBZPN, YEE BCHETYEOYEN DPMTSOP SCHYFSHUS UPDBOYE LCA LBTSDPZP ZHTBOGHB FBLYI HUMPCHYK, YUFPVSCH penapisan URPLPKOP TSYFSH J FTHDYFSHUS, UPITBOSS YUHCHUFCHP UPVUFCHEOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB ".

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yj CHUEK OBYEK OEVPMSHYPK BTNYY, LPFPTBS UTBTSBEFUS CH bZHTYLE Y TENTANG CHUPFFLE, TENTANG BOZMYKULPK ENME OBIPDSFUS FPMSHLP HYUEVOSCHE GEOFTSCH. OP CH OYI PVCYUBEFUS VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH OBYY LBDTPCH. h MBZETE lENVETMY RPMLPCHOYL tEOHBT RTEDUFBCHMSEF HOE VBFBMSHPO EZETEK, BTFYMMETYKULYK DYCHYYPO, FBOLPCHSCHK ULBDTPO, PFTSD YOTSEOETOSCHI CHPKUL RPDTBDEMEOYE UCHSY. UCHSY. LPDSCHELBETBOY CHPKUL RPDTBDEMEOYE UCHSY. LPDSCHELBETBOY CHSCCHLBUSCHETSCHLBFYE CHSCCHLBUSCHY. dengan RTPIPTSH H BTFYMMETYKULYK RBTL, zde RAP LPNBODPCHBOYEN NBKPTB VHF RTYCHPDYFUS H RPTSDPL ZHTBOGHULBS FEIOYLB, RTYCHEEOOBS TBOEE H chEMYLPVTYFBOYA FSCHMPCHSCHNY UMHTSVBNY OPTCHETSULPK LUREDYGYY YMY CHPEOOSCHNY LPTBVMSNY, RTYVSCHCHYYNY dv zhTBOGYY PE CHTENS CHTBTSEULPZP OBYEUFCHYS. PTKHTSIE, VPERTYRBUSCH, NBYYOSH YURPMSHHAFUS DMS PUOBEOIS OPCCHHI ZHPTNYTPCHBOYK OBTSDKH U FEYOILPK, RPUFBCHMSENPK BOZMYYUBOBNY CH UPPFYBEUFUFUZ RETEZPCHPTBNY Y RTBLLFYUEULYN CHCHRPMOEYEN LFK CHBTSOPK ЪBDBYU ЪBOINBEFUS UMKHTSVB CHPPTHTSEOIS RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN RPMLPCHOOBL. chP CHTENS BCHYBGYPOOPK LBFBUFTPZHSCH RTY YURPMOOYY UMHTSEVOSCHI PVS'BOOUFEK FPF RTELTBUOSCHK PZHYGET ZYVOEF, J EZP RPUF JBOINBEF NBKPT ZYTY. h UBNPN mPODPOE C YOPZDB OBCHEEBA TPFH ZHTBOGHULYI TSEOEYO-DPVTPCHPMSHGECH, CHPZMBCHMSENHA NBDNHBEMSH Fett, B BFEN ZPURPTSPK nBFShE, zde DPUFPKOSCHE, RBFBTTYPFYYUEULY CHPZMBCHMSENHA NBDNHBEMSH Fett, B BFEN ZPURPTSPK nBFShE, zde DPUFPKOSCHE, RBFBTTYPFYYUEULY CHUBBTTYPFYYUEULY OBUBTTYPFYYUEULY OBUFTYPUFFOGY. chTENS PF READING S OBETSBA CH nPMCHETO, B ABFEN CH tYVTUZHPTD L "LBDEFBN uCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGY". h 1940 S UP'DBM LFKH YLPMKH, RTEDOBOBYUEOOHA DMS UFKHDEOFFCH Y HUBEYIUS, RETEEIBCHYY H BOZMYA. CHULPTE NSCh RTECHTBFYMY EE CH PZHYGETULKHA YLPMKH, LPFPTPK LPNBODHEF NBKPT vPDKHO. rSFSH EE CHCHRHULPCH DBMY 211 LPNBODYTPCH CHCHPDPCH, YJ OYI 52 RBMY CH VPTSHVE U CHTBZPN. oYUFP OE PVPDTSEF FBL ZMBCHH UCHPVPDOSHI ZhTBOGKH'PCH, LBL LPOFBLF U U FPC NPMPDETSHA, OBDETSDPK MENGENAI CHIPTPTSDEOYE RPNETLYEK UMBCHSCh zhTBOGEY.

h AF CHTENS LBL RPDTBDEMEOYS OBENOSCHI CHPKUL, OBIPDSEYEUS H chEMYLPVTYFBOYY, RTPIPDSF PVHYUEOYE, YUFPVSCH BFEN UTBTSBFSHUS ON TBMYYUOSCHI ZHTPOFBI, OBY CHPEOOP-NPTULYE UYMSCH, B VPMSHYYOUFCHE VBYTHAEYEUS H BOZMYKULYI RBTFBI, HYUBUFCHHAF H VYFCHE ON LPNNHOYLBGYSI H bFMBOFYLE, MB-nBOYE, ON uEChETOPN NPTE , H bTLFILE. dMS LFPZP NSCh DPMTSOSCH RPMSh'PCHBFSHUS VBBNY UPAOYLPCH. h UBNPN DEME, X OBU OEF OEPVIPDYNSHI NBFETYBMPCH DMS TENPOFB, UPDETTSBOYS Y UOBVTSEOIS OBYYI UHDHCH. PENGERING RAMBUT VMPME NSTH OE NPTSEN UOBVDYFSH YI OPCHSCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY: rhp, ZYDTPMPLBFPTBNY, TBDBTBNY Y DT., RTEOEOIS LPFPTSHI FTEVHEEF TBYPECHEYPK. OBLPOEG, MENGENAI PVYTOPN FEBFT CHEOOP-NPTULYI PRETBGYK, GEOFTPN LPFPTSCHI SCHMSEFUS BOZMIS, OEPVIPDYNP FEYOYUEULPE Y FBLLFYUUOULPE ED.

PEF RPYUENH, IPMF UHDB, LPFPTSCHE NShch CHPPTHTSBEN, OBIPDSFUS H RPMOPN OBYEN TBURPTSTSEOYY, OEBCHYUYNP PF YEE RTPYUIPTSDEOYS, IPMF Sing Chui RMBCHBAF RAP FTEIGCHEFOSCHN ZHMBZPN, IPMF PZHYGETSCH J LPNBODSCH RPDYUYOSAFUS FPMSHLP ZHTBOGHULYN HUFBCHBN, IPMF Sing CHSCHRPMOSAF RTYLBSCH FPMSHLP UCHPYI OBYUBMSHOYLPCH, LPTPYUE ZPCHPTS, IPMF OBY ZHMPF PUFBEFUS YUYUFP OBGYPOBMSHOSCHN, CHUE TSE, ЪB TEDLYN YULMAYUEOYEN, LPZDB NSCH YURPMSHKHEN EZP OERPUTUDUFCHEOPP, PO RTYOINBSCHEPHSCHYBUCHEBUCHYP CHRTPYUEN, LFP IDEF ENKH MENGENAI RPMSHH, FBL LBL PO CHLMAYUBEFUS CH UYUFENKH, YULMAYUYFEMSHOKH RP VPEURPUPVOPUFY, DYUGYRMYOE, BLFYCHOPUFY. UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH BOZMYYUBOE, PGEOYCHBS RP DPUFPYOUFCHH OBYH RPNPESH, PLBSCHCHBAF ZHTBOGHULYN CHPEOOP-NPTULYN UYMBN YYTPLHA NBFETYBMSHOHA RPDDETTSLH, YEE BTUEOBMSCH J UMHTSVSCH DEMBAF Chueh CHPNPTSOPE, YUFPVSCH RTYCHPDYFSH B RPTSDPL J UOBVTSBFSH OBY UHDB, OEUNPFTS ON TBMYYUYE FYRPCH J CHPPTHTSEOYS. OPCHSCHE NBFETYBMSCH, LPFPTSCHE RTYNEOSEF BOZMYKULYK ZhMPF, OENEDMEOOP RPUFBCHMSAFUS Y OBYENKH ZhMPFH. OPCHSCHE UHDB: LPTCHEFSCH Y LBFETB, RPTSE ZHTEZBFSCH, YUNYOGSCH, RPDPDOSCHE MPDLY -RETEDBAFUS OBN RTSNP U CHETZHEK. EUMY OBY OEVPMSHYPK ZhMPF UNPZ USHZTBFSH UCHPA TPMSH Y RPDDETTSBFSH YUEUFSH ZhTBOGKH'ULPZP PTHTSIS MENGENAI NPTSI, UFINE PO PVSBO LBL RPNPELY NPCH FABOOY.

s HVETSDBAUSH CH FPN LBTSDSCHK TB, LPZDB OBCHEEBA RPDTBDEMEOYS ZhMPFB CH zTYOPLE, rPTFUNKHFE, lBKHUE, dBTFNKHFE. HYUIFSCHBS IBTBLFET VPTSHVSCH, B FBLTSE OEVPMSHYKHA YUYUMEOOOPUFSH OBYYI NPTSLPCH, NSCH CHPPTHTSBEN FPMSHLP NBMSCHE UHDB. OP FY LPTBVMY "uCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGY" U YUUFSHA DEMBAF CHUE, UFP CH YI UIMBI.

RTETSDE CHUEZP NSC CHPPTHTSIMY, LPOEYUOP, UHDB, LPFPTSCHE RTYVSCHMY YJ ZhTBOGY. l CHEUOE 1942 YY OBYYI RSFY RETCHCHCHI RPDCHPDOSHI MPDPL POOFBAFUS "TVY", "NYOETCH", "TSAOOPO" "OBTCHBM" YUYUEH X NBMSHFSCH CH DELBVTE 1940; "UATLHZh" VSCHM RPFPRMEO B ZHECHTBME 1942. lPOFTNYOPOPUGSch "fTYPNZhBO", "mEPOBT" NYOPOPUGSCH "nEMShRPNEO" J "vHLMShE" W FEYUEOYE OEULPMSHLYI NEUSGECH pleasy BTFYBCCHHBOSCH B.FYBCBOMBOCH B.FYPBCHHBOSCH B.FYBCBOCHBIANs ъBFEN "fTYPNZHBO" VSCHM PFRTBCHMEO TENTANG fjiyk PLEBO, "mEPRBT" RTYVSCHM CH aTSOKHA bZHTYLKH; RPETSE ON PUHEEUFCHMSM UCHSHSH U PUFTCHPN TEASHPO Y OBLPOEG RPFETREM LPTBVMELTHYEOYE VMY fPVTHLB. "NEMSHRPNEO" RETEYEM CHETOPE NPTE. "VHLMSHE" RTECHTBFIMUS CH PDYO Y'OBYY HYUEVOSCHI LPTBVMEK. yb OBYYI RSFY RPUCHMSHOSCHI UHDPCH FTY, "UBCHPTOSHSO DE vTBBB", "LPNBODBO dAVPL", "LPNNBODBO DPNYOE", LKHTUYTHAF X VETEZPCH BZHTYLY; "NPLE '" RPNPZBEF PITBOSFSH LPNNHOILBGY CH YTMBODULPN NPTE; “YECHTEK” RBFTKHMYTKHEF CH PLAYBOY, CH TBKPOE oKHNEB, J RTYUPEDYOSEF 27 NBS 1942 L “uCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY” PUFTPCHB hPMMYU Y JAFAOB. DCHB FTBMSHEYLB, "LPOZT" Y "MAUSHEO-TSBO", CHCHRPMOSAF UCHPY FTHDOSCHE PVS'BOOOPUFY MENGENAI RPDUFKHRBI L BOZMYKULINE RPTFBN. DEUSFSH NPTULYI PIPFOYLPCH RTYOSMY HYUBUFYE CH RTYLTSCHFY UPAOOYUEULYI FTBOURPTFPCH NECDH LPTOHMMPN J rB-DE-lBME. FERETSH YI FPMSHLP CHPUENSH, FBL LBL DCHB YY OYI VSCHMY RPFPRMEOSCH. vSchMY CHCHEDEOSCH B UFTPK YEUFSH RBFTHMSHOSCHI UHDPCH "rHMShNYL" BFPOHCHYYK X rMYNHFB B OPSVTE 1940 "chYLYOZ" RPZYVYYK B PFLTSCHFPN NPTE X VETEZPCH fTYRPMYFBOYY B OPSVTE 1942 "chBKBO", "rTEYDBO Berkhidmat", "Tio DE JMP" RTPDPMTSBAEYK VPTP'DYFSH NPTS, " mepoymsh", YURPMSh'HAEYKUS CH LBYUEUFCHE RMBCHHYUEK VBBSH FPTZPCHPZP ZhMPFB. HURUF CHURPNPZBFEMSHOSCHK "LBR DE RBMSHN" YUEFSCHTE RMBCHKHYUYE VBBSH, "hTBZBO", "bNSHEO", "BTTBU" J "DIMEITSBOF", LPNRMELFKHAF "NPTULHA YUBUFSH" RPTFB ZTYOPL J VBJH "LLEYRBYTsEK PVC" uFBTSCHK VTPOOEPUEG "lKHTV" CHSCHRPMOSEF TPMSH HYUEVOPZP GEOFTB DMS TELTHFPCH, NBUFETULJI, ULMBDB VPERTYRBUPCH Y RTPDPCHPMSHUFFCHYS. OBIPDSUSH TENTANG SLPT TENTANG rPTFUNKHFULPN TECDE, PADA RPDDETSYCHBEF UCHPEK BTFIMMETYEK PVPTPOH LFPZP LTHROPZP RPTFB.

h UPUFBCH OBYEZP OEVPMSHYPZP ZhMPFB CHIPDSF FBLCE LPTBVMY, RPMHYUEOOOSCHE X BOZMYUBO. ьFP RTETSDE CHUEZP LPTCHEFSCH, RPUFTFEOOSCHE RPUME OBYUBMB CHOCOSCH DMS RTYLTSCHFYS LBTBCHBOPCH. FY LPTCHEFSCH VEURTETSCHOP PITBOSAF LPNNHOILBGY NTSDKH BOZMJEK, YUMBODJEK, OSHAZHBHODMEODPN Y lBOBDPK. OPL VSCHMY RETEDBOSCH DECHSFSH LPTCHEFPCH "bMYUE" RPZYVYYK W WPA W NBTFE 1942 "nYNPB" BFPOHCHYYK URHUFS FTY NEUSGB CHNEUFE mempunyai OBIPDYCHYYNUS ON EZP VPTFH LPNBODYTPN MEZLPK NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOPK DYCHYYY LBRYFBOPN 2 PO TBOZB vYTP "bLPOYF", "mPVEMYS" "TPEMYU", "TEOPOLAMSH" , "LPNNBODBO D" YFSHEOO D "ptch", "LPNBODBO dTPZH", "LPNNBODBO dEFTHBKB". l YUYUMH RPMHYUEOOSCHI OBNY UHDPCH FBLTSE PFOPUSFUS CHPUENSH FPTREDOSCHI LBFETPCH 28-K ZHMPFYMYY, VPTPDSEYE PADA VPMSHYPK ULPTPUFY MB-nBOY J BFBLHAEYE CHTBTSEULTY FTBOURPTYPEZ. lTPNE FPZP, OBN VSCHMI RETEDBOSCH CHPUENSH NPFPTOSCHI LBFETPCH, PVTB'KHAEYI 20-A ZhMPFYMYA, LPFPTBS DEKUFCHHEF CH MB-nBOYE UPCHNEUFOP U LBYNYNYN PIPPFOILPKL. CHRTPYUEN, NSC ZPFPCHYNUS L CHPPTHTSEOYA UPCHETEOOOP OPCHCHI UHDHCH. nOPZYE Y ZHTEZBFPCH, LPFPTSCHE OBYUYOBAF CHCHIPDIFSH Y BOZMYKULYI BTUEOBMPCH, UTBH TCE RPUME URHULB OBPDKH RTEDPUFBCHMSAFUS CH OBYE TBURPUPTSE. nSCH CHSMI YUEFSTTE Y OYI: DELHCHETF, BCHBOFAT, UATTYJ, lTHB DE MPTYO. ъB OBNY POOFBCHMEOSCH FBLCE NYOPOPUEG "lPNVBFBO", RPDCHPDOSCHE MPDLY "LATI" Y "dPTYU", UFTPYFEMSHUFCHP LPFPTSCHI VBLBOYUYCHBEFUS. OBN IPFEMPUSH VSCH RTYPVTEUFY Y DTHZYE LPTBVMY, LPFPTSCHE HCHEMYUYMY VSCH YUUMP RPFPPRMEOSHI OP OBYB TPMSH Y TBNBI DEKUFCHYK PZTBOYUYUYCHBAFUS OE OEDPUFBFLPN UHDPCH, B OEICHBFLPK MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB.

хЦЕ Л YAOA 1942 700 NPTSLPCH "uCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGY" RPZYVMY ЪB TPDYOH. OOBY CHEOOOP-NPTULYE UYMSCH OBUYUIFSCHBAF 3600 YUEMPCHEL RMBCHUPUFBCHB. l oDalam CE OHTSOP PFOEUFY VBFBMSHPO UFTEMLPCH RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN bNYP D "OChYMS, LPFPTSCHK BNEOYM dEFTHBKB, RPZYVYEZP ON RPME VTBOY. uADB CE OHTSOP DPVBCHYFSH OEULPMSHLP CHPEOOP-NPTULYI MEFYUYLPCH, LPFPTSCHE, OE YNEM CHPNPTSOPUFY PVTBPCHBFSH PFDEMSHOHA YUBUFSH, UMHTSBF B BCHYBGYY. oBLPOEG, UADB CE PFOPUSFUS DEUBOFOP-DYGETENPOOSCHE RPDTBDEMEOYS, LPFPTSCHE PVHYUBAFUS B chEMYLPVTYFBOYY RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN LBRYFBO-MEKFEOBOFB lYZhZhETB. h NBE NEUSGE Dengan RTYYEM A UPZZMBVPNETBOYBH NBE NBE NBE TDFFNDOTBOBHYEM A UPZZMBVPNETBOBHYA {183} , PFCHEFUFCHOOOSCHN ЪB RTPCHEDEOYE "LPNVYOYTPCHBOOSHI PRETBGYK", PV HUMPCHYSI YURPMSH'PCHBOYS FYI TCHHEYIUS CH VPK CHPKUL. CHULPTE POI RTYOSMY HYUBUFYE CH UMESHI OBMEFBI TENTANG ZhTBOGKHUULP RPVETETSHE.

MENGENAI MYUOSCHK UPUFBCH LPNRMELFPCHBMUS OBRPMPCHYOH Y NPTSLPCH, OBIPDYCHIYIUS H 1940 ZPDKH CH BOZMY. h ZBVPOE, MENGENAI vMYTSOEN chPUFPLE OELPFPTSCHE RTYUPEDYOYMYUSH L OBN RPUME FPZP, LBL UTBTSBMYUSH RTPFYCH OBU. FBL VSCHMP mempunyai LYRBTSBNY RPDCHPDOPK MPDLY "bSLU" BFPOHCHYEK X dBLBTB, RPDCHPDOPK MPDLY "rPOUEME" BFPRMEOOPK UCHPYN LPNBODYTPN rPTF X-tsBOFYMS, RPUSCHMSHOPZP UHDOB "vHZOChYMSh" LPFPTPE NShch CHSCHOHTSDEOSCH VSCHMY CHSCHCHEUFY DV UFTPS ON TEKDE mYVTEChYMS. chTENS PF CHTENEOY L OBN RTYUPEDYOSAFUS PFDEMSHOSHE LBDTPCHCHE NPTSLY, RTYVSCHBAEYE YJ ZhTBOGEY, UCHETOPK BZHTYLY, bMELUBODTYY, U BOFYSHOOTUPLUPSHIPUP h CHPEOOP-NPTULPK ZhMPF OBVYTBEFUS NBLUINBMSHOPE LPMYUEUFCHP NPMPDSHI ZhTBOGKHHPCH YY YUYUMB OBIPDSEYIUS CH BOZMYE, BNETYLE, MECHBOFEET, eZ. OBLPOEG, FPTZPCHCHE LPTBVMY RTEDPUFBCHMSAF CHEEOP-NPTULYN UIMBN VPMSHYKHA YUBUFSH UCHPEZP RETUPOBMB. uBNPK FSTSEMPK ЪBDBYUEK DMS CHPEOOP-NPTULPZP LPNYUUBTYBFB SCHMSEFUS RRPRPMOEOYE LPTBVMEK LPNBODOSCHN UPUFBCHPN. eZP RTYIPDYFUS LPNRMELFPCHBFSH Y UBNSHI TBMYUOSHI, YBYUBUFHA OERPDZPFPCHMEOOSHI MADEK, OE UYUIFBSUSH U YI UREGIBMSHOPUFSHA. x OBU NBMP LBDTPCHCHI PZHYGETPCH. nSChCHPURPMOSEN YI OEDPUFBYUH ЪB UYUEF PVCYUEOYS NPMPDETSY. RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN LBRYFBOPCH 2 PO TBOZB chYFEMS J zEKTBMS, RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOP LPNBODPCHBCHYYI "YLPMSHOSCHN PFDEMPN" NPTULBS YLPMB "uChPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY" TBCHETFSCHCHBEF BLFYCHOHA TBVPFH ON VPTFH "rTEYDBO fEPDPT fYUShE" J YIHO "FHBMSh" J "vEMSh rHMSh". ъB YUEFSCHTE CHCHRHULB POB DBMB 80 LBODYDBFPCH MENGENAI PZHYGETULIK YUYO. CHUE UCHPY URPUPVOPUFY PFDBMY ZhTBOGKHULPNKH CHEEOOP-NPTULPNKH ZhMPFKH ÜFY MADI, ЪBLBMEOOCHE U UBNPZP OBYUBMB ZPTEUFSHA, VIFCHBNY Y OBDETSD. u DTHZPK UVPTPOSCH, NSCH YYTPLP YURPMSHYKHEN CH OBYY CHEOOP-NPTULIYI UYMBI LBDTSCH PZHYGETPCH ABBBB, LPFPTSCHI VETEN U FPTZPSCHI LPTBVMESHK BELUM UTEBMP dCHEUFY LBODYDBFPCH, OBVTBOOSHI FBLYN PVTBPN, RTPUFPPSF TENTANG CHBIF TENTANG VPTFKH ZHTEZBFPCH, LPTCHEFPCH, LBFETPCH Y FTBMSHEYLPCH CH PVEEK VMPCHMEBUFFYUFFY.

oEUNPFTS OB FY UPLTBEEOYS CH MYUOPN UPUFBCHE, YUBUFSH ZhTBOGKHUULPZP FPTZPCHPZP ZhMPFB, OBIPDSEBSUS CH MBZET UPAOOYLPCH, PLBBSHCHBEBEFYUPSH dz 660 RBUUBTSYTULYI J FPTZPCHSCHI UHDPCH CHPDPYNEEEOYEN H 2700 FSCHUSYU POCPs LPFPTSCHE RTYOBDMETSBMY zhTBOGYY OBYUBME CHPKOSCH H 170 H 700 LPTBVMEK CHPDPYNEEEOYEN FSCHUSYU POCP VHDHF RP-RTETSOENH HYUBUFCHPCHBFSH H CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYSI RPUME BLMAYUEOYS "RETENYTYS". OBYB UMKHTSVB FPTZPCHPZP ZhMPFB RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN nBMZMCHB Y VEOTSBOB, B RPEDOOE UNEKETUB Y BODAU-ZHBTEYB LPNRMELFKHEF ZHTBOYBKHBULPN lTPNE FPZP, LFB UMHTSVB HYUBUFCHHEF CH HRTBCHMEOY OYNY UHDBNY, OBIPDSEYNYUS X BOZMYUBO; CH FPN UMKHYUBE TSDPN U BOZMYKULYN ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSCHN ZhMBZPN TENTANG LPTNE YMY TENTANG NBUFE LPTBVMEK-YZZOBOOYLPCH TBCHBEFUS FTEIGCHEFSCHK ZHMBZ. 30 dCHBDGBFSH YY OYI NSH RPFETSMY. l CHEUOE 1942 JV PVEZP YUUMB 580 PZHYGETPCH Y 4300 NBFTPUPCH FPTZPCHPZP ZhMPFB VPMEE YUEFCHETFY RPZYVMP MENGENAI NPTE.

rBUUBTSYTULYE UHDB YBOYNBAFUS RETECHP'LPK CHPKUL. fBL, "yMSh DE ZhTBOU", "ZHEMYLU THUUEMSH", "RTEYDBO rPMSH dKHNET" DPUFBCHMSAF TENTANG chPUFPL VTYFEBOULYE RPDLTERMEOIS Y BCHUFTBMY Y YODYY. fTBOURPTFOSHE UHDB, RETECHP'SEYE USHTSHE, PTHTSIE, VPERTYRBUSCH, RMBCHBAF PVCHYUOP CH UPUFBCHE LBTBCHBOPCH. yOPZDB OELPFPTSCHN YY OYI RTYIPDYFUS RETEUELBFSH PLEBO CH PDYOPYULH. ьФЙ УХДБ OYLPZDB OE ÄBDETTSYCHBAFUS DPMZP CH RPTFKH, ZDE YUBUPP RPDCHETZBAFUS VPNVBTDYTPCHLBN. h PFLTSCHFPN NPTE UMHTSVB KhFPNYFEMSHOB Y PRBUOB. rTYIPDYFUS VSCHFS OBYUELKH DOEN Y OPYUSHA, UFTPZP UPVMADBFSH YOUFTKHLGY, RPUFSOOP YBOYNBFSH UCHPY RPUFSCH RP VPEPCHPK FTECHPZE. yuBUFP RTYIPDYFUS HYUBUFCHPCHBFSH CH VPSI, UFTEMSFSH Y'PTKHDIK, NPMOYEOPUOP NBOECHTYTPChBFSH, YUFPVSH YUVETSBFSH FPTREDSCH YMY VPNVSH. uMHYUBEFUS, UFP UHDOP RPZTHTSBEFUS CH CHPDKH Y FSCH PLBSCHBEYSHUS CH IPMPDOPK, RPLTSCHFPK NBUMSOSCHNY RSFOBNY CHPDE, B TSDPN FPOHF FPCHBTYEY. UMKHYUBEFUS FBLCE, UFP FSCH YURSCHFSCHBESH PZTPNOHA TBDPUFSH, RTYUKHFUFCHHS RTY RBDEOY CHTBTSEULPZP VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLB YMJDO RFOBVMADBN yOPZDB FSH UBN VSCHBEYSH LFPNKH RTYYUYOPK, LBL LFP VSCHMP U RTPUFSCHN ZTKHUPCHSCHN UHDOPN "zPTF-veOCE", LPFPTPE CH NBE 1942 CH PFHLTESCHFSHAPN

pDOBTsDSch B mYChETRHME BDNYTBM UT rETUY oPVMSh, LPNBODHAEYK RETEDCHYTSEOYSNY J VPECHSCHNY DEKUFCHYSNY LPTBVMEK ON Chuen BFMBOFYYUEULPN FEBFTE CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK, RTYZMBUYM NEOS ON UCHPK LPNBODOSCHK RHOLF, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHK B VEFPOYTPCHBOOPN RPDENOPN HVETSYEE. Pada VPMSHYYI NPTULYI LBTFBI, TBCHEYEOOSCHI RP UFEOBN, PVPOBYUBMPUSH RPUFPSOOP NEOSAEEEUS TBURPMPTSEOYE Chuei LBTBCHBOPCH UPAOYLPCH, Chuei CHPEOOSCHI LPTBVMEK, Chuei UBNPMEFPCH, CHSCHRPMOSAEYI VPECHSCHE BDBYUY, B FBLTSE HUFBOPCHMEOOSCHE YMY RTEDRPMBZBENSCHE RPYGYY ZETNBOULYI RPDCHPDOSCHI MPDPL, UBNPMEFPCH, TEKDETPCH. gEOFTBMShOBS FEMEZHPOOBS UFBOGYS, UCHSBOOBS mempunyai CHOEYOYNY MYOYSNY, saya TBDYPUFBOGYSNY, YYZHTPCHBMSHOSCHNY VATP J PVUMHTSYCHBENBS OECHPNHFYNSCHN TSEOULYN RETUPOBMPN FEMEZHPOYUFLBNY, UFEOPZTBZHYUFLBNY, TBUUSCHMSHOSCHNY, RPYUFY VEUYHNOP RETEDBEF RTYLBSCH, RPTHYUEOYS, UPPVEEOYS LPNBODPCHBOYS DBMELYN NPTULYN BDTEUBFBN TH RP HETE RPMHYUEOYS PFCHEFSCH RPUMEDOYI. CHUE ZHYLUITKHEFUS TENTANG UCHEFSEYIUS FBVMYGBI. fBLYN PVTBSPN, CHEMYYUBKYBS VYFCHB MENGENAI LPNNHOILBGYSI RTDUFFBEF PE CHUEI UCHPYI RETYREFYSI.

TBUUNPFTECH CHUE CH GEMPN, S RETECHPTSKH CHZMSD MENGENAI LBTFSH, ZDE PVP'OBYUEOSCH OBY UYMSCH. s CHYTSKH YI CH RPDPVBAEYI NEUFBI, FP EUFSH FBN, ZDE POI OBYVPME CHUEZP DPUFPKOSCH OBZTBDSCH. yN RP YZHYTKH RETEDBEFUS RTICHEFUFCHYE ZMBCHSCH "uCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGY". OP BFEN, PUPOBCHBS, LBL YUYUMEOOP OECHEMYLY sing RP UTBCHOEOYA mempunyai YOPUFTBOOSCHNY UYMBNY, B LPFPTSCHE Sing CHIPDSF, CHURPNYOBS, YUFP PBN B fHMPOE, lBUBVMBOLE, bMELUBODTYY, zhPT DE zhTBOUE, dBLBTE, VEDEKUFCHHAF ZHTBOGHULYE LPTBVMY, RPOYNBS, LBLHA YUFPTYYUEULHA CHPNPTSOPUFSH RTEDPUFBCHMSEF ЬFB ChPKOB NPTULPNKH RTYCHBOYA ZhTBOGY, S YUKHCHUFCHHA, LBL NEOS PICHBFSCHCHBEF ZTHUFSH, JS RPLYDBA RPDENOPE HVETSEEE U FSTSEMSCHN UETDGEN.

bOBMPZYUOPE YUKHCHUFCHP RTEINEYCHBEFUS L NPEK ZPTDPUFY, LPZDB S CHUBTEYUBAUSH U OBYNY MEFYUILBNY TENTANG FPK YMY YOPK BOZMYKULPK VBUE. chYDS Chueh YEE DPUFPYOUFCHB J, Wu DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, DHNBS P Chuen FPN, YUFP NPZMB R ™ £ UDEMBFSH ZHTBOGHULBS BCHYBGYS Dalam VB W Objek uEChETOPK bZhTYLE, ON vMYTsOEN chPUFPLE YMY B bOZMYY, EUMY R ™ £ EC DBMY CHPNPTSOPUFSH UTBTSBFSHUS C YUHCHUFCHHA, YUFP CHEMYLPE OBGYPOBMSHOPE VPZBFUFCHP TBUIPDHEFUS RP-RHUFPNH. OP ЬFP BUFBCHMSEF NEOS EEE VPMSHYE FTHDYFSHUS OBD FEN, YUFPVSH HUIMYS FEI, LFP UNPZ RTYUPEDYOYFSHUS LP NOE, VSCHMY ЪBOYEFOSCH OBD UYUEY. eUMY Dengan RP CHRPMOE RPOSFOSCHN RTYYUYOBN PFDBM TBURPTSTSEOYE, YUFPVSCH OBY MEFYUYLY, MEFBAEYE mempunyai BOZMYKULYI VB OF BOZMYKULYI UBNPMEFBI, CHIPDYMY B UYUFENH BOZMYKULPK BCHYBGYY, OP Dengan Chueh-FBLY UFTENYMUS FBLTSE A FPNH, Gempen YUFPVSCH OBY MEFYUYLY RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK EDYOPE OBGYPOBMSHOPE. lFP VSCHMP OEMEZLP UDEMBFSH. uOBUBMB OBYY UPCHETEOOOP OE ABVPFYMYUSH PV BCHYBGY "uCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGY". yUIPDS YRTBLFYUEEULYI UPPVTBTSEOYK Y OEDPUFBFLB CHTENEOY, POI RTYOYNBMY CH UCHPY YUBUFY OELPFPTSCHI OBYY RYMPFPCH. OP EDYOUFCHEOOP, UFP POI NPZMY OBN RTEDMPTSYFSH, - LFP CHLMAYUIFSH OBYYI DPVTPCHPMSHGECH CH lPTPMECHULYE ChP'DKHYOSCHE UYMSCH. dengan OE REFINERY U FINE UPZMBUIFSHUS. fBLYN PVTBDPN, RPMPTSEOYE OBYY MEFYUYLPCH PUFBCHBMPUSH RPYUFY CH FEYUEOYE ZPDB OEPRTEDEMEOOSCHN. oELPFPTSCHE YY OYI, PVAYEDYOEOOOSCHE PE ZhTBOGKHUULYE LULBDTYIMSHY, NPZMY HYUBUFCHPCHFSH CH CHP'DHYOSHI VPSI CH ÜTYFTEE Y MYCHYY. dTHZYE, CHTENEOOOP RTYOSFSCHE CH BOZMYKULYE LULBDTYIMSHY, HYUBUFCHPCHBMY CH VYFCHE ЪB BOZMIA. OP VPMSHYOUFCHP YY-ÄB OEDPUFBFLB NBFETYBMSHOPK YUBUFY, FTEOITPCHLY YYOSCHCHBMY PF VEDEKUFCHYS ЪB RTEDEMBNY BCHYBGYPOSHI VBYE CH BOZMR.

OP Y ЬFB RTPVMENB VSCHMB CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH TEYEOB. CHEUOPK 1941 DENGAN UNPZ TEYYFSH RTYOGYRYBMSHOSCHE CHPTPUSCH U BOSMYKULYN NYOYUFTPN BCHYBGYY UTPN bTYUYVBMSHDPN uYOLMETPN. yuEMPCHEL YYTPLPZP KhNB Y VMBZPTDPUFCHB, PO RPOINBM, UFP UHEEUFCHPCHBOYE BCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY OE MYYEOP RPMSHYSCH. DI UPZMBUIMUS U NPYN RTEDMPTSEOYEN P UPDBOY OBYY LULBDTYMIK RP PVTBGH BOZMYKULYI. BOZMYUBOE RTEDPUFBCHMSMY OBN OEDPUFFBAEYK OBONOSCHK RETUPOBM Y PVCYUBMY CH UCHPYI YLPMBI OBYY MEFYUYLPCH. YMYYEL OBYYI RYMPFPCH REFINERY UMHTSYFSH CH BOZMYKULYI YUBUFSI. OP POI DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY OBIPDYFSHUS MENGENAI RPMPTSEOY PFLPNBODYTPCHBOOSHI ZHTBOGKHUULYI PZHYGETPCH, RPDYOOOOOSHI ZHTBOGKHUULYN HUFBCHBIN Y OPUGHULIN HUFBCHBN Y OPUSGE 8 IAOOS 1941 S OBRYUBM YL LBYTB UTKH bTYUYVBMSHDH RYUSHNP, RPDFCHETTSDBS UPZMBYEOYE, CHCHTBVPFBOOOP MENGENAI FYI PUOPCHBI RPMLPCHOYLPN hBMLPCHOYLPN. di FEI RPT LFP UPZMBYEOYE OEHLPUOYFEMSHOP UPVMADBMPUSH NBTYBMBNY BCHYBGY rPTFBMPN CH mPODPOE, mPOZ-NPTPN, ABFEN fEDFDETPLE OB chPU.

h LPOGE 1941 NSC UPDBMY CH BOZMY ULBDTIMSHA YUFTEVIFEMEK "yMSh DE ZhTBOU" RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN uyfychP. LPZDB ON VSCHM UVIF OBD ZhTBOGEYEK, PFLHDB, CHRTPYUEN, ON CHETOKHMUS, EZP ABNEOYM DARETSHE. Pada DTHZPK DEOSH RPUME OBYUBMB LBNRBOYY B uYTYY B eZYRFE VSCHMB UZHPTNYTPCHBOB ULBDTYMSHS YUFTEVYFEMEK "MShBU" LPFPTBS UTBTSBMBUSH UOBYUBMB B mYChYY RPD RPD BBMFCHBOY, nBMFCHBOY REPD, nBMFCHBOYMPH BFF, n BBMFCHBOY, BBMFCHBOY, BBF, NBM, BFF, BFF, BFF, BFF, BBM, BBM {184} , RPZYVYK TENTANG UMEDKHAEYK ZPD CH VPA U CHTBZPN. h MECHBOFE PTZBOYKHEFUS LULBDTEYMSHS VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLPCH "MPFBTYOZYS" RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN RYTSP. ьFPF RPUMEDOIK, UVIFSCHK URKHUFS OEULPMSHLP OEDEMSH OBD CHTBTSEULPK FETTYFPTYEK, UKHNEM DPVTBFSHUS DP UCHPYI Y EDEUSH HNET. EZP BNEOSEF LPTOYMSHPO-nPMYOSHE. dMS RPDDETTSLY OBYYI PRETBGYK CH UBIBTE CH TBKPOE PETB yBD PTZBOY'PCHBOB UNEYBOOBS YULBDTYIMSHS "vTEFBOSH" PE ZMBCHE Y UES-RETEPN. cheUOPK 1942 UPVTBOSCH YUBUFSHA CH mPODPOE, YUBUFSHA CH TEKBLE MEFYUYLY, LPFPTSCHE RP'TSE UPUFBCHSF CH tPUUY ULBDTEYMSHA, B ABFEN RPML "OPTNBODYS". ьФПК YUBUFSHA RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOP LPNBODPCHBMY fambo, myFFPMShZh, B RPUME YI UNETFY rHKBD. OBLPOEG, OELPFPTSCHE Y OBYY RYMPFPCH RETEDBOSCH RP NPENKH RTYLBH CH TBURPTSTSEOYE LPTPMECHULYI CHUDKHYOSCHI UYM. NPTME, ZEKPMSH, ZEDTS LPNBODHAF FBN LULBDTYIMSHSNY. dCHPE RPUMEDOYI RPZYVOKHF CH VPA. uMBCHB UVPIF DPTPZP CH CHP'DKHYOSHI UTBCEOISI. rPFETY BCHYBGYY "uCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGY" Ch DChB TBBB RTECHCHUYMY YUUMEOOOPUFSH DEKUFCHKHAEEZP MFOPZP UPUFBCHB.

pDOBLP EUMY NYTPCHPK IBTBLFET CHPKOSCH CHSCHOHTSDBM NEOS RPUFHRBFSH FBL, YUFPVSCH ZHTBOGHULYE UYMSCH RTYOYNBMY HYUBUFYE B VPSI ON Chuei FEBFTBI CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK, ZMBCHOPE HUYMYE Dengan UFBTBMUS ULPOGEOFTYTPCHBFSH B uEChETOPK bZhTYLE TBKPOE W, W LPFPTPN OBYVPMEE VSCHMB BYOFETEUPCHBOB zhTBOGYS. hOYYuFPTsYCh YFBMSHSOULHA BTNYA B ZhYPRYY, RTEZTBDYCH OENGBN DPTPZH uYTYA W, W BDHYYCH BTPDSCHYE RPRSCHFLH chYY CHSCHUFHRYFSH RTPFYCH uChPVDDYCH uChPVDYPDOPK zhTBhCHVSHYPDOPK zhTBhCHVSHYPDOPK BTPDSCHYE RPRSCHFLH chYY CHSCHUFHRYFSH RTPFYCH uChPVCYPDOPK zhTBhCHVSHYPDOPK zhTBhCHVSHYPDOPK zhTBhCHVSHYPDOPK zhTBhCHVSHYPDOPK OYYYuFPTsYCh

h OPSVTE 1941 BOSMYUBOE RTEDRTYOSMY EDEUSH EEE PDOP OBUFHRMEOYE. EUMY VSCH YN HDBMPUSH DPUFYUSH ZTBOYGSCH FHOYUB, DMS OBU CHBTSOP VSCHMP VSCh RTIKFY FHDB CHNEUFE U OYNY, PLBBCH YN RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOP RPTZPSHUESH CH. eUMY TSE, OBPVPTPF, ChTBZKH HDBMPUSH VSCH PFVTPUYFSH YI, NSCh DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY VSH UDEMBFSH CHUE CHUE CHUNPTSOPE, YUFPVSCH RPNPYUSH YN POOFBOPCHYCHYFSH RTPEELBFEU. h MAVPN UMKHYUBE NSCh DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY RTEIMPTSYFSH NBLUYNKHN HUYMIK, OP UPITBOYFSH UCHPE UPVUFCHEOOPE MYGP, U FEN YUFPVSCH PDETTSBFSH RPVEDKHA DPMSME zh.

Hm NPZMY DEKUFCHPCHBFSH DCHPSLP: OBYUBFSH OBUFHRMEOYE PF PETB yuBD ON zhEGGBO UYMBNY UBIBTULPK LPMPOOSCH, DBCHOP RPDZPFPCHMEOOPK mELMETLPN, MYVP CHLMAYUYFSH B BOZMYKULPE OBUFHRMEOYE B mYChYY RPDCHYTSOSCHE UYMSCH, UFPSEYE OBZPFPCHE B mEChBOFE RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN mBTNYOB. dengan TEYM PUHEEUFCHYFSH PVB CHBTYBOFB, OP FBL, YUFPVSCH DEKUFCHYS OBYYI UPMDBF RTYOEUMY RTNSNKHA RPMSHH ZhTBOGYY.

ъBICHBF ZHEGGBOB Y RPUMEDHAEYK NBTY MENGENAI ftyrpMy RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK PRETBGYA, UPRTSTSEOOKHA U VPMSHYIN TYULPN. eUMY VSCH POB OE HDBMBUSH, DPMZP OECHP'NPTSOP ITS VSCHMP VSCH CHP'PVOPCHYFSH Y'-ÄB OEVSCHBMSCHI FTHDOPUFEK, UCHSBOOSHI U ZHPTNYTPCHBOYEBOEBOYBEBOEBOEBOYENPOEBTSOO ьФБ LPMPOOOB DPMTSOB VSCMB DEKUFCHPCHBFSH CHUENY UYMBNY FPMSHLP FPZDB, LPZDB BOZMYUBOE, CHOPCHSH PCHMBDECH LYTEOBYLPK, CHOPYMY VSCHY CH FTYRPM. h RTPFYCHOPN UMKHYUBE POB DPMTSOB VSCHMB PZTBOYUYUIFSHUS FEN, UFP VEURPLPIMB VSCH JFBMSHSOGECH, UPCHETYBS ZMHVPLEY Y VSCHUHFTSCHE TEKDSCH.

di DTHZPK UVPTPOSCH, S IPFEM, YUFPVSH "ZhTPOF yBD" - EUMY NPTSOP FBL OBBCHBFSH TSD RP OPVIPDYNPUFY TBTPP'OEOOSHI DEKUFCHYK - PUFBCHBPOUS ZHTBOG. vehKhUMPCHOP, OBYUBMP OBYEK UBIBTULPK PRTBGYY DPMTSOP VSCHMP VSCHFSH UPZMBUPCHBOP U DCHYTSEOYEN 8-K BOZMYKULPK BTNYY. ьФП ЬБЧЫУЕМП ПФ УЧСЬЙ У ЛБЫТПН. OP B PUFBMSHOPN mELMETL RPDYUYOSMUS R ™ £ FPMSHLP HOE CHRMPFSH DP FPZP DOS LPZDB, UPEDYOYCHYYUSH ON A RPDUFHRBI uTEDYENOPNH NPTA mempunyai OBYYNY UPAOYLBNY, perisian EUFEUFCHEOOP™ RSDPUHMTSEE™, perisian EUFEUFHMSTEE™, RPDUFHRBI uTEDYENOPNH NPTA. ьФБ БЧФППНЙС VshMB NOE FEN VPMEE DPTPZB, UFP ЪBCHPECHBOYE zheGBOB SCHYMPUSH VSCh CH OYYI THLBI BMPZPN RTY RPUMEDKHAEN TEYEOY mEY UCHDSHV.

h FEYUEOYE OPSVTS-DELBVTS BOZMYYUBOE, CHED PTSEUFPYUEOOOSCHE Y FSTSEMSCHE VPY, RTPOILMY CHLITEOBYLH. pTSYDBS YI CHUFKHRMEOIS CH ftyrpMYFBOYA, MELMETL, RPDDETTSBOOCHK ZEOETBMPN uETTPN, LPFPTSCHK VSCHM FPZDB ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAINDO CHPKULBUKULPLPNBODHAENDO CHPKULBUTPULP JUFP LBUBEFUS NEOS, S CH FPN PPRTPUE OE VSCHM OBUFFTPEO PRfyNYUFYUOP.

OBS, YUFP tPNNEMSh Uhnem CHSCHTCHBFSHUS DV BOZMYKULYI FYULPCH J YUFP RPUME PFSCHCHB chEKZBOB dv uEChETOPK bZhTYLY UPZMBYEOYE zYFMET -dBTMBO DBCHBMP CHPNPTSOPUFSH RTPFYCHOYLH RPMHYUBFSH UOBVTSEOYE dv fHOYUB, Dengan EO ON TBUUYUYFSCHCHBM VSCHUFTPE RTPDCHYTSEOYE UPAOYLPCH A fTYRPMY. OBRTPFYCH, NOE LBBMPUSH VPMEE CHETPSFOSCHN LPOFTOBUFKHRMEOYE RTPFYCHOYLB. rPFPNKH, TBBTEYBS RPDZPFPCHLH L OBUFHRMEOYA, S CHODETTSYCHBMUS OBOBYUIFSH FPYUOSCHK UTPL EZP OBYUBMB. FBL LBL, saya DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, NYUUYS UCHSY, LPFPTHA mELMETL RPUMBM B lBYT, VSCHMB RPUFBCHMEOB B FBLYE HUMPCHYS, YUFP POB VSCHMB CHSCHOHTSDEOB UPZMBUYFSHUS ON RPDYUYOEOYE VTYFBOULPNH LPNBODPCHBOYA C HLBBM ZEOETBMH yUNEA, YUFP Dengan ON FP OE UPZMBUEO, J TBYASUOYM RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN NYUUYY YEE TPMSH. ..

DEKUFFCHYFEMSHOP, OBYY UPAOIL OE CHUFHRIMY CH fTYRPMYFBOYA. RETCHCHCHE NESGSCH 1942 VSCHMY DMS PWEYI UVPTPO RETYPDPN UVBVYMYIBGYY. u BACAAN FPZP OBYY CHPKULB CH TBKPOE PETB YUBD NPZMY FPMSHLP UPCHETYBFSH TEKDSHCH Y OBMEFSCH, Y MELMETLKH OE FETREMPUSH ABOSFSHUS FYN. 4 ZHECHTBMS S DBM UCHPE UPZMBUYE. PADA UDEMBM LFP CH FEYUEOYE NBTFB, RTPKDS UP UCHPYNY VEPCHSCHNY YUBUFSNY, RPDDETTSBOOSCHNY UBNPMEFBNY, YUETEJ zheGBBO, TBTHYBS NOOPUCHEBUZHEBUZHEBUZHBEZHTBYUP ABFEN MENGENAI CHETOKHMUS TENTANG UPHPA VBH, RPOEUS OEOBYUIFEMSHOSHE RPFETY. yuFPVSCH TBUYTYFSH NBUYFBVSCH Y CHP'NPTSOPUFY DEKUFCHYK LFPZP YULMAYUIFESHOP URPUPVOPZP CHPEOBYUBMSHOILB, S VOLUME EZP CH BRTEHENDOAPPNBODEK TENTANG FFPF TBB NOE RTYYMPUSH RTEPDPMEFSH RTPFEUFSH, CHSCHBOOSCHE EZP YUTE'NETOPK ULTPNOPUFSHA. u BACAAN FPZP DI UBN Y EZP CHPKULB RPYUHCHUFCHPCHBMY UEVS DPUFBFPYUOP UYMSHOSCHNY, YUFPVSCh BICHBFYFSH PB'YUSCH, LBL FPMSHLP CHPKULBS pDOBLP YN RTYYMPUSH PTSYDBFSH EEE DPMZYI DEUSFSH NEUSGECH CH HTSBUOHA TsBTKH UTEDY ULBM Y REULPCH, RTETSDE YUEN POY PEDTSBMY RPVEDKH Y UNTESCHMY ULPOESH

OP EUMY CH TBKPOE PETB YBD OBN RTYYMPUSH PFFSZYCHBFSH TEYBAEYK HDBT, FP CH LITEOBYLE RTEDUFBCHMSMBUSH DPMZPTSDBOOBS CHP'NPTSOPUFSH RPLBUFPUPSH NP'NPTSOPUFSH RPLBUFPUPSH. pDOBLP OBN RTEDUFFPSMP RTEPDPMEFSH NOPZP RTERSFUFCHYK, RTECDE YUEN NSCh DPVYMYUSH UPZMBUYS UPAOYLPCH TENTANG HYUBUFYE LTHROSCHI ZHTBOGKHUULYUCHI PASTI BERHARAP.

dEKUFChYFEMShOP, DCHE MEZLYE NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOSCHE DYCHYYY J FBOLPCHSCHK RPML, UZHPTNYTPCHBOOSCHE B uYTYY RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN mBTNYOB, OE VSCHMY HYUFEOSCH BOZMYKULYN LPNCHBODPCHBOOSCHE B uYTYY RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN mBTNYOB, OE VSCHMY HYUFEOSCH BOZMYKULYN LPNCHBODPCHBOOSCH BOZMYKULYN LPNBODPCHBOYEN LPNBODPCHBOYEN pDOBLP PVB UPEDYOOEYS VSCHMY UYMSHOSCHNY Y IPTPYP CHPPTHTSEOSCHNY. lBTsDPE dv OHYE VSCHMP NPFPTYPCHBOP J UPUFPSMP dv RSFY REIPFOSCHI VBFBMSHPOPCH, BTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB, TPFSCH RFP, RFI TPFSCH, RPDTBDEMEOYS TBCHEDLY, TPFSCH TBCHEDLY, TPFSCH TPFSCH FSTPPK, TPFSCH J RBTCHFTPSCOLB, TPFSCHFOLB YOTPK, TPFSCH JRBTFSCHFOLB YOTPK, TPFSCH JRBTFSCHFOLB ьFY UPEDYOEOIS, CHLMAYUBAEYE RPDTBDEMEOIS CHUEI TPDPCH CHPKUL Y RPFPNKH URPUPVOSCHE CHCHRPMOSFSH PFDEMSHOKHA FBLYUEULKHA VBDBYUCH VSCH. POI iPFS MENGENAI UBNPN DEM VSCHMY "MEZLAYNY", DENGAN OBUFBYCHBM YNEOOOP TENTANG OBCHBOY, LPFPTPE UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBMP DKUEFCHYFEMSHOPUFY. mBTNYOB, YURPMSHHS PTHTSYE, PUFBCHMEOOPE dEOGEN YMY BICHBYUEOOPE ON ULMBDBI, PITBOSENSCHI YFBMSHSOULYNY LPNYUUYSNY RP RETENYTYA, UOBVDYM Chueh RPDTBDEMEOYS ZTPOSCHBYUEOYS ZTPOSCHN CHPPTHTSESHOPCHETROSCHY, CHPPTHTSESHETROSCHY, CHPPTHTSESHETROSYTYA, UOBVDYM Chueh fBLYN PVTBDPN, RPNYNP DYCHYYYPOOPK BTFYMMETY LBTSDSCHK VBFBMSHPO YNEM YEUFSH 75-NYMMYNEFTPCHCHI PTHDYK. nOPZP VSCHMP FBLCE NYOPNEFPCH Y BCHFPNBFYUEEULPZP PTHTSYS. h UMKHYUBE OBUFKHRMEOIS UMEDPCHBMP VSH PVMEZYUIFSH CHPKULB. OP VBFP CH PVPTPOE POI PVMBDBMY YULMAYUIFEMSHOPK PZOECHPK NPESHA.

pDPVTYCH 20 UEOFSVTS UPUFBCH DCHKHI MEZLIYI NPFPNEIBOYYTPCBOOSHI DYCHYJJK, DENGAN OBRTBCHIM 7 PLFSVTS yuETYUIMMA RYUSHNP, UPPWEBS ENKH P OBYTSIPU OBNEOTEO. PODOCHTENEOOOP DENGAN OBRYUBM ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAENKH CHPKULBNY TENTANG chPUFFLE ZEOETBMH PLYOMELKH, OBRPNYOBS ENKH P OUYEN TSEMBOY UTBTSBFSHUS CH MYCHEY. dengan HLBBM yuETYuYMMA J ZEOETBMH pLYOMELH, YUFP NK RTPCHEDEOYY FYI PRETBGYK Dengan ZPFPCH RPDYUYOYFSH CHUA ZTHRRYTPCHLH mBTNYOB BOZMYKULPNH LPNBODPCHBOYA YUFP J, Wu DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, mELMETL IPMF J VHDEF DEKUFCHPCHBFSH BCHFPOPNOP, OP UNPTSEF RTEDRTYOSFSH OBUFHRMEOYE ON zhEGGBO, LPZDB FP VHDEF OEPVIPDYNP. 9 PLFSVTS S RPUEFIM BOZMYKULPZP CHEEOOPZP NYOYUFTB NBTZEUUPOB Y RPRTPUIM EZP CHNEYBFSHUS CH FP LEMBAP. OBLPOEG, 30 PLFSVTS S UPPWEIM ZEOETBMH lBFTKH HUMPCHYS, MENGENAI LPFPTSCHI OBYY CHPKULB DPMTSOSCH RTYOSFSH HYUBUFYE CH CHEOOSHI DEKUFCHYSI. ZMBCHOSCHN HUMPCHYEN VSCHMB CHP'NPTSOPUFSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH GEMSCHNY UPEDEYOEYSNY.

fPMSHLP 27 OPSVTS S RPMHYUIM BOZMYKULIK PFCCHF. PADA VSCHM NOE RPUMBO OBYUBMSHOYLPN YFBVB CHEEOOPZP LBVYOEFB YUETYUIMMS ZEOETBMPN YUNEEN. EZP RYUSHNP POBUBUBMP PFLB, CHETSMYCHCHK, OP LBFEZPTYUEEULIK. yuFPVSch PVYASUOYFSH FPF PFLB, OBY UPAOYLY UUSCHMBMYUSH ON "TBPVEEOOPUFSH ZHTBOGHULYI YUBUFEK, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHI B TBMYYUOSCHI RHOLFBI uYTYY" ON AF YUFP "Sing OE VSCHMY OBFTEOYTPCHBOSCH LCA DEKUFCHYK B UPUFBCHE DYCHYYK J VTYZBD" OBLPOEG, ON YEE "OEDPUFBFPYUOPE UOBTSTSEOYE". pDOBLP POI CHSCHTBTSBMY OBDETSDKH, UFP VKHDHEEE RPCHPMIF RETEUNPFTEFSH LFPF CHRTPU.

VSCHMP SUOP, UFP BOZMYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE TBUYUIFSCHBMP ABCHETYYFSH ABCHPECHBOYE MYCHYY Y RPLPOYUYFSH U TPNNEMЈN WEB RPNPEY ZhTBOGHHPCH. rTBChDB, POP TBURPMBZBMP OBYUYFEMSHOSCHNY OBENOSCHNY J CHPDHYOSCHNY UYMBNY B FPN TBKPOE J UYUYFBMP, YUFP BDNYTBM ODTA lBOOYOZN, RTELTBUOSCHK CHPEOBYUBMSHOYL J NPTSL, UNPTSEF UPCHETYYFSH OECHPNPTSOPE J RPMOPUFSHA RTETCHBFSH LPNNHOYLBGYY RTPFYCHOYLB NETSDH yFBMYEK J fTYRPMYFBOYEK.

NPCOP UEVE RTEDUFBCHYFSH, LBL S VSCHM TB'PYUBTPCHBO BOSMYKULYN PFCHEFPN. dengan OE NPZ DPRKHUFIFSH, YUFPVSCH OBY CHPKULB PUFBCHBMYUSH CH VEDDEKUFCHY OEPRTEDEMEOOOPE CHTENS, LPZDB CH VYFCHBI TEYBMBUSH UHDSHVB NYTB. rPFPNKH DENGAN RTEDRPYEW CHSFSH MENGENAI UEVS TYUL YNEOOOIS PTYEOFBGY. dengan RTYZMBUYM vPZPNPMPChB J RPRTPUYM UPPVEYFSH EZP EZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH, YUFP oBGYPOBMShOSchK LPNYFEF TSEMBM R ™ £, YUFPVSCH ZHTBOGHULYE CHPPTHTSEOOSCHE UYMSCH RTYOSMY OERPUTEDUFCHEOOPE HYUBUFYE B PRETBGYSI UPAOYLPCH ON chPUFPYuOPN ZHTPOFE B UMHYUBE, EUMY FEBFT CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK B uEChETOPK bZhTYLE VHDEF LCA OHYE BLTSCHF. uBNP UPVPK TBKHNEEFUS, DENGAN OE DEMBM CH mPODPOE OYLBLPK FBKOSCH Y UCHPEZP RTEDMPTSEOIS. OP EEE DP FPZP, LBL S RPMHYUIM PFCHEF YN nPULCHSCH, OBNETOIS BOZMYUBO YUNEOIMYUSH. 7 DELBVTS yuETYuYMMSh OBRYUBM HOE RSCHMLPE RYUSHNP, B LPFPTPN HLBBM, YUFP PADA "FPMSHLP YUFP HOBM PF ZEOETBMB pLYOMELB, YUFP FPF RPUMEDOYK PYUEOSH R ™ TBTE IPFEM RTYCHBDHPDAGY TBBY "PLYOMELB" FPMSHLP YUFP HOBM “S LOBA, - DPVBCHMSM RTENSHET-NYOYUFT, -UFP FFP OBNETEE UPPFCHEFUFCHCHEF CHBYENKH TSEMBOYA. dengan ЪOBA FBLCE, LBL CHBYIN UPMDBFBN OE FETRYFUS RPNETYFSHUS UIMBNY U OENGBNY ".

dengan PFCHEFIM YUETYUYMMA, UFP PPDPVTSA RTPELF J PFDBN OEPVIPDYNSCHE TBURPTSCEOIS ZEOETBMH lBFTKH. Pada UBNPN DEME BOZMYYUBOE, LTPNE FPZP, YUFP dH VSCHMP R ™ £ OERTYSFOP CHPNPTSOPE RETENEEEOYE ZHTBOGHULYI UYM B tPUUYA, OBYUYOBMY RPOYNBFSH, LBLHA CHPEOOHA CHSCHZPDH NPZPHYUNFY BNPZPLH NPZPLH BNPZPLH Nyanyi HVEDYMYUSH CHPPYUYA, YUFP RTPFYCHOYL HRPTOP PFUFBYCHBEF LBTSDSCHK LMPYUPL ENMY, YUFP YEE UPVUFCHEOOSCHE CHPKULB OEUHF FSTSEMSCHE RPFETY, YUFP dH OEPVIPDYNP TEPTZBOYPCHBYPEGY RPFETY, YUFP dH OEPVIPDYNP TEPTZBOYPCHBYPEGY RPFETY, YUFP dH OEPVIPDYNP TEPTZBOYPCHBYPEGY RPFETY YUFP. pFLBBCHYYUSH PF RTPDPMTSEOIS OBUFHRMEOYS CH ftyrpMYFBOYY, POI PTSYDBMY, UFP tpNNEMSH CHULPTE CHOPCHSH CHOPSHNEF YOYGEYBFYCHKHL CH UCHPY TCHULPTE. ьФБ RETURELFYCHB CHSCHOCHTSDBMB YI PVTBEBFSHUS AB OBYK RPNPESHA.

h lBYTE lBFTH DPZPCHPTYMUS pLYOMELPN Y n RETEVTPULE mYChYA 1 H-K MEZLPK NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOPK DYCHYYY, B lEOYZ NK PVUHTSDEOYY DEFBMEK UPZMBYEOYS DPVYMUS, YUFP UPAOYLY RTEDPUFBCHYMY OPL RPNPESH, J UOBVDYCH RTPFYCHPFBOLPCHSCHNY EOYFOSCHNY PTHDYSNY J FTBOURPTFOSCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY. h SOCHATE LFB DYCHYYS RTPCHEMB OEULPMSHLP HDBYUOSHI VPECH U YUBUFSNY TPNNEMS, PLTHTSEOOSCHNY CH UPMMHNE Y vBTDYY, LPFPTSCHE CHULPT LBRYPCHBHMEY. CHYDS CHETOYGSCH OENEGLIYI RMEOOSHI, LPFPTSCHI POI RPNPZMY ABICHBFYFSH, OBYY CHPKULB VSCHMY RPFTSUEOSCH DP ZMKHVYOSCH DHYY. h VPDTPN Y RTYRPDOSFPN OBUFTFEOY POI OBRTBCHYMYUSH MENGENAI ABRBD. h ZHECHTBME, W FP CHTENS LBL BOZMYYUBOE TBNEEBMY UCHPY ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH B GEOFTE lYTEOBYLY, PADA FBL OBSCHCHBENPK RPYGYY "zBBMB" UPUFPSEEK dv OEULPMSHLYI HLTERMECHOOSCHI OTBMYTPKOOSCHI HLTERMECHOOSCHI OTBKPPKOOSCHI, CHKPPKPOKNOOSCHI OTBMYTPKPOKNOOSCHI, CHKPPKPOKNOOSCHI, B. hLTERMS UCHPY RPYGYY, POI CH FP TCE CHTENS CHEMY BLFYCHOSHE TBCHEDSCHBFEMSHOSHE RPYULY CH ZMKHVYOE OYUYUEKOPK RPMPUSCH, PFDEMSCHYEK YI PF UCHMBCHOPCHOLSHI.

OP EUMY 1-K MEZLPK NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOPK DYCHYYY RPCHEMP, FP UPCHUEN YOBYUE PVUFPPSMP NAIK 2-K, LPFPTBS RTPDPMTSBMB VEDDEKUFFCHPCHBFSH CH m. dengan TSE IPFEM, YuFPVSch POB FBLCE RTYOSMB HYUBUFYE CH CHEOOSHI DEKUFCHISI. LBL TB aDELBVTS vPZPNPMPCh UPPVEYM HOE, YUFP NPK RTPELF RPUSCHMLY ZHTBOGHULYI CHPKUL B tPUUYA CHUFTEFYM ZPTSYUEE PDPVTEOYE EZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, LPFPTPE ZPFPCHP UOBVCHFEMSHUFCHB, LPFPTPE ZPFPCHP UOBVCHENOFFSHP OB. fPZDB S TEYIM RPUMBFSH MENGENAI CHPUFPL OE FPMSHLP BCHYBGYPOOKHA ULBDTYMSHA "OPTNBODYS" OP Y 2-A MEZLHA NPFPNEIBOYYYTPCHBOOKHA DYCHYYYA. ьФБ RPUMEDOSS, PFRTBCHSUSH Y UYTYY Y RTPKDS YUETE'vBZDBD, DPMTSOB VSCHMB RETEUEUSH yTBO TENTANG ZTKHYPCHYLBI, BBFEN YY fBCHTYIB RP TSEME'FOLSH RPTBCHTEP ьФП VSCHM PVSCHYUOSCHK RHFSH, RP LPFPTPNKH YY YTBOULYI RPTFPCH DPUFBCHMSMYUSH CH tPUUIA ZTKHYSHCH, RPUSCHMBENSHE UPAOILBNY. 29 DELBVTS S OBRYUBM ZEOETBMH YUNEA, RTEDHRTEDICH EZP P UCHPYI OBNETOISI, J DBM ZEOETBMH lBFTKH OEPVIPDYNSCHE YOUFTKHLGY. 15 NBTFB 2-S NPFPNEIDYCHYYS DPMTSOB VSCHMB PFRTBCHYFSHUS MENGENAI lBCHLB, EUMY DP LFPZP POB OE RPFTEVPCHBMBUSH VSCH CH MYCHYY.

bOZMYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE CHSCHDCHYOHMP CHUE CHUE CHUNPTSOSCHE CHPTBCEOIS RTPFYCH RTPELFB RPUSCHMLY DYCHYYY CH tPUUIA. h nPULCHE TSE UPCHEFSCH HICHBFYMYUSH bB LFKH IDEA. nPMPFPCH CH VEUEDBI U ZBTTP, ZEOETBM rBOZHYMPCH - U REFI FPTPRIMY OBU PUHEEUFCHIFSH EE; iDEO, RPUFBCHMEOOSCHK CH YCHEUFOPUFSH, CHSCHUFHRIM UP UCHPEK UVPTPOSCH Y OBRYUBM NOE, RPDDETTSYCHBS FPYULKH VTEOIS BOZMYKULYI CHEOOSHI. dengan RTPDPMTSBM OBUFBYCHBFSH TENTANG UCHPEN, J CH LPOGE ZHECHTBMS UPAOOYUEULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE RTIOSMP VMBZPRTYSFOPE TEEEOYE. UPPWEIM PW FFPN YUNEK BARU. PLYOMEL RPRTPUIM lBFTKH RETEDBFSH CH EZP TBURPTSTSEOYE 2-A MEZLKHA NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOKHA DEYCHYYA. rPLYOHCH UYTYA, POB RTYVSCHMB CH MYCHYA CH RPUMEDOYI YUYUMBI NBTFB.

zTHRYTPCHLB MBTNYOB VSCHMB FERETSH TENTANG NEUFE: LEOIS U 1-K DEYCHYYEK - TENTANG MYOYY vyt-iBLEKN, lBBP UP 2-K - CH TEETCHE. fBOLPCHSCHK RPML RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN RPMLPCHOYLB TENY RPMHYUBM CH FShMKH OPCHHA NBFETYBMSHOKHA YUBUFSH. TPFB RBTBYAFYUFPCH, LPFPTHA DENGAN RETECH Y'BOZMY, FTEOYTPCHBMBUSH CH yUNBYMYY, ZPFPCHBS L CHCHRPMOEOYA VPECHPK ABDBYUY. ьFP UPUFBCHMSMP 12 FSCHUSYU UPMDBF Y PZHYGETPCH YMY RTYNETOP 1/5 UYM UPAOYLPCH, DEKUFCHHHAEYI CH FFPN TBKPOE. ьULBDTYIMSHS YUFTEVYFEMEK “ьMSHBU” Y ÜULBDTYIMSHS VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLPCh “MPFBTYOSIS” UTBTSBMYUSH U PLFSVTS NEUSGB CH OEYWE LEYTE. nOPZYE OBYY RPUSCHMSHOSCHE UHDB Y FTBMSHEYLY HYUBUFCHPCHBMY CH LULPTFE LBTBCHBOPCH CHDPMSH RPVETETSHS. fBLYN PVTBSPN, YOBYUYFEMSHOSHE ZhTBOGKHULYE UYMSCH VSCHMY UPUTEDPFFPYUEOSCH ChPCHTENS MENGENAI ZMBCHOPN FEBFT CHEOOSHI DEKUFCHYK. chULPTE VPZ CHOKOSCH RTEDPUFBCHYM UPMDBFBN "uChPVPDOPK zhTBOGY" CHPNPTSOPUFSH HYUBUFCHPCHFSH CH VPMSHYPN UTBTSEOYY Y RPLTSCHFSH UEVS OEHCHSDBKEN. 27 NBS tPNNEMSH RETEIPDIF CH OBUFKHRMEOYE. vyt-iBLEKN RPDCHETZBEFUS OBRBDEOYA.

h RTEDRTYSFYSI, CH LPFPTSHI TYULKHESH CHUEN, PVSCHYUOP OBUFHRBEF FBLPK NPNEOF, LPZDB FPF, LFP CHEDEF YZTH, YUKHCHUFCHKHEF, YUFP UHDSHVBYF-CHUF. rP HDYCHYFEMSHOPNKH UFEYUEYA PVUFFPSFEMSHUFCH FSCHUSYUY YURSCHFBOYK, LPFPTSCHN PO RPDCHETZBEFUS, LBL VSCH CHPRMPEBAFUS OEPTSIDBOOP CH PEDOPN TEPN. eUMY LFFPF LRYUPD VHDEF HDBYUOSCHN, ZhPTFHOB KHMSCHVOEFUS. OP EUMI PO RTICHEDEF CH BNEYBFEMSHUFCHP THLPCHPDIFEMS, CHUE DAMP RTPYZTBOP. h AF CHTENS LPZDB CHPLTHZ RPMYZPOB RMPEBDSHA H 16 LCHBDTBFOSCHI LYMPNEFTPCH, HDETTSYCHBENPZP UPMDBFBNY lEOYZB, TBSCHZTSCHCHBEFUS DTBNB vYT-iBLEKNB C DEA, OBIPDSUSH H mPODPOE, OBLPNSUSH Y FEMEZTBNNBNY, CHSCHUMHYYCHBS LPNNEOFBTYY, YUYFBS PE CHZMSDBI AF UFTBI, OP OBDETSDH, TBUUYUYFSCHCHBA, LBLPCHSCH VHDHF RPUMEDUFCHYS FPZP , UFP FBN RTYUIPDIF. eUMY TK 5500 VPKGPCH, LBTSDSCHK UP UCHPYN ZPTEN J OBDETSDPK DPVTPCHPMSHOP RTYVSCHCHYYE DV zhTBOGYY, bZhTYLY, mEChBOFB, fYIPZP PLEBOB, UPVTBOOSCHE, OEUNPFTS ON UFPMSHLP FTHDOPUFEK, PBN zde Sing UEKYUBU OBIPDSFUS, RPFETRSF RPTBTSEOYE, OBYE Dempo VHDEF UETSHEOP RPDPTCHBOP. nd OBPVPTPF, EUMY CH FPF NPNEOF, MENGENAI ЬFK ENME POI UPCHETYBF CHEMILIK RPDCHYZ, VHDHEEE RTYOBDMETSIF OBN!

RETCHSCHE VPI RTPCHEDEOSCH LBL ОЕМШЬС МХЮЫЕ. Noah DPOPUSF, YUFP 27 NBS LPZDB ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH RTPFYCHOYLB RTPYMY ATSOEE vYT-iBLEKNB, YUFPVSCH PLTHTSYFSH RPYGYY UPAOYLPCH, YFBMSHSOULBS NPFPDYCHYYS "bTShEFE" VTPUYMB RTPFYCH ZHTBOGHPCH UPFOA FBOLPCH J RPFETSMB UPTPL dv OHYE, PVMPNLY LPFPTSCHI HUESMY RPME UPU. 28hb 29 NBS OBYY PFTSDSCH, CHSCHUMBOOSCHE PE CHUEI OBRTBCHMEOISI, HOYUFPTSYMY EEE YFKHL RSFOBDGBFSH FBOLPCH Y ABICHBFYMY 200 RMEOSCHI. 30 NBS ZEOETBM TPNNEMSH, LPFPTSCHK OE UNPZ PDOIN KDBTPN URTBCHYFSHUS U BOZMYKULYNY NEIBOYYTPCHBOBOLOGNY UPEDYOEOYSNY, OPHBEF PFPSHEVCHUKFY. URKHUFS DCHB DOS ZhTBOGKH'ULBS LPMPOOOB RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN RPMLPCHOYLB vTPYB PCHMBDECHBEF RPYGEYEK TPFPODB UYOSHSMY, TBURPNEBRF CHPDBYMPKH. 1 YAOS MBTNYOB YOURELFITEKHEF OBY CHPKULB TENTANG NEUF. eZP DPOEEUEE RPMOP PRfyNYNB. h UPBEFUS PRTEDEMEOOOPE NOOOYE BARU. oELPFPTSCHE RTEDULBSCHBAF, UFP LFP DAMP NPZMP VSCH ЪOBYUFEMSHOP RTECHSPKFY ZTBOYGSCH FBLYUEEULPK PRETBGY. TBDYP Y ZBEFSCH UDETTSBOOP, CHSCHVYTBS CHSCHTBCEOIS, ULHRP OBYUYOBAF ICHBMIFSH ZhTBOGKHUULYE CHPKULB Y YI LPNBODYTPCH.

tentangB UMEDKHAEYK DEOSH TPNNEMSH ChP'PVOPPCHMSEF OBUFHRMEOYE. OB ЬFPF TBЪ PO BFBLHEF GEOFT RPJGY ZEOETBMB TYUY, OBOBYUEOOOPZP PLYOMELPN LPNBODHAEYN ZhTPOFPN. oENGSch PCHMBDECHBAF B GBF-MSH-uLBTBVE RPYGYEK PDOPK BOZMYKULPK VTYZBDSCH, RTEPDPMECHBAF B FPN RHOLFE VPMSHYPE NYOOPE RPME, RTYLTSCHCHBAEEE RPDUFHRSCH A zBBMB J vYT-iBLEKNH, J W GEMS TBUYYTEOYS RTPTSCHCHB OBRTBCHMSAF RTPFYCH OBYYI CHPKUL PDOH DYCHYYA bZhTYLBOULPZP LPTRHUB. LANJUT DALAM YAOS 1940 ZHTBOGHYSCH Y OENGSCH CHOPCHSH CHufTEYUBAFUS CH VPMSHYPN UTBTSEOY. uOBUBMB CH NEMLIYI UVSCHULBI NSCH IBICHBFSCHCHBEN 150 RMEOOSHI. OP PYUEOSH ULPTP ZhTPOF HUFBOBCHMYCHBEFUS CH RTEDCHETY VYFCHSCH. DCHN CHTBTSEULYN RBTMBNEOFETBN, LPFPTSCHE RTEDMBZBAF LBRIFKHMYTPCHBFSH, LEOIZ PFCHEYUBEF, UFP PO OE ЪB FЙN RTYYEM UADB.

NETSDKH FEN CH RPUMEDKHAEYE DYO RTPFYCHOYL UFSYCHBEF LPMSHGP PLTHCEOIS. vBFBTEI FSTSEMSCHI PTKHDYK, CH FPN YUYUME 155-Y 200-NYMMYNEFTPCHCHI, CHEDHF RP OBYIN RPYGYSN PZPOSH, LPFPTSCHK UFBOPCHYFUS CHUE VPMEECH YOSHEOU. fty, yuefshte, rsfsh tbbs rTPDPCHPMShUFCHIE RPUFHRBEF CH OEDPUFBFPYUOPN LPMYUEUFCHE. h vYT-iBLEKNE CHUE NESHIE POOFBEFUS VPERTYRBUPCH, HNEOSHYBEFUS RTPDPCHPMSHUFCHOOSCHK TBGYPO, UPLTBEBEFUS TBDBYUB CHDSCH. rPD RBMSEYN UPMOGEN, UTUDY REUYUBOSCHI CHYITEK ЪBEYFOYLY OBIPDSFUS CH RPUFSOOPK FTECHPZE, TSYCHKHF CHNEUFE U TBOESESCHNY, IPTPOSF NETFCHCHI TSVDPN U UPPOSF NETFCHCHI TSVDPN. 3 YAOS ZEOETBM TPNNEMSH OBRTBCHMSEF RYUSHNP, OBRYUBOOPE YN UPVUFCHOOPTHYUOP, U FTEVPCHBOYEN UMPTSYFSH PTHTSIE - CH RTPFYCHOPN UMCHKHKHYUBEH POYL 5 YAOS PDYO YY EZP PZHYGETPCH RPCHFPTSEF LFP RTEDMPTSEOYE. eNKH PFCHEYUBEF PZPOSH OBYEK BTFIMMETY. OP CH FP TSE CHTENS PE NOPZJI UVTBOBI L OBN RTPVKHTSDBEFUS YOFETEU RHVMILY. jTBOGHYSCH vYT-iBLEKNB RTYCHMELBAF CHUE VPSHYE CHOINBOYE REUBFY Y TBDIP. pVEEUFCHEOOPE NOEYE ZPFPCHYFUS CHSCHOUFY UCHPA PGEOLKH. hPRTPU UFBCHYFUS FBL: NPTSEF MY EEE UMBCHB PUEOIFSH OBYY UPMDBF?

7 YAOS putih-iBLEKN RPMOPUFSHA PLTHCEO. 90-S OENEGLBS DYCHYYS Y JFBMSHSOULBS DYCHYYS "fTYEUF", RPDDETSBOOSCHE DCHNS DEUSFLBNY VBFBTEK Y UPFOSNY FBOLPCH, ZPFPCHCH L YFKHTN "RTPDETTSSYFEUSH EEE YEUFSH DOEK!" - RTYLBBBMP LEOISKH UPAOOYUEULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE CHEYUETPN 1 YAOS. FY YEUFSH DOEK YUFELMY. "RTPDETTSYFEUSH EEE UPTPL CHPUENSH YUBUPCH", - RTPUIF ZEOETBM tyuy. uMEDHEF ULBBFSH, YUFP UPLTHYYFEMSHOSCHE HDBTSCH RTPFYCHOYLB, OBOEUYYE FBLYE RPFETY 8-K BTNYY J CHSCHCHBCHYYE FBLPE BNEYBFEMSHUFCHP, FBLPCHSCH, YUFP MAVBS PRETBESOGYS RPFETY 8-K BTNYY J CHSCHCHBCHYYE FBLPE BNEYBFEMSHUFCHP, FBLPCHSCH, YUFP MAVBS BRETBETSOGYS PBNEYBORPYRPYRPYRPYPYRPYPYRPYPYRPYPYRPYPYRPYSHP yuFP LBUBEFUS tPNNEMS, AF UFTENSUSH VSCHUFTEE DPUFYYUSH eZYRFB, RPMSHHSUSH UNSFEOYEN UTEDY BOZMYYUBO OLEH PYUEOSH TBDTBTSEO FYN UPRTPFYCHMEOYEN ZHTBOGHPCH RPMSHHSUSH, RPMSHHSUSH UNSFEOYEN UTEDY BOZMYYUBO OLEH PYUEOSH TBDTBTSEO FYN UPRTPFYCHMEOYEN ZHTBOGHPCH, LPFPTPE BPDPMCHBEMHPCH, LPFPTPE BPDPMTSBEMHPFE vyt-iBLEKN UVBOPCHYFUS EZP PUOPCHOPK ЪBVPFPK Y EZP ZMBCHOPK GEMSHA. PADA KHTSE OEPDOPLBFOP RPSCHMSMUS MENGENAI RPYGYSI Y UDEMBEF FFP EEE OE TB, YUFPVSH HULPTYFSH DEKUFCHYS YFKHTNKHAEYI CHPKUL.

8 YAOS OBYUYOBAFUS PTSEUFPYUEOOSCHE BFBLJ. REIPFB RTPFYCHOYLB OEPDOPLTBFOP, RTY RPDDETTSLE LTHROSHI UYM BTFIMMETY Y FBOLPCH, OBUFPKYUYCHP, OP VEHUREYOP RSCHFBEFUS PCHMBDEYUFYUP YSPHEN PYEOSH FSTSEMSCHK DEOSH DMS OBYY CHPKUL Y FSTSEMBS OPYUSH, CH FEYUEE LPFPTPK RTYCHPDSFUS CH RPTSDPL OBYY RPUFTBDBCHYYE PF VUFTEMB RPYGEY. 9 YAOS BFBLY CHP'PVOPCHMSAFUS. chTBTSEULBS BTFIMMETYS HUIMYMBUSH PTKHDYSNY LTHROPZP LBMYVTB, U LPFPTSCHNY OE NPZHF CHEUFY VPTSHVH 75-NYMMYNEFTPCHCHE PTLRTPNTCHO RPMBL Y OOBY UPMDBFSCH RPMKHYUBAF CHUEZP MYYSH PLPMP DCHKHI MYFTPCH CH UHFLY, UFP CH EDEYOEN NEUFOPN LMEINBFE SCHMSEFUS UPCHETEOOOP OYUDPUFFB. pDOBLP OEPVIPDYNP EEE DETTSBFSHUS, RPFPNKH UFP CH UCHSY UP UNSFEOYEN, RPUFEREOP PICHBFSCHBAEIN TBMYUOSCHE RPDTBDEMEOIS BOZMYKUPYKULPK BTNTEYPEOYUB "ZETPYUEULBS PVPTPOB ZhTBOGKH'PCH!" - "RPDCISES vMEUFSAKE"! - "OENGSCH TBUVIFSCH RPD VYT-IBLEKNPN!" - PE CHEUSH ZPMPU FTHVSF YOZHPTNBGYPOSCHE BZEOFUFCHB MPODPOB, OSHA-kPTLB, nPOTEBMS, LBEYTB, TYPE-DE-TSBOEKTP, vKHOPU-bKTEUB. nSCh RTYVMYTSBENUS L GEMEY, LPFPTHA OBNEFYMY, CHP'MPTSYCH MENGENAI CHPKULB "uCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGY" rKHYLY RPD vYT-iBLEKNPN CHUCHEUFYMY CHUENKH NYTH P OBYUBME CHUTPTSDEOYS zhTBOGY.

OP PFOSCHOE NOE OE DBEF RPLPS NSCHUMSH P URBUEOYY YBEYFOYLPCH. dengan RPOINBA, UFP POI OE UNPZHF CH FEYUEOYE RTPDPMTSYFEMSHOPZP CHTENEY PFTBTSBFSH BFBLY, RPDDETTSBOOSCHE NPESHNY UTEDUFCHBNY. lPOEYuOP C HVETSDEO H FPN, YUFP H MAVPN UMHYUBE DYCHYYS OE UDBUFUS, YUFP RTPFYCHOYL VHDEF MYYEO HDPCHPMSHUFCHYS HCHYDEFSH, LBL RETED tPNNEMЈN RTPKDEF DMYOOBS LPMPOOB ZHTBOGHULYI RMEOOSCHI, J YUFP EUMY OBY CHPKULB VHDHF OERPLPMEVYNP UFPSFSH ON NEUFE, OP RTPFYCHOYLH, YUFPVSCH PDPMEFSH YEE, RPOBDPVYFUS HOYUFFPTSYFSH YI RP YUBUFSN. OP TEYUSH IDEF P FPN, YUFPVSH URBUFY CHPKULB, B OE P FPN, YUFPVSH RTEINYTYIFSHUS U YI ZETPYUEULPK ZYVEMSHA. baharu UPCHETEOOOP OEPVIPDYNSCH DMS DBMSHOEKYYI PRETBGYK FY UPFOY RTECHPUIPDOSHI PZHYGETPCH Y KHOFET-PZHYGETPCH, ЬFY FCHUSYU PFMYYUBOSHI UPMD. UPCHETYCH PDYO RPDCHYZ, POI DPMTSOSCH FERETSH UPCHETYYFSH DTKHZPK: RTPTCHBFSHUS ULCHPYSH LPMSHGP CHTBTSEULYI CHPKUL, RTPKDS YUETE 'NYCHOSCHE RPYSHUPM

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tentang UMEDKHAEEE KhFTP, 11 IAOOS, - CHPUFPTTSEOOOP-NTBYUOSCHE LPNNEOFBTYY TBDYP Y ZBEF. rPULPMSHLKH OYLFP OE JOBEF, UFP ZHTBOGHYSCH RSCHFBAFUS CHSCHKFY Y PLTHCEOIS, CHUE, PUECHIDOP, TSDHF U NYOHFSCH MENGENAI NYOHFHF, UFPYDEYME UPORTUP. OP CPF CHEYUETPN vTKHL RPUSCHMBEF NOE UMEDHAEE YCHEUFYE: "ZEOETBM LEOIS Y VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH EZP CHPKUL DPUFYZMY YMSH-ZPVY Y OBIPDSFUSHPUZ CHOOBEUPE dengan VMBZPDBTA CHEUFOILB, PFRHULBA EZP, ABLTSCHCHBA DCHETSH. dengan POOFBAUSH OBEDYOE DI UBNYN UPVPK. UETDGE VSHEFUS PF CHPMOEOIS. NEOS PICHBFSCHCHBEF YUKHCHUFCHP PZTPNOPK ZPTDPUFY, MSHAFUS UMESCH TBDPUFY!

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h AF CHTENS LBL 1-C MEZLBS NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOBS DYCHYYS RETEZTHRRYTPCHBMBUSH B uYDY-vBTTBOY J lBFTH VE RTPNEDMEOYS RTYUFHRYM L ITS RPRPMOEOYA, OBYB BCHYBZTHRRB "MShBU" RTPDPMTSBMB RTYOYNBFSH HYUBUFYE B HUYMYCHYYIUS DEKUFCHYSI BOZMYKULPK YUFTEVYFEMSHOPK BCHYBGYY, B OBYB BCHYBZTHRRB "mPFBTYOZYS" HYUBEBMB UPCHNEUFOP mempunyai VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLBNY BOZMYKULYI CHPEOOP-CHP'DHYOSHI UYM UCHPY OBMEFSCH MENGENAI LPNNHOILBGY RTPFYCHOYLB. h FP TSE CHTENS OBYY RBTBYAFYUFSCH CHCHRPMOSMY VMEUFSEYE PRETBGY. FBL, OBRTYNET, B OPYUSH di 12 OF 13 YAOS ZTHRRSCH RBTBYAFYUFPCH HOYYUFPTSYMY 12 UBNPMEFPCH ON CHTBTSEULYI BTPDTPNBI B mYChYY, B LBRYFBO vETTsE, UVTPYEOOSCHK ON RBTBYAFE mempunyai OEULPMSHLYNY UPMDBFBNY ON PUFTPCH lTYF, Uhnem, DP FPZP LBL EZP UICHBFYMY, RPDTSEYUSH 21 VPNVBTDYTPCHEYL 15 ZTHPCHYLPCH TH ULMBD ZPTAYUEZP MENGENAI BTPDTPNE H LBODY.

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yEUFSH DOEK URKHUFS CH mPODPOE 10 FSCHUSYU ZhTBOGHHPCH, CHEOOSHI Y YFBFULYI, UPVYTBAFUS TENTANG FPTTSEUFCHEOP UPVTBOYE, YUFPVSH PFNEFYAFSH ZFPDPTCH CHUE YUEFSCHTE FBTSB bMShVETF-IPMMB ЪBRPMOEOSCH DP PFLBBB, OBULPMSHLP ЬFP RPCHPMSAF YOUFTKHLGY RP VEPRBUOPUFY. pZTPNOPE FTEIGCHEFOPE RPMPFOYEE, KhLTBYEOOOPE MPFBTYOSULINE LTEUFPN, RTPFSOHFP AB FTYVHOPK Y RTYCHMELBEF L UEVE CHEPTSCH CHUEI RTYUHUHUEFU. OBIPDS CHCHPMOPCHBOOSCHK PFLMIL CH UETDGBI, JCHKHUBF "NBTUEMSHEB" J "MPFBTYOSULYK NBTY". BOYNBS NEUFP, PLTHTSEOOSCHK YUMEOBNY oBGYPOBMShOPZP LPNYFEFB J UPCHUEN OEDBCHOP RTYVSCHCHYYNY dv zhTBOGYY DPVTPCHPMSHGBNY C UMSCHYH, LBL FB PICHBYUEOOBS OFHYBPNNY FPMY HOB. h FFF DEOSH OBTSDKH U OBDETSDPK S YURSCHFSCHBA MYLPCHBOYE. dengan CHSCHUFHRBA U TEYUSHA. lFP OPWIPDYNP. ZETPY UPCHETYBAF RPDCHYZY CH VPTSHVE. OP DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH CHPPDKHYECHYEFSH YI MENGENAI RPDCHYZ, OKHTSOSCH RMBNEOOSHE UMPCHB.

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Sejarah politik Perancis abad XX Arzakanyan Marina Tsolakovna

Perancis percuma

Perancis percuma

Serentak dengan kekalahan Perancis, bermulalah kisah penentangannya terhadap penceroboh. Ia dikaitkan, pertama sekali, dengan nama tentera Perancis yang cemerlang, politik dan negarawan abad XX Jeneral Charles de Gaulle.

De Gaulle dilahirkan pada 22 November 1890 dalam keluarga bangsawan dan dibesarkan dalam semangat patriotisme dan Katolik. Selepas menamatkan pengajian dari Sekolah Tentera Tinggi Saint-Cyr, dia berjuang di medan Perang Dunia Pertama dan menamatkan pengajian dengan pangkat kapten. Semasa tempoh antara perang, de Gaulle meneruskan kerjaya ketenteraannya. Walau bagaimanapun, sejak pertengahan tahun 1920-an, aktivitinya jauh melampaui skop perkhidmatan tentera. Dia banyak menulis dan membuat laporan. Dalam empat buku de Gaulle - "Strife in the Camp of the Enemy" (1924), "On the Edge of the Epee" (1932), "For the Professional Army" (1934) dan "France and its Army" (1938). ) ) - doktrin ketenteraan pengarang sendiri dan kredo hidupnya dicerminkan. Dia pada dasarnya adalah yang pertama di Perancis untuk meramalkan peranan penentu pasukan kereta kebal dalam perang masa depan dan menunjukkan dirinya sebagai penganut nasionalisme Perancis dan penyokong kuasa eksekutif yang kuat.

De Gaulle adalah penentang kuat taktik pertahanan yang dibangunkan oleh Kakitangan Am Tentera Perancis, yang berdasarkan idea tidak dapat diakses oleh Garisan Maginot. Beliau memberi amaran tentang kemusnahan pandangan sebegitu dan menggesa untuk memperkukuh keupayaan pertahanan negara. De Gaulle menganggap perlu, pertama sekali, untuk membentuk korps kereta kebal tambahan di Perancis, dilengkapi dengan kenderaan. sampel terkini... Dia mencari penyokong dalam kalangan tentera dan politik. Pada tahun 1934 dia juga berjaya mengenali Paul Reynaud, tetapi de Gaulle tidak mencapai sokongan berkesan untuk ideanya.

Pada permulaan Perang Dunia II, de Gaulle, yang berkhidmat dengan pangkat kolonel, dilantik sebagai komander pasukan kereta kebal di Alsace. Apabila Jerman melancarkan serangan pantas ke atas Barisan Barat pada tahun 1940, dia telah diperintahkan untuk mengetuai bahagian perisai yang dibentuk dengan segera. Sepanjang Mei, dia berjuang tanpa mementingkan diri sendiri, mengalami kerugian besar. Musuh mempunyai kelebihan besar dalam kereta kebal, artileri dan penerbangan. Untuk perkhidmatan ketenteraan de Gaulle dinaikkan pangkat ke pangkat brigadier jeneral.

Di Paris, Paul Reynaud, ketika menyusun semula kabinetnya, melantik de Gaulle timbalan menteri perang. Jeneral itu segera tiba di ibu negara. Dia berdegil berkeras untuk meneruskan perang dan cuba meyakinkan Reino tentang perkara ini. De Gaulle mencadangkan agar kerajaan berpindah ke milik Afrika Utara Perancis dan berjuang, bergantung pada empayar kolonial besar negara itu. Bagaimanapun, pengerusi Majlis Menteri lebih suka memindahkan kuasa kepada Marshal Petain. Kemudian de Gaulle melakukan tindakan yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini. Dia dengan tegas menolak untuk mematuhi pihak berkuasa Perancis yang baru, yang telah memulakan kursus penyerahan, dan pada 17 Jun 1940, terbang dengan pesawat tentera ke London.

Di ibu negara Inggeris, jeneral pemberontak itu segera bertemu dengan Perdana Menteri Britain Winston Churchill dan meyakinkannya tentang niat tegasnya untuk meneruskan perjuangan. Pada 18 Jun, di radio London, de Gaulle membuat ucapan terkenal kepada rakan senegaranya. Di dalamnya, beliau berhujah bahawa kedudukan Perancis jauh dari harapan, kerana meletusnya perang mempunyai watak dunia dan hasilnya tidak akan ditentukan hanya oleh pertempuran untuk Perancis. Ucapan itu berakhir dengan kata-kata berikut: “Saya, Jeneral de Gaulle, kini di London, menjemput pegawai dan askar Perancis yang berada di tanah British atau yang mungkin berada di sana untuk menjalin hubungan dengan saya. Apa pun yang berlaku, api Perlawanan Perancis tidak seharusnya padam dan tidak akan padam." Jadi sudah pada bulan Jun 1940 bendera penentangan Perancis terhadap musuh telah dinaikkan.

Di London, de Gaulle mengasaskan organisasi Free France untuk melawan fasis Jerman di pihak Great Britain. Kerajaan Vichy menjatuhkan hukuman mati kepada de Gaulle tanpa kehadiran kerana "penyingkiran" dan "pengkhianatan." Namun begitu, kedua-dua tentera dan orang awam dari pelbagai negara mula menyertai Perancis Bebas. pandangan politik dan kepercayaan. Pada akhir tahun 1940 terdapat hanya 7 ribu daripada mereka, kurang daripada dua tahun kemudian jumlah ini meningkat sepuluh kali ganda.

Pada 7 Ogos 1940, de Gaulle dan Churchill menandatangani perjanjian mengenai organisasi dan penggunaan pasukan sukarelawan Perancis di England. De Gaulle berjanji untuk membentuk dan memerintah pasukan ini mengikut arahan am kerajaan British. Great Britain tidak mengiktiraf hak de Gaulle untuk menggunakan kuasa negara dan melihat "Perancis bebas" hanya sebagai sukarelawan dalam perkhidmatan mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, ia memberikan de Gaulle dengan sokongan kewangan tetap dan memberinya peluang untuk mencipta, sebagai tambahan kepada tentera, sebuah badan awam. Stesen radio British BBC juga disediakan untuk de Gaulle. Melaluinya, "Free France" menjalankan penyiaran propaganda ke Perancis.

Pertama sekali, de Gaulle mengarahkan usahanya ke arah menakluki tanah jajahan Perancis, terutamanya tanah jajahan Afrika. Dengan bantuan penyokongnya, dia memulakan propaganda aktif di sana untuk meneruskan perang dan menyertai Perancis Bebas. Pentadbiran Afrika Utara secara mutlak menolak cadangan tersebut dan tetap setia kepada kerajaan Vichy. Koloni Afrika Khatulistiwa Perancis berkelakuan berbeza. Sudah pada Ogos 1940, Chad menyertai de Gaulle. Selepas beberapa ketika, Congo, Ubangi-Shari, Gabon, Cameroon pergi ke sebelah jeneral. Beberapa pegangan kecil Perancis di Lautan Pasifik mengumumkan pengiktirafannya. Ini adalah kejayaan besar pertama. Benar, pada September 1940 Gaullists juga mengalami kekalahan yang serius. Ekspedisi skuadron Inggeris-Perancis, yang mempunyai matlamat untuk menawan pelabuhan terpenting Perancis Afrika Barat, Dakar, berakhir dengan kegagalan. Garison bandar kekal di sisi Vichy. Namun Free France kini mempunyai pangkalan wilayahnya sendiri di benua Afrika. Ini membenarkan de Gaulle untuk mencipta "alat negara" dan dengan tegas memisahkan dirinya daripada kerajaan Vichy.

Pada 27 Oktober 1940, de Gaulle mengeluarkan Manifesto mengenai kepimpinan Perancis semasa perang. Di dalamnya, beliau mengecam aktiviti kabinet Petain, bercakap tentang kewujudan mereka yang menyalahi undang-undang, dan menggelar rakan usaha sama itu sebagai "pemimpin tidak sengaja" yang tunduk kepada musuh. De Gaulle berkata bahawa bagi pihak Perancis beliau akan menggunakan kuasa dengan tujuan semata-mata untuk mempertahankan negara daripada musuh.

Pada penghujung tahun 1940, Pejabat Hal Ehwal Politik Free French telah diwujudkan. De Gaulle sendiri menyelia kerjanya. Beliau juga mentakrifkan tugas Pejabat: “Untuk mencipta dan menggunakan perkhidmatan maklumat yang mengumpul bahan tentang situasi politik di Perancis dan Empayar. Atur dan sokong pergerakan Free France di Perancis dan Empayar dan cuba meluaskan aktivitinya kepada organisasi politik, sosial, agama, ekonomi, profesional dan intelektual yang lama dan baru dan meyakinkan mereka tentang keperluan pada masa ini untuk menundukkan semua kepentingan peribadi kepada satu. - kebangsaan "... Pejabat itu terdiri daripada Kakitangan Am dan perkhidmatan maklumat. Tiga biro adalah bawahan kepada mereka. Tugasan khusus yang pertama ditentukan. Yang kedua ialah melaksanakannya di wilayah Perancis dan empayar penjajah. Ia kemudiannya berkembang menjadi Biro Kesedaran dan Tindakan Pusat (BACA) yang terkenal. Yang ketiga terlibat dalam menjalin hubungan dengan negara asing. Wakilnya dihantar oleh de Gaulle ke pelbagai wilayah di dunia untuk mencapai pengiktirafan Perancis Bebas oleh kerajaan asing.

Pada September 1941, de Gaulle mengeluarkan Ordinan Perancis Percuma. Beliau menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Kebangsaan, yang menjalankan fungsi kuasa negeri buat sementara waktu. Ia dipanggil untuk wujud sehingga "sehingga perwakilan rakyat Perancis dicipta, yang mampu menyatakan kehendak negara tanpa mengira musuh." Jawatankuasa Kebangsaan termasuk pesuruhjaya yang dilantik oleh pengerusinya, Jeneral de Gaulle: Rene Pleven (untuk menyelaraskan aktiviti jawatankuasa), Maurice Dejan (untuk hal ehwal luar negeri), Rene Cassin (untuk keadilan dan pendidikan awam), Jeneral Lejantilom (untuk hal ehwal ketenteraan ), Laksamana Muselier ( tentera laut dan pedagang), Jeneral Valen (untuk penerbangan), André Dietelm (hal ehwal dalam). Para komisar mengetuai komisariat kebangsaan. Jadi dalam rangka "Perancis Bebas" telah diciptakan rupa kerajaan.

Kerjasama "Perancis Bebas" (sejak Julai 1942 - "Melawan Perancis") dengan sekutu dalam pakatan anti-Hitler tidaklah mudah pada mulanya. Pertama sekali, ini menyangkut perkembangan hubungan de Gaulle dengan kerajaan British, sebelum itu dia mempertahankan kepentingan negara Perancis. Ketua "Perancis Bebas" berusaha untuk menghalang penyebaran pengaruh British dalam harta tanah kolonial Perancis.

Pada musim panas 1941, sebagai hasil operasi ketenteraan bersama antara British dan "Perancis Bebas", rejim Vichy telah digulingkan di tanah jajahan Perancis di Timur Tengah - Syria dan Lubnan. Pada musim bunga tahun 1942 Great Britain merampas pulau Madagascar dan menghapuskan pentadbiran Vichy di sana. British ingin mewujudkan kuasa mereka dalam harta milik Perancis ini. De Gaulle secara mutlak menghalang perkara ini dan, dengan mengorbankan usaha yang besar dan rundingan diplomatik yang sukar, menyertai Syria, Lubnan dan Madagascar ke gerakan Free France.

Sejurus selepas permulaan Agung Perang Patriotik de Gaulle, bagi pihak Free French, memulakan kerjasama dengan USSR, yang sebelum ini mengekalkan hubungan diplomatik dengan Vichy.

Peristiwa 22 Jun 1941 mendapati jeneral di Afrika. Pada 30 Jun, kerajaan Vichy mengumumkan pemutusan hubungan diplomatik dengan Kesatuan Soviet. Wakil berkuasa penuh USSR ke Vichy, AE Bogomolov, segera dipanggil dari Perancis. Tetapi sudah pada 1 Julai, Duta Besar Kesatuan Soviet ke Great Britain IM Maisky menelefon dari London ke Moscow bahawa, sebelum rehat dengan Vichy, dia telah dikunjungi secara peribadi oleh wakil de Gaulle Kassen, "yang, bagi pihak jeneral, menyampaikan simpati dan harapan terbaik USSR." dan pada masa yang sama "menimbulkan persoalan untuk mewujudkan hubungan ini atau itu antara kerajaan Soviet dan pasukan de Gaulle." Pada bulan Ogos, Kassen dan Dejan membangkitkan soalan yang sama kepada IM Maisky untuk kali kedua. Dan pada 26 September 1941, Duta Besar USSR ke Great Britain menyampaikan kepada de Gaulle jawapan bertulis rasmi: "Bagi pihak kerajaan saya, saya berbesar hati untuk memberitahu anda bahawa ia mengiktiraf anda sebagai pemimpin semua rakyat Perancis yang bebas, di mana sahaja. mereka, yang berhimpun di sekeliling kamu. menyokong perjuangan sekutu."

Kedua-dua pihak memutuskan untuk bertukar wakil rasmi. Pada awal November 1941, AE Bogomolov dihantar ke Great Britain dengan pangkat duta berkuasa penuh USSR kepada kerajaan bersekutu di London. Kerajaan Soviet mengamanahkannya dengan fungsi mengekalkan hubungan dengan Free France. Roger Garreau, Raymond Schmittlen dan wakil tentera, Jeneral Ernest Petit, berlepas ke Moscow, dilantik oleh de Gaulle.

Amerika Syarikat mengekalkan hubungan diplomatik dengan Vichy sebelum memasuki Perang Dunia II. Walau bagaimanapun, orang Amerika berminat untuk menggunakan koloni pulau Perancis di Lautan Atlantik dan Pasifik yang dikawal oleh Perancis Bebas sebagai pangkalan tentera laut dan udara mereka.

Selepas Amerika Syarikat memasuki perang di pihak Berikat pada Disember 1941, de Gaulle mendekati Amerika Syarikat dengan cadangan untuk mewujudkan hubungan diplomatik. Untuk masa yang lama, rasmi Washington tidak memberikan jawapan positif kepada ketua Svoboda Perancis. Sehingga Mac 1942 barulah Amerika Syarikat mengiktiraf kuasa Jawatankuasa Kebangsaan De Gaulle di Kepulauan Pasifik. Pada Julai 1942, kerajaan AS mengeluarkan komunike mengiktiraf organisasi de Gaulle.

Free India Subhas Chandra Bose ialah salah seorang pemimpin INC. Dia rapat dengan komunis. Dia melarikan diri ke Burma yang diduduki, ke Jepun. Di sana, pada 21 Oktober 1943, dengan wang mereka, dia mengisytiharkan "India Bebas" - "Azad Hind." "Azad Hind" mengawal Andaman dan