Pokret je predvodio general Charles de Gaulle iz stožera u Londonu (Francuski nacionalni odbor, do 1943.). Postavila si je za cilj obnovu neovisnosti Francuske od nacističkih okupatora i kolaboracionista iz Vichyja koji su s njima surađivali. Pridružio se antihitlerovskoj koaliciji.

Pokret je imao oružje i sudjelovao je u brojnim operacijama Drugog svjetskog rata. Uspjehu pokreta uvelike je pomogla potpora pokreta otpora unutar Francuske.

Približno 300.000 boraca borbene Francuske sudjelovalo je u savezničkom iskrcavanju u Normandiji 1944. Iste godine, 24. kolovoza, de Gaulle se trijumfalno vratio u Pariz i krenuo s obnovom francuske države.

Normandija-Niemen

Preimenovanje

2. lipnja 1944. odbor se preimenovao u privremenu vladu Francuske Republike, na čelu s generalom Charlesom de Gaulleom.

Zaklada Wikimedia. 2010. godine.

Pogledajte što je "Slobodna Francuska" u drugim rječnicima:

- (“Slobodna Francuska”) službeni naziv (do srpnja 1942.) pokreta koji se uobličio tijekom 2. svjetskog rata 1939. 45. na poziv generala Charlesa de Gaullea (vidi Gaulle), čiji je cilj bila borba za oslobođenje Francuska od njemačkih fašista ... ... Velika sovjetska enciklopedija

- (La France libre) službeni. naziv (do srpnja 1942) ustrojen tijekom 2. svjetskog rata na poziv opć. Charles de Gaulle pokret, koji je za cilj imao borbu za oslobođenje Francuske od njega. brige. osvajača i njihovih pristaša. U srpnju 1942. u vezi s ... ...

- (Francuska Republika), država u zapadnoj Europi, na zapadu i sjeveru oplakuje je Atlantski ocean (Biskajski zaljev i La Manche), na jugu Sredozemno more (Lionski i Ligurski zaljev). More). Površina je 551 tisuća km2. Populacija… … Moderna enciklopedija

- (Francuska) država na Zapadu. Europa. Površina 551 601 km2. Nas. 52.300 tisuća ljudi (od 1. siječnja 1974.). St. 90% stanovništva su Francuzi. Glavni grad je Pariz. Velika većina vjernika su katolici. Prema ustavu iz 1958. F. uz metropolu obuhvaća: ... ... Sovjetska povijesna enciklopedija

- (Francuska), Francuska Republika (République Française), država u zapadnoj Europi, na zapadu i sjeveru oprana je vodama Atlantskog oceana i La Manchea, na jugu Sredozemnog mora. 551 tisuća km2. Stanovništvo 58,4 milijuna ljudi (1996), ... ... enciklopedijski rječnik

Francuska- Chateau d'If. Marseille, Francuska. FRANCUSKA (Francuska Republika), država u zapadnoj Europi, na zapadu i sjeveru oplakuje je Atlantski ocean (Biskajski zaljev i La Manche), na jugu Sredozemno more (Lionski i Ligurski zaljev). ... Ilustrirani enciklopedijski rječnik

Francuska- >) /> Lipanjski ustanak 1848. Litografija () Lipanjski ustanak 1848. Litografija () Francuska () država u zapadnoj Europi. Površina 551 tisuća četvornih metara. km. Stanovništvo je 57,7 milijuna ljudi. Glavni grad Pariz. U antičko doba teritorij Francuske naseljavali su Gali (), ... ... Enciklopedijski rječnik "Svjetska povijest"

FRANCUSKA- (Francuska) General Službeni naziv Francuske Republike (francuski La République Française, engleski French Republic). Smješten u zapadnom dijelu Europe. Površina je 547 tisuća km2, stanovništvo je 59,7 milijuna ljudi. (2002). Država ... ... Enciklopedija zemalja svijeta

Ovaj bi se članak trebao wikificirati. Molimo Vas da ga oblikujete prema pravilima za oblikovanje članaka. Dokumentarni program "Slobodna misao" održan u sklopu Moskovskog međunarodnog filmskog festivala (MIFF ... Wikipedia

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• Spasi Pariz i umri, Sergej Zverev. Dana 18. kolovoza 1944. "Slobodna Francuska" povela je ustanak protiv nacističke okupacije, a nekoliko dana kasnije Pariz je oslobođen, nacističke trupe su kapitulirale. Charles de…

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pFCHEF S RPMHUIM OE UTBYH. oEUPNOEOOP, RTETSDE YUEN RTEDRTYOYNBFSH DBMSHOEKYE DEKUFCHYS, BOZMYYUBOE IPFEMY CHSHTSDBFSH Y RPUNPFTEFSH, LBL TBCHETOHFUS UPVSHCHFIS O OBYEN ZHMPFE. OP OH O PDOPN UHDOE, OH CH PDOPN LLYRBCE, OY CH PDOPN ZHMPFULPN HYUTETSDEOYY OE VSHMP OILBLYI RTPSCHMEOYK OEUPZMBUYS U OBYYN TEYOYEN. oBPVPTPF, Yb LFPZP YURSHCHFBOYS CHPEOOP-NPTULYE UYMSCH zhTBOGYY CHCHYMY EEE VPMEE URMPYUEOOOSCHNY CHPLTHZ DE zPMMS. PJEVAJ EEE VPMSHIE RTPOILMYUSH TEYNPUFSHHA RTPDPMTSBFSH VPTSHVH. MYYSH OEULPMSHLP PZHYGETPCH, UZTHRRYTPCHBCHYIUS CHPLTHZ BDNYTBMB NAEMSE, PTZBOYPCHBMY RPUFSCHDOPE CHSHUFHRMEOYE CH ODBOYY CHPEOOP-NPTULPZP YFBVB, LHDB S SCHYMUS, Yu FPVSCH RETEZPCHPTYFSH U OYNY MYUOP . RPUME LFPZP S RTYLBBM BDNYTBMH OBIPDYFSHUS CH FEYEOOYE NEUSGB H FBLPN NEUFE, PFLHDB PO OE UNPZ VSC RPDDETSYCHBFSH UCHSHSH U ZHMPFPN. h UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U UPZMBYOYEN P ATYUDYLGYY PF 15 SOCHBTS S PVTBFYMUS L BOZMYKULPNKh RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHKH U RTPUSHVPK PVEUREYUYFSH CHSHCHRPMOEOOYE NPEP TEYOYS, RPULPMSHLKH POP RTYOSFP OB VTY FBOULPK F ETTYFPTYY. 'BFEN CHCHYDH FPZP, UFP UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE BLCHETEOYS CHUE EEE OE RPUFHRBMY, S PFRTBCHYMUS O DBYUH, VHDHYUY ZPFPCHSHCHN LP CHUENKH Y PTSYDBS UBNPZP IHDYEZP. rMECHEOH, dSHEFEMSHNH Y lHME S PUFBCHYM UCHPEZP TPDB UELTEFOPE RPMYFYUEULPE BCCHEEBOYE, RPTHYUYCH YN UPVEYFSH ZHTBOGHULPNH OBTPDH CHUE OEPVIPDYNPE, EUMY S VHDH CHSCHO HTSDEO RTELTTBFIFSH OBUBFHA DESFEMSHOPU FSH YOE UNPZH UBN DBFSH OHTSOSCHI PVYASUOEOYK. pDOPCTENEOOP WITH DPCHEM DP UCHEDEOYS UPAOYLPCH, UFP, L CHEMYUBKYENKH UCHPENKH UPTSBMEOYA, SOE UNPZKh RPDDETSYCHBFSH PFOPEOYK U ONYY, RPLB SOY UBNY OE CHSHCHRPMOSF PVSBFEMSHUFCHB, CHSFSHCHE YNY O UEVS P UYMH UPZMBYEOIS NETSDH OBNY.

fp Vshchmp 23 NBTFB. LP NOE SCHIMUS U CHYYFPN RYL. ON CHTHYUYM NOE OPFFH, ʺ̱BSCHYCH, UFP EZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP OE OBUFBYCHBEF O PUFBCHMEOYY NEEMSE H DPMTSOPUFY ZMBCHOPPLPNBODHAEEZP Y YuFP POP VHDEF UMEDIFSH, YUFPVSHCH FEYU EOIE NEUSGB BDNYTBM OE UNPZ PVE BFSHUS U RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY ZHTBOGHULYI CHPEOOP-NPTULYI UYM. RTY LFPN BOZMYKULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP TELPNEODPCHBMP NOE RTPSCHYFSH RP PFOPYOYA L OENH VMBZPCEMBFEMSHOPUFSH, HYUYFSCHCHBS EZP BUMBHZY. FEN CHTENEOEN RTYVSHCHCHYK U FYIPZP PLEBOB pVHBOP RTYOSM LPNBODPCHBOYE CHPEOOP-NPTULYN ZHMPFPN. h NBE S RTYZMBUIM L UEVE BDNYTBMB NAEMSHE, CEMBS RTEDPUFBCHYFSH ENH CHPNPTSOPUFSH RTPDPMTSBFSH Y UFPVSH PVUHDYFSH U OIN HUMPCHYS YOURELGIPOOPK RPEEDLY, LPF PTHA S TBUUYUYFSHCHBM DPCHETYFSH ENH. od OE SCHIMUS. oEULPMSHLYNY DOSNNY RPJCE FFPF CHSHUYK PZHYGET, NOPZP UDEMBCHYYK DMS OBYEZP ZHMPFB, PZHYGBMSHOP HCHEDPNYM NEOS P FPN, YuFP EZP UPFTKHDOYUEUFCHP UE "UCHPVDOPK ZhTBOGYEK" PLPOYUEOP . NOE VSCHMP PYUEOSH ZTHUFOP b OEZP.

rPUME LFPZP DPUBDOPZP YOGYDEOFB OYUFP HTS OE NEYBMP OPTNBMSHOPK DEFEMSHOPUFY "mPOULPZP LPNYFEFB", LPFPTSCHK CHTBTSDEVOBS RTPRBZBODB (YUIPDYCHYBS OE FPMSHLP PF OBYI PE EOOSCHI RTPFYCHOYLPCH Y PF CHYY) FEIMBUSH RTE DUFBCHYFSH FP LBL ZTHRRLH BMYOSCHI RPMYFYLBOCH, FP LBL LHYULH JBYUFUFULYI BCHBOFATYUFCH, FP LBL UVTPD YUUFHRMEOOOSCHI RTPRBZBODY UFCH H LPNNHOYUFYYUEULPN DKhIE, OP DMS LPFPTPZP, S FP FPPTTSEUFCHEOOP Y TEYFEMSHOP BSCHMSA, UBNSCHN CHBTSOSCHN VSCHMP VMBZP UFTBOSCH Y ZPUHDBTUFCHB. obgypobmshoshchk LPNYFEF UPVYTBMUS OE TECE PDOPZP TBbb CH OEDEMA, CH FPTZEUFCHEOOOPK PVUFBOPCLE, CH VPMSHYPK LPNOBFE lBTMFPO-ZBTDEOOUB, LPFPTHA OBSHCHCHBMY "BMPN U YUBUBNY" ". UPZMBUOP RPTSDLH DOS, NSC ʺ̱BUMHYYCHBMY UPPVEEOIS LBTsDPZP LPNYUUBTB P DEMBI CH EZP DERBTFBNEOFE YMY RP LBLPNKh-OYVHDSH YOPNKh CHPRTPUKH, LPFPTSCHK FPF UUEM OKHTSOSCHN RPDOSFSH . lPNYFEF ʺOBLPNYMUS U DPLKHNEOFBNY Y UPPVEEOISNY, RPDTPVOP PVUHTsDBM CHPRTPUSCH Y RTYOYNBM TEYOYS, LPFPTSHCHE PZHPTNMSMYUSH RTPFPLPMN. yFY TEOYOYS DPCHPDYMYUSH OBFEN DP UCHEDEOYS OBYI HYUTETSDEOYK Y CHPYOULYI YUBUFEK. OH PDOP CHBTSOPE TEYOYE OE VSCHMP OILPZDB RTYOSFP VE RTECHBTYFEMSHOPZP PVUHTSDEOYS CH lPNYFEFE.

OBGIPOBMSHOSHCHK LPNYFEF H GEMPN, LBL LPMMEZYBMSHOSHCHK PTZBO, Y LBTsDSCHK YEZP YumeOPCH CH PFDEMSHOPUFY CHUEZDB PLBSCCHBMY NOE GEOOHA RPNPESH Y MPSMSHOPE UPDEKUFCHYE. LPOEYUOP, UP CHUENY CHBTSOSCHNY DEMBNY NOE RTYIPDYMPUSH OBBLPNYFSHUS MYUOP. OP CHUE TSE VTENS, METSBCHIE GENERAL, UFBMP NEOSHIE CHCHYDH FPZP, UFP FERETSH NEOS PLTHTSBMY Y PLBSCCHBMY NOE RPNPESH LPNREFEOFOSHCHE UPFTKHDOILY. LPOEYUOP, LFYN NYOYUFTBN, Y' LPFPTSCHI OY PYO RTETSDE OE BOINBM CHYDOPZP PVEEUFCHEOOPZP RPUFB, OEDPUFBCHBMP RPDYBU OEPVIPDYNPZP BCHFPTYFEFB Y Y'CHEUFOPUFY. OP POY UHNEMY RTYPVTEUFI Y FP Y DTHZPE. x LBTsDPZP Yʺ̱ OII, LTPNE FPZP, VSCHMY GEOOSCHE LBYUEUFCHB Y MYUOSCHK PRSHCHF. h GEMPN TBVPFBS CH lPNYFEFE, SING URPUPVUFCHPCHBMY KHUYMEOYA CHMYSOIS uTBTSBAEKUS zhTBOGYY. noe YUBUFP RTYIPDYMPUSH CHUFTEYUBFSH UP UFPTPOSCH NPYI UPFTKHDOILPCH, LPOEYUOP, OE PRRPYGYA, OP CHPTBTSEOIS YMY LTYFYLKH RP RPCHPDKh NPYI OBNETEOIK Y DEKUFCHYK. h FTHDOSH NYOHFSCH, LPZDB S PVSCHUOP ULMPOSMUS L RTYOSFYA TEYFEMSHOSCHI NO, NOPZYE YUMEOSCH lPNYFEFB CHSHCHULBJSCHCHBMYUSH b LPNRTPNYUU. OP LFP VSCHMP DBCE IPTPYP. h LPOEYUOPN UYUEFE, Yʺ̱MPTSYCH UCHPY DPCHPDSHCH, OH PDOY Yʺ̱ OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHI LPNYUUBTPCH OILPZDB OE PURBTYCHBM NPEZP PLPOYUBFEMSHOPZP TEYOYS.

i IPFS YOPK TB NOOEOYS NPZMY TBDEMIFSHUS, PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFSH GEMILPN METSBMB OPĆENITO. h VPTSHVE bb PUCHPPVPTSDEOYE NOE, VEDOSZE, RTYIPDYMPUSH CHUEZDB Ch LPOEYUOPN UYUEFE PFCHEYUBFSH b CHUE. ChP ZhTBOGYY LP NOE CHUE YUBEE PVTBEBMY UCHPY CHPTSCH FE, LFP CHUE VPMSHIE UFTENYMUS L BLFICHOPNKH UPRTPFYCHMEOYA. h LFPN YUHCHUFCHPCHBMUS CHUE VPMEE SUOSCHK PFCHEF O NPY RTYʺ̱SHCHSHCH. h LFPN RTPSCHMSMPUSH FBLTS Y UIPDUFCHP OBUFTPEOYK, LPFPTPE NOE LBMBPUSH UFPMSh TSE OEVPVIPDINSCHN, LBL Y CHPMOKHAEIN. CHYDS, UFP ULMPOOPUFSH ZHTBOGKHHCH L TBYAEDYOEOYA Y TBBPVEEOOPUFY, LPFPTHA YN OBCHSSCHCHBM TETSYN HZOEFEOYS, URPUPVOB CHSHCHCHBFSH TBTPOEOOSHCHURSHCHYLY CHPNHEE OIS, S TSYM PDOPK NSHCHUMSHHA: UMYFSH YI CHP EDYOP CH YOFETEUBI uPRTPFYCHMEOYS. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, YNEOOP EDYOUFCHP PRTEDEMSMP VPECHSCHE KHUREII UPRTPFICHMEOYS, EZP OBGIPOBMSHOSHCHK IBTBLFET, EZP NETSDHOBTPDOPE OBYUEOYE.

Obyuyobs U MEFB 1941 RPNYNP FPZP YuFP NPTSOP VSCHMP RTPUEUFSH NETsDH UFTPL CH ZBEFBI YMY HOBFSH Y TBDYPRETEDBYU PVEYI PO, NSC RPUFPSOOP RPMKHYUBMY CHEUSHNB RPMOHA YOZHPTNBGYA CH CHYDE DBOOSHI OBYEK TBCHEDLY, DPOEOYY OELPFPTSCHI OBYI B ZEOFCH, LPFPTSCHHE HCE OBYUBMY DEKUFCHCHBFSH O NEUFBI, RPLBBOYK DPVTPCHPMSHGECH, RTYVSCCHBCHYI ECEDOECHOP Y zhTBOGYY, UPPVEEOIK RYUEN, LPFPTSCHHE U RPNPESHHA NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHI HMPCHPL RETERTBCHMSMY LOYN WENSHY Y DTKHSHS HYUBUFOILPCH "UCHPVDPDOK ZhTBOGIY". h TEEKHMSHFBFE X NEOS ULMBDSCHCHBMPUSH DEOSH OB DOYEN FPYUOPE RTEDUFBCHMEOYE PV PVUFBOPCLE. ULPMSHLP TB, VEUEDHS U UPPFEYUEUFCHEOOILBNY, FPMSHLP YUFP RPLYOKHCHYNY TPDYOH, ZDE POY, PDOBLP, VSHMY BOSFSHCH FPK YMYY YOPK TSYOSHA UCHPEZP ZPTPDB, S HVETSDBMUS CH FPN, UFP VMBZPDBTS NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHN YUFP YUOILBN YOZHPTNBGYY, LPFTBS DPUFBCHMSMBUSH OBN GEMPK BTNYEK RTEDBOOSCHI MADEK, NOE MHYUYE, YUEN LPNKh -MYVP DTKhZPNKh, Y'CHEUFOP RPMPTSEOYE DEM PE ZhTBOGIY.

b FFP H UCHPA PUETEDSH RPCHPMSMMP NOE UDEMBFSH CHSHCHPD P TBBMPTSEOY CHYYUFULPZP TETSYNB. yMMAYY CH PFOPIOYY FFPZP TETSYNB TBUUESMYUSH. rTETSDE CHUEZP RPVEDB ZETNBOYY, P LPFPTPK ʺ̱BSCHMSMY LBL P UBNP UPVPK TBbkhneaeenus DEME, YuFPVSH PRTBCHDBFSH LBRYFKHMSGYA, UFBOCHIMBUSH OECHPʺ̱NPTSOPK, RPUME FPZP LBL H ChPKOKH CHUVKH RYMY tPUUYS Y IB FEN upedyoooosche yFBFSCH, B BOZMYS Y "UCHPVPDOBS zhTBOGYS" DPLBBMY UCHPA URPUPVOPUFSH L UPRTPFYCHMEOYA. hFCHETSDEOYE, UFP TBDY URBUEOYS "NBFETYIBMSHOSHCHI VMBZ" OEVPVIPDYNP VSCHMP UZMBUIFSHUS O RPTBVPEEOOYE UFTBOSHCH, CHSCHZMSDEMP UNEIPFCHPTOP, YVP 1500 OE CHPʺ̱CHTBEBMYUSH DPNPC; OENGSHCH RTBLFYUEULY BOOELUYTPCHBMY LMSHBU Y MPFBTYOZYA Y PFTEBMY H BDNYOYUFTBFICHOPN PFOPYOYY UCHET UFTBOSH PF PUFBMSHOPK FETTYFPTYY; RTPYCHPDYCHYYEUS PLLHRBOFBNY YYASFYS DEOETSOSCHI UTEDUFCH, USCHTShS, UEMSHULPIPSKUFCHEOOSHHI Y RTPNSCHYMEOOOSHI FPCHBTCH YUFPEBMY GENERAL LPOPNYLH, CHUE VPMSHIEE YUUMP F TBOGHJPCH CHSHCHOKHTSDEOP VSCHMP TBVPFBFSH O ZETNBOYI. tBZPCHPTSHCH PV PVPTPOE zhTBOGKHULPK YNRETYY PF "MAVPZP CHTBZB" OE NPZMY HCE OILPZP PVNBOHFSH, U FEI RPT LBL ZHTBOGHULHA BTNYA Y ZHMPF BUFBCHYMY CHPECHBFSH RTPFYCH UPA OYLPCH Y "DEZPMMECHGECH" H dBLB TE, zBVPOE, UYTYY Y O nBDBZBULBTE; Ch FP CHTENS LBL OENGSHCH Y YFBMSHSOGSHCH Yʺ̱ LPNYUUYK RP RETENNYTYA UCHPVPDOP TBURPTSTSBMYUSH CH bMTSE, FHOYUE, LBUBVMBOLE Y VEKTHFE, OENEGLIE UBNPMEFSCH RTYENMSMYUSH H bMERRP Y dBN BULE, B PFOSCOE UTBTSBAEBSUS JTBOGYS UFBMB CHPRMPEEOOYEN CHUIEI OBDETSD O CHPCHTBF IBNPTULYI FETTYFPTYK. POB RPUFEREOOP HFCHETSDBMBUSH CH LCBFPTYBMSHOPC BZHTYLE, O PUFTCHBI PLEBOYY, CH rPODYYETY, CH SECHRBOFE, O PUFTPCHE uEO-rSHET, O nBDBZBULBTE Y PE zhTBOGHULPN UPNBMY. CHNEUFE U FEN POB HCE BTBOEE OERTELMPOOP JSCHMSMB P UCHPYI OEPURPTYNSCHI RTBCHBI O UCHETOHA BZHTYLH, BRBDOKHA BZHTYLH, BOFIMSHULYE PUFTCHB Y IODPLYFBK.

UFP LBUBEFUS "OBGYPOBMSHOPK TECHPMAGYY", U RPNPESHHA LPFPTPK TETSYN CHY RSHCHFBMUS RTYLTSHCHFSH UPVUFCHEOOHA LBRYFHMSGYA, FP UPDBCHBMPUSH CHEYUBFMEOYE, YuFP CHYYYUFSHCH HCHMELBAFUUS TEZHPTNBNY, Y LPFPTS CHI OELPFPTSCHE VSCHMY UBNY RP UEVE RPMEOSCH, OP CH GEMPN SING VSCHMY DYULTEDYFITCHBOSH FEN, YUFP YI RTPCHEDEOYE UCHSHCHCHBMY U TBZTPPN Y RPTBVPEEOYEN JTBOGYY. TBZPCHPTSC CHYYUFCH P NPTBMSHOPN PJDPTPCHMEOYY Y HLTERMEOYY CHMBUFY, DBCE YI VEUURPTOSCHE RPRSHCHFLY OBCHEUFY RPTSDPL H PVEEUFCHEOOP-LPOPNNYUUEULPK TSYOY O DEME CHSHTBTSBMYUSH MYYSH Ch RBTBDBI MEZYPOETCH, ChPCHEMYYUYCHBOY NBTYBMB REFEOB, UPDBOYY NOPZPYUYUMEOOSHI LPNYUUIK Y LPNYFEFPCH, B RP UHEEUFCHH POBYUBMY RPDMSHE TERTEUUY, BUYMYE RPMYG YY Y GEOJHTSCH , RTYCHYMEZYY Y UHEEUFCHPCHBOYE YETOPZP TSCHOLB. FP LPOYUYMPUSH FEN, YUFP CH UBNPN CHYYUFULPN THLPCHPDUFCHE RPSCHYMYUSH RTYOBLY BLNEYBFEMSHUFCHB Y TBVTPDB. ChPF LBL TBCHYCHBMYUSH UPVSCHFIS U LPOGB 1940 Y CHRMPFSH DP MEFB 1942: HCHPMSHOEOYE mBCHBMS; UPDBOYE CH rBTYCE nBTUEMEN DEB, DEMPOLMEN, MAYETPN, nBTLE, UABTEEPN Y DTHZYNY "OBGYPOBMSHOPZP OBTPDOPZP PVYAEDOOEOYS", LPFPTPE RTY RTSNPC RPDDETSLE PLLHRBOFPC TELP ORBB DBMP O RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP Y CHAMP L TYLMYCHHA RTPRBZBODH CH RPMSh UPFTKHDOYYUEUFCHB U OENGBNY; VEULPOEYUOSCHE Yʺ̱NEOEOYS RPMOPNPYUK dBTMBOB; PFUFBCHLY YUMEOPCH LBVYOEFB: yVBTOEZBT, vPDKHOOB, bMShVETB, zhMBODEOB, RECTKHFPOB, yechbmshe, bybtb Y DTHZYI, LPFPTSHHE PYO ʺ̱B DTHZYN BSCHMSMY, YuFP ChPʺMPTSEOBS OB OY I BDBYUB OECHSHRPMOINB; ʺ̱BZBDPYUOPE Y OEPTSYDBOOPE RTELTBEEOYE RTPGEUUB CH TYPNE {174} ; PFUFBCHLB CHEKZBOB; RPLHYOYE lPMEFFB O mBChBMS; OBOBYUEOYE RPUMEDOEZP ZMBCHPK RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB. UBN NBTYBM REFEO PFLTSCHFP RTYOBCHBM UCHPE PFYUBSOOPE RPMPTSEOIE. “s PEKHEBA ULCHETOSHCHK CHEFET, LPFPTSCHK DHEF Yʺ̱ NOPZYI TBKPOPCH zhTBOGYY, ZPCHPTYM PO, CHSHUFHRBS RP TBDYP CH BCHZHUFE 1941. veURPLPKUFCHP PCHMBDECHBEF HNBNY. h DHY CHLTBDSCCHBEFUS UPNOOEOYE. bCHFPTYFEF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB PURBTYCHBEFUS. rTYLBISCH CHSHCHRPMOSAFUS RMPIP. obufpseik oedkhz pichbfshchchbef jtbogkhulyk obtpd”. h YAOE UMEDHAEZP ZPDB, PFNEYUBS CHFPTKHA ZPDPCHEYOKH UCHPEK RTPUSHVSHCH P RETENYTYY, OD BSCHYM CH TEYUY, FTBOUMYTPCHBCHYEKUS RP TBDYP: “s PFOADSHOE ULTSCHCHBA, UFP NPY RTYYSHCHCHSHCH UFTEFIMY UMBVSHCH K PFLMYL.

rP NETE FPZP LBL DHFPE CHEMYUYE CHYYUFULPZP TETSYNB YUYUEBMP RPCHUADH, CH NEFTPRPMYY CHPOYLBMY PYUBZY uPRTPFYCHMEOYS. eUFEUFCHEOOP, TEYUSH YMB P DEKUFCHYSI, PYUEOSH TBMYUOSCHI RP IBTBLFETH, YUBUFP OE PYUEOSH YUEFLP PRTEDEMEOOOSCHI, OP RTEUMEDPCHBCHYI EDYOKHA GEMSH. h PDOPN NEUFE UPUFBCHMSMY, REYUBFBMY Y TBURTPUFTBOSMY TBOBOPZP TPDB MYUFCHLY. h DTHZPN UPVYTBMY UCHEDEOYS TBCHEDSCHBFEMSHOPZP IBTBLFETB P RTPFYCHOYLE. nkhtseufcheoooshche MADY UPDBCHBMY ZTHRRSHCH DECUFCHYS, LPFPTSCHE CHSHCHRPMOSMMY UBNSHCHE TBOPPPVTBOBJOYE: OBMEFSHCH O CHTBZB, RPTYUH YNHEEUFCHB, RPMHYUEOYE Y TBURTEDEMEOYE ZT Hʺ̱PČ, LPFPTSHC HE UVTBUSCHCHBMYUSH O RBTBYAFBI YMY DPUFBCHMSMYUSH DTHZYNY RHFSNNY, RETEIPD Yʺ̱ PDOPC ʺ̱POSCH CH DTHZHA, RTYEN YMY PFTBTCHLH BZEOFPC, RETEIPD ZTBOYGSCH Y F. R. h TSDE NEUF UPDBCHBMYUSH BTPDSHCHY PTZBOYBGIK uPRTPFYCHMEOYS, Yumeoshch LPFPTSCHI PVYAEDOSMYUSH NETsDH UPVPK MYVP RP HLBBOISN CHCHUYI YOUFBOGYK, MYVP CH UIMH PVEOPUF Y CHZMSDPCH. pDOIN UMPCHPN, SB CHOEYOYEK RBUUYCHOPUFSHHA Y VEDEKUFCHYEN, LPFPTSCHHE, LBBMPUSH, GBTYMY CH NEFTPRPMYY, UPRTPFYCHMEOYE OBYUYOBMP TSYFSH UCHPEK BLFICHOPK RPDPPMSHOPK TSYOSHA. vPKGShch uprtpfychmeoys izvanredno stanje zhtbogyy ZPFCHIMYUSH FERETSH OBOPUIFSH HDBTSCH RP CHTBZH, OEUNPFTS O ZHUFHA UEFSH RPMYGEKULYI Y DPOPUYULPCH.

h UEOFSVTE 1941 OBUBMBUSH UETYS YJPMYTPCHBOOSCHI OBRBDEOYK O OENEGLYI CHPEOOPUMKHTSBEYI. RETCHCHNY VSHMY HVYFSH LPNEODBOF ZBTOYPOB CH OBOFE, PZHYGET H VPDP Y DCHB UPMDBFB CH rBTYCE O HMYGE yBNRYPOOE. BLFEN YUYUMP HVYFSHCHI UFBMP TBUFY. NUFS ZHTBOGKHOBN, CHTBZ UPFOSNNY TBUUFTEMYCHBM bMPTSOYLPCH, VTPUBM CH FATSHNSCH FSHCHUSYU RBFTYPPFCH, LPFPTSCHE RPFPN CHCHUSCHMBMYUSH YJ zhTBOGYY, DHYYM YFTBZHBNY Y TERTEUUYTPCHBM ZPTPDB, ZDE UPCHE TYBMYUSH RPLHYEOIS. na YUHCHUFCHPN NTBYuOPK ZPTDPUFY HOBCHBMY NShch PV LFPK CHPKOE PDYOPYUEL, LPFPTSCHE RPDCHETZBMY UEVS PZTPPNPNH TYULH, VPTSUSH U PLLHRBOFBNY. u DTKhZPK UFPTPOSCH, ZYVEMSH ZHTBOGKhPCH TSETFC PFTCHEFOSCHHI TERTEUUIK OENGECH CHSHCHCHCHBMB CH OBYI UETDGBI ULPTVSH, OP PFOADSH OE PFYUBSOIE, RPFPNKh UFP NSC LFP TBUGEOYCHBMY LBL UNETF Sh UPMDBF O RPME VYFCH SHCH. pDOBLP YUIPDS YU MENEOFBTOSCHHI FTEVPCHBOYK CHPEOOPC OBKHLY, NSC UYUYFBMY, YUFP VPTSHVPK OHTSOP THLPCHPDYFSH Y UFP L FPNKh TSE EEE OE OBUFKHRIM NPNEOF OBYOBFSH PFLTSCHFFSHCHE VPECHSHCHE DECUFCHYS H NEFTPRPMYY. vPTSHVB, TBUUYUYFBOOBS O FP, YUFPVSHCHOE DBCHBFSH RTPFYCHOYLH RPLPS, BLFEN BLFICHOSHE PRETBGYY CHOHFTEOOYI UYM uPRTPFYCHMEOYS H OBNEYUEOOSHHI RHOLFBI, OBLPOEG, OBGIPOBMSHOPE H PUUFBOYE, LP FPTPE NSC OBNETECHBMYUSH OBYUBFSH CH OBDMETSBEIK NPNEOF, NPZMY VSC VSHCHFSH CHEUSHNB LZHZHELFYCHOSCHNY RTY HUMPCHYY, YUFP CHUE YFP HDBMPUSH VSC PUHEEUFCHYFSH LBL PDOP GEMPE CH UPYEFBOY U DECUFCHYSNNY BTNYK PUCHPPVPTSDEOYS. NETsDH FEN CH 1941 UPRTPFYCHMEOYE EDCHB OBYUBMP BTPTsDBFSHUS, Y, U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, NSC OBMY, UFP POP NPTSEF RPFETREFSH RPMOPE RPTBTSEOYE VHLCHBMSHOP EEE bB ZPDSH DP FPZP .

CHPF RPYUENKh 23 PLFSVTS S ʺ̱BSCHYM RP TBDYP: “FPF ZhBLF, UFP ZhTBOGKhSHCH HVYCHBAF OENGECH, SCHMSEFUS BVUPMAFOP OPTNBMSHOSHCHN Y BVUPMAFOP PRTBCHDBOOSCHN. eUMMY OENGSHCH OE IPFSF, UFPVSCH NSCH YI HVYCHBMY, YN UMEDHEF PUFBCHBFSHUS DPNB... rPUME FPZP LBL YN OE HDBMPUSH RPLPTYFSH NYT, LBTsDSCHK OENEG OBEF, UFP UFBOEF MYVP FTHRPN , MYVP RMEOOCHN. OP UHEEUFCHHEF FBLFIELB CHEDEOIS CHPKOSHCH chPKOPC DPMTSOSCH THLPCHPDYFSH FE, LPNH LFP RPTHYUEOP ... h OBUFPSEEE CHTENS NPK RTYLB DMS PLLHRITCHBOOPK FETTYFPTYY: OENGECH PFLTSCHFP OE HVYCHBFSH! ON CHCHBO EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHN UPPVTBTSEOEN: UEKYUBU CHTBZ NPCEF UCHETIEOOOP WEURTERSFCHEOOP PUHEEUFCHMSFSH NBUUPCHSCHE HVYKUFCHB OBYI RPLB EEE VEEPTHTSOSCHI VPTGCH. obRTPFYCH, LBL FPMSHLP NSCH UNPTSEN RETEKFI CH OBUFHRMEOYE, VHDHF PFDBOSCH UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE RTYLBSCH.

UFTENSUSH UPLTBFIFSH UCHPY RPFETY, LPFPTSCHHE RTY UMPTSYCHYEKUS PVUFBOPCLE VSCHMY UMYYLPN CHEMYLY RP UTBCHOEOYA U DPUFYZOHFSHCHNY CHEUSHNB OYOBYUYFEMSHOSHCHNY TEEKHMSHFBFBNY, NSCH CHNEU FE U FEN DPMTSOS CH VSCHMY YURPMSHʺ̱PCHBFSH TEBLGYA NBUU O OENEGLIE TERTEUUIY CH YOFETEUBI HLTERMEOYS OBGYPOBMSHOPC UPMYDBTOPUFY Y URMPYUEOYS UYM ZHTBOGHULPZP OBTPDB. 25 PLFSVTS, O UMEDHAEIK DEOSH RPUME LBOY 50 SBMPTSOYLPCH CH OBOFE Y yBFPVTYBOE Y 50 RBFTYPPFCH CH vPTDP S BSCHYM RP TBDYP UMEDHAEEE: “tBUUFTEMYCHBS OBYI MADEK , ChTBZ TBUUYUYFSHCHBM BRHZBF SH zhTBOGYA. zhTBOGYS DPLBTCEF, UFP EE BRHZBFSH OEMSHʺ̱S ... s RTYYSHCHCHBA CHUEI ZHTBOGHHHHCH Y CHUEI ZHTBOGHTSEOPL RTELTBFYFSH CHUSLHA TBVPFH Y CHUSLPE DCHYTSEOYE FBN, ZDE SING VHDHF OBIPDYFSHUS, CH RSF OYGH 31 PLFSVTS, U 4 YUBUPCH DP 4 YUBUPCH 05 NYOHF, U FEN YUFPVSCH LFP UETSHEP RTEDPUFETETSEOIE , LFB NPEOBS OBGIPOBMSHOBS ʺ̱BVBUFPCHLB RTPDENPOUFTYTPCHBMB UIMH VTBFULPK UPMYDBTOPUFY ZHTBOGKHʺ̱PCH Y RPLBBMB CHTBZH, LBLBS PRBUOPUFSH RPDUFETEZBEF EZP RPCHUADH". OBLBOHOE OBNEYUEOOPZP DOS S RPCHFPTYM UCHPK RTYYSHCHCH. uPUFPSCHYBSUS ʺ̱BVBUFPCHLB RTYPVTEMB PE NOPZYI NEUFBI, PUPVEOOP O BCPDBI, CHOHYYFEMSHOSHCHK IBTBLFET. h TEEKHMSHFBFE PE NOE HLTERYMBUSH TEYNPUFSH OE DPRHULPHFSH, YUFPVSH DCHYTSEOYE upRTPFYCHMEOYS CHSHCHMYMPUSH CH BOBTIYA; OBRTPFICH, S IPFEM DPVIFSHUS PTZBOY'PCHBOOPUFY, OE RTEUELBS CHNEUFE U FEN YOYGYBFICHSHCH, LPFPTBS VSCHMB EZP DCHYTSHEEK UYMPK, YOE PFCHETZBS CHBYNOPC Y'PMYTPCHBOOPUFY NEUFOSHCH I PTZBOYBGIK, VE LPFPT PK UPRTPFYCHMEOYE NPZMP VSH VSHCHFSH RPMOPUFSHHA MYLCHYDYTPCHBOP PDOIN HDBTPN.

PE CHUSLPN UMKHYUBE HYBUFOYLY DCHYTSEOIS UPRTPPFYCHMEOYS Y EZP PTZBOYBGYY PE NOPZYI PFOPIEOYSI DEKUFCHPCHBMY FERETSH U VPMSHYPK TEYNPUFSHHA, OP POY YURSHCHFSHCHCHBMY PUFTHA OEICHBFLKH CH CHPEOOSHCHI UREG YBMYUFBI. fBN, ZDE POI NPZMY Y DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY YI OBKFY, FP EUFSH H FPN, UFP PUFBCHBMPUSh PF BTNYY, RHFSH RTEZTBTSDBMY CHYYYUFSHCH. th FEN OE NOOEE RETCHSHCHE HDBTSCH RP CHTBZH VSCHMY OBOOEOSCH CHPEOOSHCHNY. pZHYGETSCH BTNEKULYI Y PLTHTSOSCHI YFBVPCH RTSFBMY PTHTSYE PF LPNYUUIK RP RETENYTYA. tBCHEDSCHCHBFEMSHOBS UMHTsVB RTPDPMTSBMB FBKLPN CHEUFY LPOFTTBECHEDLH Y CHTENS PF ČITANJE PFRTTBCHMSMB BOZMYYUBOBN YOZHPTNBGYA. rty UPDEKUFCHY ZEOETBMPCH zhTTB, DEMEUFTOB, CHETOP {175} . ZEOETBM lPYU UFBM CHEUFY BLFICHOKHA RTPRBZBODH RTPFYCH LBRYFHMSOFULYI OBUFTPEOYK. UTEDY THLPCHPDYFEMEK NPMPDETSOSCHI PTZBOYBGIK, CH UPUFBCH LPFPTSCHI CHIPDYMP OBBYUYFEMSHOPE LPMYUEUFCHP VSCCHYI CHPEOOSHHI, NOPZYE FTEOYTPCHBMYUSH UBNY Y KHUYMY DTHZYI CHMBDEF SH PTHTSYEN. h PUFBCHYIUS CHPYOULYI YUBUFSI RPYUFY CHUE PZHYGETSCH, HOFET-PZHYGETSCH Y UPMDBFSCH OE ULTSCHCHBMY UCHPYI OBDETSD CHOPCHSH RTYOSFSH HYBUFYE H VPSI.

OBUEMEOIE PFOPUYMPUSH L LFPNH CHEUSHNB RPMPTSYFEMSHOP. rTYCHEEOOBS YJ zhTBOGYY LYOPITPOILB, LPFPTKHA S RTPUNPFTEM H mPODPOE, UMHTSYMB OBZMSDOSCHN FPNKh DPLBBEMSHUFCHPN. h ZHIMSHNE VSHCHM BUOSF NPNEOF, LPZDB REFEO ChP CHTENS PDOPK YU UCHPYI RPEEDPL CH nBTUEMSH RPSCHYMUS O VBMLPOE TBFHY RETED CHPKULBNY Y OBTPDPN, LPFTSHCHE CHSHTBTSBMY UCHPY ZPTSYU E RBFTYPFYUEULYE YUKH CHUFCHB. NPTsOP VSHMP UMSCHYBFSH, LBL, RPCHYOKHSUSH EDYOPDHYOPNKH OBUFTPEOYA FFK NBUUSCH MADEK, PO LTYLOHM: “OE ʺ̱BVHDSHFE, YuFP CHUE CHSH NPVYMYʺ̱PCHBOSH!” LFY UMPCHB CHSHCHBMY VKHTOSHK IOFHYYBN CHUIEI UPVTTBCHYIUS, CHPEOOSHHI Y OCHPEOOOSHI, LPFPTSHCHE UNESMYUSH Y RMBLBMY PF CHPMOEOYS.

fBLYN PVTBBPN, OEUNPFTS OB FP UFP BTNYS RPFETSMB HVYFSHCHNY YMY RMEOOOSCHNY VPMSHYIOUFCHP UCHPYI YUBUFP MKHYUYI UPMDBF Y PZHYGETCH, POB UFYYKOP UFTENYMBUSH L FPNKh, YUFPVSHCH PE ʺ̱ZMBCHYFSH OBG IPOBMSHOPE UPRTPFICHMEOYE. pDOBLP YNEOOP LFPZP Y OE IPFEMP "RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP", LPFPTPNH BTNYS RPDYOSMBUSH. CHYYUFULYK TETSYN, UPITBOSCHYK CHOBYUBME CHYDYNPUFSH OEKFTBMYFEFB, UBFEN CHUFBCHYYK OB RHFSH UPFTKHDOYUUEUFCHB U ChTBZPN, RPNEYBM BTNYY PUKHEUFCHYFSH UCHPE RTYCHBOYE, Y CH TEHMSHFBFE POB NPTB MSHOP PLBBMBUSH CH FKHRYLE, CHSHHIPD Yʺ̱ LPFPTPZP NPTSOP VSHMP OBKFY, MYYSH PFLBCHYUSH PF ZhPTNBMSHOPK DYUGYRMYOSCH. IPFS NOPZYE CHPEOOSHCHUE TSE RPYMY O LFP, PUPVEOOP LFP UPUFPSM CH PTZBOYIBGYSI uPRTPFYCHMEOYS, YMY LFP CHUFHRIM CH FBKOHA BTNYA, YMY, OBLPOEG, FE, LFP RPTS PUOPCHB M "bTNEKULHA PTZBOYBGYA uPRTPFYCH MEOYS", ZBLFYUEULY DCHYTSEOYE uPRTPFYCHMEOYS CHSHCHOKHTSDEOP VSCHMP RETCHPE CHTENS UBNP ZPFPCHYFSH UCHPY LBDTSCH.

h "UCHPPVPDOK" OYE FBLIE PTZBOYBGYY, LBL "LPNVB" PE ZMBCHE U LBRYFBOPN zhTEOL {176} , "MYVETBUSHPO", CH LPFPTPK PUOPCHOKHA TPMSH YZTBM uNNBOAMSH D "BUFSH DE MB CHYTSETY {177} , "ZhTBO-FYTET", THLPCHPDUFCHP LPFPTPK CHPYZMBCHMSM TsBO-rSHET MAČ {178} . pDOPCTENEOOP PUFBFLY VSCCHYI RTPZHUPAOSCHI PTZBOYBGIK "CHUEPVEEK LPOZHEDETBGYY FTHDB" Y "ZHTBOGHULPK LPOZHEDETBGYY ITYUFYBOULYI FTHDSEYIUS" CHEMY RTPRBZBOD ​​​​X H RPMSH UPRTPFYCHMEOYS. bOBMPZYUOKHA TBVPPFH RTCHPDYMY TBMYUOSCHE ZTHRRRYTPCHLY, UPUFPSCHYYE YUMEOPCH VSCCHYI RBTFYK, H YUBUFOPUFY FBLYI, LBL upGYBMYUFYUEULBS, OBTPDOSHCH DENPLTBFSCH Y TEURHVMYL BOWLEBS JEDETBGYS. rPULPMSHLKH JPOBO OE VSCHMB PLLKHRITCHBOB OENGBNY, VPTSHVB CHEMBUSH, EUFEUFCHEOOP, RTPFYCH CHYYYUFULPZP TETSYNB, RTPFICH EZP RPMYGYY Y FTYVHOBMPCH. rTY LFPN THLPCHPDYFEMY, ZPFPCS UYMSCH, LPFPTSHCHE CH UMHYUBE OEPVVIPDYNPUFY NPZMY VSHFSH YURPMSHʺ̱PCHBOSH RTPFYCH CHTBZB, DKHNBMY P BICHBFE CHMBUFY Y CHYDEMY CH UPRTPFYCHMEOYY OE FPMSHLP PTHDYE CHP KOSHCH, OP Y UTEDUFCHP DMS UNEOSH TETSYNB.

rPMYFYUEULYK IBTBLFET PTZBOYBGYK UPRTPPFYCHMEOYS ATSOPK ʺ̱POSCH DEMBM, EUFEUFCHEOOP, YI DESFEMSHOPUFSH CHEUSHNB LZHZHELFYCHOPK, URPUPVUFCHPCHBM RTYCHMEYUEOYA CH YI TSDSCH CHMYS FEMSHOSCHI MENEOPFC , RTYDBCHBM YI RTPRBZBODE MBVPDOECHOPUFSH Y BTSYZBFEMSHOPUFSH, LPFPTSHCHE VKHDYMY HNSCH. OP U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, RPMOPE UZMBUYE Y CHSHCHFELBAEBS PFUADB UPCHNEUFOBS DESFEMSHOPUFSH THLPCHPDSEYI LPNYFEFPCH UFTDBMY PF CHUEZP LFPZP. UMEDHEF ULBBFSH, UFP TSDPCHCHE YUMEOSCH LFYI PTZBOYBGIK Y UPYUKHCHUFCHHAEYE RPYUFY OE YOFETEUPCHBMYUSH OY DBMSHOEKYEK RTPZTBNNPK uPRTPFYCHMEOYS, OH HUMPCHYSNY BICHBF B CHMBUFY, OH RPDVPTPN VHDHEY I RTBCHYFEMEK. rP PVEENH NOOYA, ZMBCHOPE UPUFPSMP CH FPN, UFPVSCH UTTBTSBFSHUS YMY RP LTBKOEK NETE ZPFCHYFSHUS L LFPNH. DPVSCHCHBFSH PTHTSYE, HUFTBYCHBFSH FBKOILY, RPDZPFBCHMYCHBFSH Y CHTENS PF READING PUHEEUFCHMSFSH OBMEFSCH CHPF P YUEN YMB TEYUSH! na FFK GEMSHA OBDP VSCHMP PTZBOY'PCHCHCHBFSH ZTHRRSHCH O NEUFBI Yʺ̱ OBAEII DTHZ DTHZB MADEK, YULBFSH UTEDUFCHB DMS VPTSHVSHCH Y DETTSBFSH SJSCHL ʺ̱B ʺ̱KhVBNY. LPTPUYE ZPCHPTS, EUMY CHOHFTY PTZBOYBGIK Y UKHEUFCHPCHBMP PFOPUYFEMSHOPE EDYOUFCHP CHZMSDCHP, FP RTBLFYUEULBS VPTSHVB CHEMBUSH, OBPVPTPF, TBTPIEOOOSCHNY ZTHRRRB NY, LPFPTSHCHE YNEMI UPVUFCHEOOOSHI THLPCH PDYFEMEK, DEKUFCHPCHBMY UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP Y PURBTYCHBMY DTHZ X DTHZB RTBCHP O YNECHYEUS H NYETOPN LPMYUEUFCHE PTHTSYE Y DEOSHZY.

h PLLHRYTPCHBOOPK ʺ̱POE, CH HUMPCHYSI OERPUTEDUFCHEOOOPK PRBUOPUFY, FBLPC LPOLHTEOGY OE UHEEUFCHPCHBMP, PDOBLP TBBPVEEOOOPUFSH MADEK Y KHUYMYK RTPSCHMSMBUSH FBN ZPTBDP UYMSHOEE. fBN VSCHMP RTSNPE Y PRBUOPE UPUEDUFCHP U RTPFYCHOYLPN. rTYIPDYMPUSH YNEFSH DEMP U ZEUFBRP. OE VSHMP OILBLPK CHP-NPTSOPUFY RETEDCHYZBFSHUS, RETERYUSCHCHBFSHUS, CHSCVYTBFSH LCHBTFYTH, OE RPDCHETZBSUSH UFTPZPNKh LPOFTPMA. CHUE RPDPTYFEMSHOSCHE RPRBDBMY CH FATSHNH Y CHCHUSCHMBMYUSH. uFP LBUBEFUS BLFICHOPZP UPRTPFYCHMEOYS, FP EZP VPKGPC OEHNPMYNP RPDUFETEZBMY RSHCHFLY Y UNETFSH. h FYI HUMPCHYSI UYMSCH VSCHMY LTBKOE TBURSCHMEOSCH. CHNEUFE U FEN, RTYUHFUFCHYE OENGECH UPDBCHBMP PVUFBOPCHLH, FPMLBCHYHA O UPRTPFYCHMEOYE, O UPODBOYE RPDRPMSHOSCHI PTZBOYBGIK. ChPF RPYUENKh DCHYTSEOYE uPRTPFYCHMEOYS H FFPK ʺ̱POE RTYPVTEFBMP OBRTSEOOSCHK CHPEOOP-ʺ̱BZPCHPTEYYUEULYK IBTBLFET. "zTBTSDBOULBS Y ChPEOOBS PTZBOYBGYS", PUOPCHBOOBS RPMLPCHOYLPN FHOY, PTZBOYBGYS "UFPTPOOILY PUCHPPVPTSDEOYS" PE ZMBCHE U TYRPYEN, PTZBOYBGYS "UFPTPOOILY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS" ", UPDBOOBS MELPOFPN-vHBOB {179} , Ptzboybges "Puchpvpzdeoe Uechetb", LPFPTHA UNIPTNETPCHBM LBCHKAU, OBLPOEG, PTZboyBGYS "ZPMPU UECHECH", Puopchobs Ch. HLLB, LBFEZPTYUEULY PFLBCHCHCHCHCHCHBMYUSH RTETETSHBFSHUS LBLPZP-MIVP RPMIFYUEUL PZP Obrtbchmeis, CHEFMSHLP ChPPTHCOOOHA VPTSHH Yu decuphpchbmmy ivpmsyyyany , Yʺ̱PMYTPCHBOOSCHNY DTHZ PF DTHZB RPDRPMSHOSHCHNY ZTHRRBNY.

h LPOGE 1941 LPNNHOYUFSHCH CH UCHPA PYUETEDSh CHUFKHRIMY CH VPTSHVKH. DP LFPZP YI THLPCHPDYFEMY ʺBOYNBMY RTYNYTEOYUEULHA RPYGYA RP PFOPEOYA L PLLHRBOFBN, ʺ̱BFP TEELP OBRBDBMY OB BOZMPUBLUPOULYK LBRYFBMYêN Y EZP RTYUM HTSOYLPCH-"DEZPMMECHGECH". pDOBLP YI RPCHEDEOYE NPNEOFBMSHOP YNEOYMPUSH, LPZDB ZYFMET OBRBM O tPUUYA, B SING UBNY U FTHDPN UHNEMY HKFY CH RPDRPMSHE Y HUFBOPCHYFSH UCHSY, OEVPVIPDINSCHE DMS VPTSHVSHCH. CHRTPYUEN, SING VSHMY L OEK RPDZPPFCHMEOSCH UCHPEK UYUFENPK RBTFYKOSHCHI SUEEL, UELTEFOPUFSHHA UCHPEK YETBTIIY, RTEDBOOPUFSHHA UCHPYI LBDTPCH. h OBGIPOBMSHOHA CHPKOH POI CHLMAYUYMYUSH PFCHBTsOP Y HNEMP, PFLMYLBSUSH VEUURPTOP (PUVEOOP TSDPCHSHCHE YUMEOSHCH) OB PCH TPDYOSCH, OP OILPZDB OE FETSS Yʺ̱ CHYDH, LBL BTNYS TECHPMAGYY, L POEYUOKHA GEMSH, BLMAYUBCHYHAUS CH FPN, YUFPVSCH HUFBOPCHYFSH UCHPA DILFBFKHTH, CHPURPMShPCHBCHYUSH DTBNPK, LPFPTKHA RETETSYCHBMB ZhTBOGIS . pjevati CHUE CHTENS UFTENYMYUSH UPITBOYFSH b UPVPK UCHPVPVDH DEKUFCHYK. OP CHNEUFE U FEN, RPMShKHSUSH OBUFTPEOYSNNY VPTGCH UPRTPPFYCHMEOYS H FPN YUYUME Y CH UCHPYI UVUFCHEOOSHCHI TSDBI, LPFPTSCHE IPFEMY FPMSHLP CHPECHBFSH, POY HRPTO UFTENYMYUSH PVYA EDYOYFSH CHUE UPRTPFYCHMEO YE, YUFPVSH RTECHTBFYFSH EZP, EUMY PLBTCEFUS CHPNPTSOSCHN, CH PTHDYE UCHPYI YUEUFPMAVYCHSHI HUFTENMEOYK.

fBL, CH PLLHRYTPCHBOOPK ʺ̱POE POI UPDBMY "OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHK ZHTPOF" ZTHRRYTPCHLH YUYUFP RBFTYPFYUEULPZP IBTBLFETB, Y PTZBOYBGYA "zhTBOFYTETSCH Y RBTFYBOSHCH ", LPFPTBS LBL VHDFP VSC RTEDOBOBYUBMBUSH YULMA YUYFEMSHOP DMS VPTSHVSCH U OENGBNY. h FY PTZBOYBGYY POY RTYCHMELBMY NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE OELPNNHOYUFYUEULIE LMENEOFSHCH, YUFPVSCH FEN UBNSCHN NBULYTPCHBFSH UCHPY ʺ̱BNSHUMSCH. SING BUSHCHMBMY UCHPYI MADEK RPD TBOSCHN CHYDPN CH THLPCHPDSEIE PTZBOSH CHUI DTHZYI PTZBOYBGIK. pjevajte RTEMPTSYMY NOE CHULPTE UCHPE UPDEKUFCHIE, RTY LFPN OY O NYOHFH OE RETEUFBCHBS MBPUMPCHYFSH RP BDTEUH "DEZPMMECHULPZP NYZHB".

uFP CE LBUBEFUS NEOS, FP S IPFEM FPMSHLP, UFPVSCH POY RTIOPUYMY RPMSH. h VPTSHVE U ChTBZPN OEMSHʺ̱S RTEOEVTEZBFSH OILBLYNY UYMBNY, J S UYUYFBM, YUFP YI HYBUFYE SCHYFUS UHEEUFCHEOOOSCHN CHLMBDPN CH FH UCHPEPVTB'OKHA CHPKOH, LPFPTBS CHEMBUSH CH HUMPC YISI PLLHRBGYY. OP UMEDPCHBMP DPVIFSHUS, YUFPVSCH POY DEKUFCHPCHBMY LBL YUBUFSH EDYOPK PTZBOYBGYY Y, ULBTSKH VEI PVYOSLPCH, RPD NPYN THLPCHPDUFCHPN. rPMBZBSUSh ChP NOPZPN O NPZHYUKHA UIMKH OBGYPOBMSHOPZP YUHCHUFCHB Y OEDPCHETYE, LPFPTPE NOE PLBSCCHBMY NBUUSCH, S UTBYH TEYIM RTEDPUFBCHYFSH YN DPMTSOPE NEUFP PE ZhTBOGKHUL MON UPRTPFICHMEOY Y DB CE, LPZDB RTYDEF CHTENS, CH EZP THLPCHPDUFCHE. pDOBLP UFPMSh CE FCHETDP S TEYIM OE DPRHUlbFSH, YuFPVSH POY UNPZMY ʺ̱BOSFSH DPNYOTHAEEEE RPMPTSEOIE, PFFEUOYFSH NEOS Y PYUKHFIIFSHUS X THLPCHPDUFCHB. ftTBZEDYS, TEYBCHYBS UHDSHVKh zhTBOGYY, DBCHBMB LFYN ZHTBOGHYBN, LPFPTSCHI CHPNKHEBCHYBS YI OEURTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH RPUFBCHYMB CHOE OBGYY, B PYVLY RPCHEMY RP MPTSOPNKh RHFY, Y UFPTYUEULKHA CHPNPTSOPUF SH CHOPCHSH UVBFSH YUBUFSHHA EDYOPK OBGYY, IPFS VSH FPMSHLP O RETYPD VPTShVSHCH. s IPFEM UDEMBFSH FBL, UFPVSCH LFB CHPNPTSOPUFSHOE VSCHMB OBCHUEZDB RPFETSOB. th FPZDB, LBL Y CH RTPYMPN, UP UMPCHBNY "dB UDTBCHUFCHHEF zhTBOGYS!" NPZMY VSC HNYTBFSH CHUE, LFP FBL YMIY YOBYUE PFDBCHBM ʺ̱B OEE UCHPA TSYOSH. h OERTETSHCHOPN DCHYTSOYY TSYOY CHUE DPLFTYOSCH, CHUE YLPMSCH, CHUE TECHPMAGY RTEIPDSEY. LPNNHOYEN OE CHEYUEO. OP JTBOGYS CHEYUB. s HCHETEO, UFP CH EE UHDSHVE VPMSHYHA TPMSH USCZTBEF CH LPOEYUOPN UYUEFE FPF ZHBLF, UFP RTY CHUEI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI PE CHTENS PUCHPPVPTSDEOYS -CH FFPF OEDPMZYK, OP TEYBAEYK RETYPD UCHPEK YUFPTYY POB VKHDEF EDYOPK, URMPYUEOOOPK OBGEK.

h PLFSVTE 1941 S HOBM, UFP CH mYUUBVPO RTYVSHM YJ zhTBOGYY TsBO nHMIO {180} , LPFPTSCHK IPFEM RPRBUFSH H mHPMP. s ʺ̱OBM, LFP VSCHM FFPF YuEMPCHEL. s ʺ̱OBM, CH YUBUFOPUFY, UFP LBL RTEZHELF DERBTFBNEOFB yT Y mHBT PO RTPSCHYM CHSHCHUPLPE NHTSEUFCHP Y DPUFPYOUFCHP CHTENS CHUFHRMEOYS OENGECH CH yBTFT. oENGSCH CHUSUEULY PULPTVMSMY EZP, TBOYMY Y VTPUIMY CH FATSHNH. h LPOGE LPOGCH ON VSCHM PUCHPPVPTSDEO, ENH RTYOEUMY Y'CHYOEOYS. CHYYUFSHCH UNEUFYMY EZP U RPUFB, Y ON OBIPDYMUS CH PRBME. s OBM, UFP PO IPFEM UMHTSYFSH. rPFPPNH S RPRTPUYM X VTYFBOULYI CHMBUFEK OBRTBCHYFSH LFPZP DPUFPKOPZP YuEMPCHELB CH BOZMYA. pDOBLP RTYYMPUSH TsDBFSH DCHB NEUSGB, UFPVSH RPMHYUYFSH YI UPMBUYE. "YOFEMMIDTSEOU UETCHYU" UFTENYMBUSH CHSKFSH nHMOB L UEVE, B PO, OBPVPTPF, FTEVPCHBM, UFPVSCH EZP PFRTTBCHYMY CH NPE TBURPTSEOIE. vMBZPDBTS OBUFPSFEMSHOPK RTPUSHVE, U LPFPTPK S CH RYUSHNEOOOPK ZHPTNE PVTBFYMUS L IDEOH, FFPF YueUFOshchk ZHTBOGHH UNPZ RTYVSHCHFSH L NEUFKH OBOBYUEOYS. CHRPUMEDUFCHY NOE UFPYMP FBLYI CE KHUYMYK PVEUREYUYFSH EZP CHPCHTBEEOYE PE JTBOGYA. CH CBO nHMO DP PFYAEDB H mpodpo YNEM NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE CHUFTEYUY U RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY CHUEI PTZBOYBGYY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS Y, LTPNE FPZP, UPODYTPCHBM RPYUCHH H TBMYUOSCHI RPMYFYYUEULYI, LPOPNYYUE ULYI Y BDNYOYUFTBFICHOSCHI UZHETBI. prema IPTPYP OBM PVUFBOPCHLH FBN, ZDE M U UBNPZP OBYUBMB RTEDPMBZBM EZP YURPMSHʺ̱PCHBFSH. PO DEMBM SUOSCHE RTEMPTSEOIS Y UEFLP Yʺ̱MBZBM UCHPY RTPUSHVSCH.

FFPF Yuempchel, EEE NPMPDPK, OP HCE OBLPRYCHYK UMHTSEVOSCHK PRSHCHF, VSCHM FPK TSE BLBMLY, UFP Y CHUE NPY MKHYYYE URPDCHYTSOYLY. CHUEK DHYPK MAVSEYK JTBOGYA, HVETSDEOOSHK CH FPN, UFP "DEZPMMYʺ̱N" DPMTSEO VSHFSH OE FPMSHLP YOUFTHNEOFPN VPTSHVSHCH, OP Y DCHYTSHEEK UIMPK CHUSLPZP PVOPCHMEOYS, KhCHETEOOSHK CH FPN, UFP ChPRMPEEOOYEN ZPUHDBTUFCH B SCHMSEFUS "UCHPVPDOBS ZhTBOGIS", PO UFTENIMUS L VPMSHYN DEMBN. L FPNKh CE, VHDKHYU YUEMPCHELPN BDTBCHPNSHUMSEYN, FTEYCHP PGEOYCHBS CHEEY Y MADEK, PO PYUEOSH PVDHNBOOP YEM RP RHFY, KHUESOOPN MPCHHYLBNY RTPFYCHOYLB Y RTERSFUFCHYSNY, LPFPT SCHE UPDBMY DTHSHS. CHETYCHYK CH UCHPE DEMP, TBUYUEFMICHSHCHK, OE UPNOECHBAEYKUS OY CH YUEN Y YOYUENKH OE DPCHETSAEIK, BRPUFPM Y PDOCHTENEOOP YURPMOYFEMSH, nKHMYO BL 18 NEUSGECH CHSHCHRPMOYM CHBTSOEKYHA BDBYU X: EDYOUFCHP H DCHYTSEOY uPRTPFYCHMEOYS, UHEEUFCHPCHBCHYEE, RP UHFY DEMB, UYNCHPMYUEULY, PO RTECHTBFYM CH TEBMSHOPE EDYOUFCHP. ʺBFEN, UFBCH CETFCHPK RTEDBFEMSHUFCHB, RETEOEUS FATSHNH Y TSEUFPLYE RSHCHFLY RPDMPZP CHTBZB, TSBO nKHMO PFDBM TSYOSH ʺ̱B zhTBOGYA, LBL Y NOPZYE DTHZYE ITBVTSCHE UPMDBFSCH, LPF PTSCHE O CHYDH X CHUIEI YMY CH RPDRPMSHE RPPUCHSEBMY DPMZYE OPYU VPTSHVE, YUFPVSCH ULPTEE OBUFKHRIM TBUUCHEF.

NSC HUMPCHYMYUSH, UFP PO RPUFBTBEFUS UOBYUBMB RTPCHEUFY TBVPFKh PTZBOYBGYSI uPRTPFYCHMEOYS ATsOPK BPOSCH, YUFPVSH HVEDYFSH YI UPDBFSH RPD EZP THLPCHPDUFCHPN PVEYK PTZBO, LPFPTSCHK VSHM VSH OERPU TEDUFCHEOOP UCHSBO U OBGPYPOBMSHOSHCHN LPNYFEFPN, DBCHBM PVEYE HLBBOYS Y BOINBMUS TEYOYEN CHOHFTEOOOYI URPTPCH. RP PLPOYUBOYY FFK TBVPFSCH nHMYO DPMTSEO VSCHM ʺBOSFSHUS UECHETOPC ʺ̱POPC, UFPVSCH RPRSCHFBFSHUS PTZBOYPCHBFSH DMS CHUK FETTYFPTYY EDYOSCHK UPCHEF UPRTPFICHMEOYS, UCHSBOOSHCHK UP u TBTSBAEKUS zhTBOG YEK. OP LBL FPMSHLP YBYMB TEYUSH P UPDBOYY EDYOPZP PTZBOB, LPFPTSHCHK CHPZMBCHYM VSC CH NEFTPRPMY CHUE PTZBOYBGYY, HYUBUFCHPCHBCHYYE CH DCHYTSEOY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS, CHPOYLMP D ChB CHPRTPUB: P RPMYFYUEULYI RB TFYSI Y P CHOKHFTEOOYI CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI UIMBI CH UFTBOE.

rTYOYNBS CHP CHOYNBOYE FPMSHLP RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOSHCHK, OP PFOADSHOE THLPCHPDSEIK IBTBLFET, LPFPTSHCHK NOE IPFEMPUSH RTYDBFSH FFPNH uPCHEFH (UFP CHRPUMEDUFCHY Y HDBMPUSH PUKHEUFCHY FSH), SOE DKHNBM YULMAYUB FSH Yʺ̱ OEZP RBTFYY. CHIPTSDEOYE YI CH UPCHEF VSCHMP OEYJVETSOP. ChRTPYUEN, RP NPENKH NOOYA, OBJI OYUYBUFSHS PVYASUOSMYUSHOE UHYUFCHPCHBOYEN RBTFYK, B FEN, UFP, RPMShKHSUSH OBYNYNY RTYYEDYNYH CH CHEFIPUFSH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHNY HUTETSDEOYSNNY, POY OEEB LPOOP RTYUCHBYCHB MOJA UEVE CHMBUFSH. CHPF RPYUENKh, RTYOBCHBS RB RBTFYSNNY YI TPMSH, SOE CEMBM, YUFPVSCH FERETSH POI PLBBMYUSH PE ZMBCHE UPRTPFICHMEOYS. OH CH LPEK NETE OY YI IDEY, OH YI DESFEMSHOPUFSHOE SCHMSMYUSH YUFPUOYILPN UPRTPPFYCHMEOYS, RPFPNKH YUFP CHUE LFY RBTFYY VE YULMAYUEOYS PLBBMYUSH OEUPUFPSFEMSHOSCHNY H TEYBAEYK NPNEOPH. OP EEE CHUETB RETETSYCHBCHYE LTYYU H TEEKHMSHFBFE LBFBUFTPZHSHCH, SING OBYUYOBMY FERETSH HLTERMSFSHUS. yI PFDEMSHOSHCH MENEOFSHCH, CHUFHRBS CH DCHYTSEOYE UPRTPFYCHMEOYS, ZTHRRYTPCHBMYUSH NETSDH UPVPK, RTYDETTSYCHBSUSH TBNPL RTETSOYI PFOPIOYEK.

rTBCHDB, MYYICHYUSH LMYEOFKhTSCH RTEDNEFB UCHPYI ʺBVPF, B FBLCE CHPNPTSOPUFY ʺBOINBFSHUS LPNVIOBGYSNNY Y FPTZPCHBFSHUS Yʺ̱-ʺB RPTFZHEMEK, POI DKHNBMY Y DBCHB MY RPCPD DKhNBFSH, UFP ChPʺ̱Ch TBEBAFUS L YuYUFSHCHN YUFPLBN UCHPEZP UHEEUFCHPCHBOIS, FP EUFSH L YDEBMBN UPHYBMSHOPK URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY, LHMShFH OBGYPOBMSHOSHHI FTBDYGYK, RTPRCHEDY U CHEFULPZP IBTBLFETB ZPUHDBTUFCHB Y ZPTSUYN ITYUFYBOULYN YUKHCHUFCHBN. YI UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE PTZBOYBGYY, PUOPCHBFEMSHOP PYUEEEOOOSCHHE, IPFEMY, LBMPUSH, FPMSHLP PDOPZP: OENEDMEOOP CHOEUFY UCHPK CHLMBD H VPTSVH, YURPMSHSHS FE YMYY YOSCHE FE ODEOHY PVEEUFCHEOOPZP NOOEOYS. NETsDH FEN RPUMEDOEE OBYUYOBMP PGEOYCHBFSH RP DPUFPYOUFCHKH HNEMSHE DEKUFCHYS LFYI IPTPYP OBLPNSHI ENH PTZBOYBGIK, FEN VPMEE UFP POY PFTElbMYUSH PF UCHPYI RTETSOYI PYVPL . oblpoeg, b rpchedeoyen rbtfykoshchi DESFEMEK CHOYNBFEMSHOP UMEDYMY UPAYOYLY. dPVYCHBSUSH EDYOUFCHB OBGYY, RTYIPDYMPUSH UYUYFBFSHUS U ZhBLFBNY. h U FYN S DBM nHMYOH YOUFTHLGYA CH OBDMETSBEIK NPNEOF CHCHEUFY CH upChEF, LPFPTSHCHK RTEDPMBZBMPUSH UPDBFSH, DEMESBFCH PF RBTFYK OBTSDH U RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY TB MYUOSCHI PTZBOYBGIK UPRTPFICHMEOYS.

eUMY S TBUUYUYFSHCHCHBM FBLYN RHFEN DPVYFSHUS OELPFPTPZP EDYOUFCHB CH RPMYFYUEULPK VPTSHVE ZhTBOGYY, FP FPZP TSE S IPFEM DPUFYUSH Y CH CHPPTKhTSEOOPK VPTSHVE. h LFPN PFOPIEOYY RETCHBS FTHDOPUFSH RPTPTSDBMBUSH UBNYNY PTZBOYBGYSNNY UPRTPPFYCHMEOYS, LPFPTSHCHE, UPDBCHBS VPECHCHE PFTSDSCH, IPFEMY UPITBOYFSH OBD OYNY UCHPA CHMBUFSH. l FPNKh CE, SB YULMAYUEOYEN OEULPMSHLYI ZPTOSCHI YMY FTHDOPDPUFHROSCHI TBKPOPCH, LFY PFTSDSH NPZMY UHEEUFCHPCHBFSH MYYSH CH CHYDE NEMLYI ZTHRR. fBL VSHMP, CH YUBUFOPUFY, CH "NBLY", ZDE ZHPTNYTPCHBMYUSH ZTHHRRSCH RBTFIYBO CH PUOPCHOPN Yʺ̱ MADEK, HLMPOICHYIUS PF PFRTBCHLY CH ZETNBOYA Y LPFPTSHCHN RTYIPDYMPUSH ULTSCHCHBFSHUS CH UEMSHU LPK NEUFOPUFY. pF OII RPFPNKh NPTSOP VSHCHMP PTSYDBFSH FPMSHLP RBTFIYBOULPK CHPKOSHCH, LPFPTBS DBMB VSH CHEUSHNB LIZHZHELFYCHOSCHE TEHMSHFBFSCH, EUMY VSH YI TBTPIOOSCHE DEKUFCHYS UFBMY YUBU FSA PVEEK UZMBUPCHBOOPK VPTSHVSH CH. fBLYN PVTBBPN, RTEDPUFBCHMSS TBMYUOSCHN ZTHRRBN CHPNPTSOPUFSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH BCHFPOPNOP, OHTSOP VSCHMP TBTEYFSH RTPVMEH, UPUFPSEKHA CH FPN, UFPVSCH UPEDYOYFSH YI NETSDH UPV PC U RPNPESHA ZYVLPK, OP DEKUFC HEOOOPK PTZBOYBGYY, RPDYOSAEEKUS OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP NOE. FP RP'CHPMYMP VSC OBNEFIFSH DMS OII CH ZHPTNE RMBOB, UPZMBUPCHBOOPZP U UPAOSCHN LPNBODPCHBOYEN, PVEYE BDBYUY, LPFPTSCHE POI CHSHCHRPMOSMMY VSC CH ʺ̱BCHYUYNPUFY PF PVUFBOPCHLY Y, CH YUBUFOPUFY, FPZDB, LPZDB PUHEEUFCHYFUS OBLPOYEG (!) CHCHUBDLB UPAOSCHI CHPKUL CH ECHTPRE. s RPTHUIM nHMYOH DPVYFSHUS PF PTZBOYBGIK UPRTPFYCHMEOYS LFPZP LMENEOFBTOPZP CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS YI CHPEOOSHHI ZTHRR. noe RTYYMPUSH, PDOBLP, TsDBFSH OEULPMSHLP NEUSGECH, RTETSDE YUEN HDBMPUSH UPDBFSH CH MYGE ZEOETBMB DEMEUFTOB LPNBODPCHBOYE FBKOPC BTNYY.

CBO nHMO VSCHM UVTPYEO O RBTBYAFE O AZE JTBOGYY CH OPYUSH O RETCHPE SOCHBTS. h OEZP VSHMP NPE RTEDRYUBOYE, UZMBUOP LPFPTPNKH PO OBOBYUBMUS NPYN DEMEZBFPN CH OEPLLHRITCHBOOPK OYE NEFTPRPMYY U BDBYUK PVEUREYUYFSH EDYOUFCHP DEKUFCHYK TBMYU OSCHI ZTHRR uPRTPFYCHMEOYS. EZP RPMONPPUYS RPFPNKH OE NPZMY CH RTYOGYRE PURBTYCHBFSHUS. oP ENH RTEDUFPSMP PUKHEUFCHYFSH YI RTY NPEK RPDDETZLE. h UFYN VSHMP TEYEOP, UFP YNEOOP PO SCHYFUS PE zhTBOGYY GEOPTBMSHOSHCHN CHEOPN OBYI UCHSHEK -RTETSDE CHUEZP U ATSOPK ʺ̱POPK, B RP NET CHPNPTSOPUFY Y U UECHETOPC; UFP H EZP TBURPTSEOY VHDHF OBIPDYFSHUS UTEDUFCHB UCHSY; UFP L OENH VHDHF RTYLTERMEOSCH GENERAL UCHSOSCHE; UFP PO VHDEF PUCHEDPNMEO P RETEVTPULE OBYEZP MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB, ZTHHHCH, LPTTEURPODEOGYY BOZMYY PE zhTBOGYA Y PVTBFOP; OBLPOEG, UFP ON VKHDEF RPMKHYUBFSH Y TBURTEDEMSFSH DEOETSOSCHE UTEDUFCHB, OBRTBCHMSCHE OBNY DMS TBMYUOSHI PTZBOYBHYK, DEKUFCHHAEYI CH NEFTPRPMYY. U FYNY RPMOPNPYUSNY nHMYO RTYUFHRYM L DEMKH.

RP EZP YOYGYBFICHE, RPDDETSBOOPK UOYEKH, THLPCHPDYFEMY PTZBOYBGYY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS ATSOPK POSHCH CHULPTE PVEYNY KHUIMISNY UCHPEZP TPDB UPCHEF, RTEDUEDBFEMEN LPFPTP ZP VSCHM RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH o OBGIPOB-u MSHOPZP LPNYFEFB. h NBTFE POI PRHVMYLPCHBMY UPCHNEUFOHA DELMBTBGYA RPD OBCHBOYEN "EDYOBS VPTSHVB, EDYOSCHK THLPCHPDYFEMSH", PVSHSUSH PUHEEUFCHMSFSH EDYOUFCHP DEKUFCHYK Y ʺ̱BSCHMSS, UFP POI VPTAFUS RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN ZEOET BMB DE zPMMS. h DESFEMSHOPUFY TBMYUOSCHI PTZBOYBGYK UFBM CHPGBTSFSHUS RPTSDPL. zPFPCHIMPUSH PVYAEDYOEOYE NETPRTYSFIK CH PFOPIOYY CHPEOYYBGYY RBTFYBOWULYI ZTHRR. h FP TSE CHTENS U OBYEK RPNPESHHA nHMO UPDBM RTY UCHPEK DEMEZBGYY GEOPHTMBMY'PCHBOOSCHE PTZBOSHCH.

fBL, OBRTYNET, "UMHTSVB ChPDHYOSCHI Y NPTULYI PRETBGYK" RPMHYUBMB OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP PF RPMLPCHOILB dechbchteob YOUFTHLGYY PFOPUYFEMSHOP RTYVSHCHFIYS Y PFRTBCHLY UBNPMEFPCH Y UH DPC. LBCDSCHK NEUSG H MHOOSCHE OPYUY UBNPMEFSHCH "MYUBODT" YMY VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLY, CHEDPNSHCHE FBLYNY RYMPFBNY, LBL MPTBOY Y MYCHTY-MECHEMSH, LPFPTSCHE NBUFETULY URTBCHMSMYUSH U FYN Y NEMSCHNY PRETBGYSNY, UPCHETYBM Y RPUBDLY H OBNEYUEOOOSCHI RHOLFBI. MADY, LPFPTSHCHE RPUFPSOOP TYULPCHBMY UCHPEK TSYOSHA, PVEUREYUYCHBMY UYZOBMYBGYA, RTYEN YMY PFRTBCHMEOYE RBUUBTSYTPCH Y ZTHHCHCH Y PITBOH. yuBUFP RTYIPDYMPUSH RTYOYNBFSH LPOFEKOETSCH, LPFPTSHCHE UVTBUSCHCHBMYUSH O RBTBYAFBI CH HUFBOCHMEOOOSHI NEUFBI, RTSFBFSH Y TBURTEDEMSFSH UPDETTSBCHYEUS CH OYI ZTKHSHCH. "UMHTsVB TBDYP", LPFPTHA tsAMYFF PTZBOY'PCHBM OB NEUFE, DEKUFCHPCHBMB FBLTS RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN nHMOB, RETEDBCHBS H mPODPO Y RPMHYUBS PFFHDB ECENEUSYUOP UPFOY, B EBFEN F SCHUSYU FEMEZTBNN, OERTETSHCHCH OP NEOSS NEUFPRPMPTSEOYE UCHPYI TBDYPUFBOGYK, PVOBTKhTSEOOSCHI RTPFYCHOYLPN, Y CHPURPMOSS RP NETE CHPNPTSOPUFY UCHPY VPMSHYYE RPFETY. nHMYO UPDBM FBLTSE "VATP REYUBFY Y YOZHPTNBGYY" PE ZMBCHE U tPTTSEN VYDP {181} . hYUTETSDEOOSHCHK RTY OEN "ZMBCHOSCHK OBHYUOP-YUUMEDPCHBFEMSHULYK LPNYFEF", CH LPFTPN TBVPFBMY vBUFYD, mBLPUF, DE nBOFPO, rBTPDY, FEFTSEO, LHTFEO, DEVTE, UPUFBCHMSM RTPEL FSH O VKHDHEEE. vMPL-MEOE THLPCHPDYM RP RPTHYUEOYA DEMEZBGYY ZHJOBOPCHSHCHNY PRETBGYSNY Y ITBOYM DEOETSOSCHE UTEDUFCHB, RPMKHYUEOOSHCH Y mpodpob. fBLYN PVTBBPN, Yuete RPUTEDUFCHP nHMOB, DETTSBCHYEZP H UCHPYI THLBI PUOPCHOSCHE OIFY THLPCHPDUFCHB, DESFEMSHOPUFSH OBYEZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB UFBMB DBCHBFSH RTBLFYUEULYE TEEKH MSHFBFShch. FP RPDFCHETSDBMY H RETCCHHE CE NEUSGSCHCH 1942

h YI YUYUME VSCHM SJENA. h PDOH Y ZHECHTBMSHULYI OPYUK ON RTYCHE Y RBTYTSB UCHSHLY DPLKHNEOPCH DMS OBYYI UMHTsV, B NPEK TSEOE BYBMYA CH GCHEFPYUOPN ZPTYLE, LHRMEOOHA O HMYGE TKHBKBMSH. DEFEMSHOPUFSH EZP UEFY "LPOZHTETY OPFT-dBN" VSCHMB CH RPMOPN TBZBTE.

obrtynet, oh pdyo y oenegliyi obdchpdoshchi LPTBVMEK OE NPZ RPKFI CH vTEUF, mPTYBO, obof, tpyzhpt, mb-tpyemsh, vptdp VSHCHM PV LFPN PUCHEDPNMEO FEMEZTBNNPK. OH PDOP CHTBTSEULPE UPPTKhTSEOIE OE NPZMP VSHFSH RPUFTPEOP O VETEZH MB-nBOYB YMY O bFMBOFYUEULPN RPVETETSHE H YBUFOPUFY, O VBBI RPCHPDOSCHHI MPDPL VE FPZP, YuFPVSH EZP TBURPMPTSEOYE Y RMBO OE UFBMY UTBYH TSE Y'CHEUFOSHCH UP. LTPNE FPZP, SHAD NEFPDYUEULY HUFBOBCHMYCHBM UCHSKY MYVP U DTKHZYNY UEFSNNY, MYVP U PTZBOYBGYSNNY UPRTPPFYCHMEOYS PLLHRITCHBOOPK ʺ̱POSHCH, MYVP U LPNNHOYUFBNY. rPUMEDOYE, CHUFTEFYCHYUSH U OIN OEBDPMZP DP PFYAEDB, RPTHUIMY RETEDBFSH NOE, UFP POY ZPFPCHSH RTYOBFSH NPE THLPCHPDUFCHP Y RPUMBFSH RPMOOPNPYUOPZP RTEDUFBCHYFEMS H mHMP H NPE TBURPTSEOIE.

h NBTFE H mPODPO RTYVSHM OBFTY NEUGB Y RTCHEM U OBNY PYUEOSH RPMEYOKHA TBVPFKH PYO Y THLPCHPDYFEMEK PTZBOYBGYY "PUCHPVTSDEOYE UECHETB" Y DPCHETEOOPE MYGP RTPZHUPAJPCH RY OP. h BRTEME OBU RPUEFYM nNNBOAMSH D "BUFSHE, ChPPTKhTSEOOSCHK TBBOSHCHNY RTPELFBNY Y TBUYUEFBNY, Y WITH UYUEM OHTSOSCHN OBRTBCHYFSH EZP DP ChPCHTBEEOYS PE zhTBOGYA CH upedyooeooshche yFBFSCHK , UFPVSCH ON CHEU FBN SUOPUFSH CH OELPFPTSHCHE CHPRTPUSCH, UCHSBOOSHCH U UPRTPFICHMEOYEN. {182} . OD VSHCHM RPMPO CHUSLYI UBNSHCHI CHSHCHUPLYI RPMYFYYUEULYI YDEK, ZMHVPLP ULPTVEM P UHDSHVE ZhTBOGYY, CHCHEZOHFPK CH LBFBUFTPZHKH, TsDBM PUCHPVTSDEOYS FPMSHLP PF "DEZPMMYYNB", LPFPT SCHK OD CHPCHEM CH D PLFTYOH. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY NA SCHYMUS PDOIN Y ChDPIOPCHYFEMEK OBYEZP UPRTPFYCHMEOYS H UFTBOE. OP PDOBTSDShCH, CHSHCHRPMOSS RPTKHYUEOOPE ʺ̱BDBOYE, vTPUUPMEF VSCHM UICBYEO CHTBZPN Y RPLPOYUYM TSJOSH UBNPKHVIKUFCHPN, OE OBDESUSH O UCHPY UYMSCH. kod RPUMBOISNY PF OELPFPTSCHI RBTMBNEOFULYI DESFEMEK RTYVSHCHM FBLCE TPL, LPFPTSCHK CHRPUMEDUFCHYY VSCHM BTEUFPCHBO Y HVYF. y PLLHRYTPCHBOOPK POSC RTYEIIBM RPMSh UYNPO, RPUMBOOSCHK "zTBTSDBOULPK Y CHPEOOPC PTZBOYBGEK" DMS HUFBOPCHMEOYS UCHSY. UYNPO U EZP ZPTSYUYN KHNPN Y IPMPDOK TEYNPUFSHHA PLBBM uPRTPFYCHMEOYA VPMSHYYE HUMKHZY. OD VSHCHM HVYF CHTBZPN OBLBOHOE PUCHPPVPTSDEOYS. oblpoeg, h mpodpo YYASCHYMY TSEMBOYE RTYEIIBFSH zhYMYR, yBTMSh chBMEO, chSEOP, dBOYIMSH NEKET Y DTHZYE.

nPY VEUEDSH U UFYNY MADSHNY, H VPMSHYOUFCHE UCHPEN NPMPDSCHNY, RSHCHMLYNY, OBUFPKYUYCHSHCHNY H VPTSHVE Y CH UCHPYI UFTENMEOYSI, RPLBBMY NOE, DP LBLPK UFEREOY VSCHM DYULTEDYFYTPCHBO CH ZMB ʺ̱BI ZHTBOGKHʺ̱ PCH TETSYN, UHEEUFCHPCHBCHYYK CH UFTBOE CH NPNEOF LBFBUFTPZHSHCH. dCHYTSEOYE UPRTPFYCHMEOYS VSCHMP OE FPMSHLP CHURSHCHYLPK OBYEK DP LTBKOPUFY PUMBVMEOOPK PVTPPOSHCH. Pop RPTPTSDBMP FBLTS OBDETSDH O PVOCHMEOYE. eUMMY FPMSHLP UPRTPPFYCHMEOYE OE TBURSHMYFUS RPUME RPVESHCH, NPTsOP VSHMP OBDESFSHUS, UFP POP UFBOEF TSHCHUBZPN ZMHVPLYI RTEPVTBBPCHBOYK CHUEK UYUFENSCH Y YYTPLYI KHUYMYK OBGYY. CHUFTEYUBSUSH U THLPCHPDYFEMSNY upRTPFYCHMEOYS, PFLMYLOKHCHYNYUS OB NPK RTYJSHCHCH, S DKHNBM, UFP, NPTCEF VSHCHFSH, FE Yʺ̱ OYI, LFP PUFBOEFUS CH TSYCHSHI, PVTBYHAF CHPLTKhZ NEOS THLPCHPDS EEE SDTP DMS CHEM YLYI RAČUNOVODSTVO PE YNS PVEEYUEMPCHEYUEULYI Y ZHTBOGKHULYI RTYOGYRPCH. OP LFP VSCMP VSC TEBMSHOP MYYSH RTY KHUMPCHYY, UFP, LPZDB NYOKHEF PRBUOPUFSH, POY RPDYOSFUS FPK DYUGYRMMYOE HNB Y YUKHCHUFCH, VEY LPFPTPK OYUEZP OE UDEMBEYSH Y LPFPTBS URMPF YMB YI O FFPF TB.

PE CHUSLPN UMHYUBE, OBUFKHRYM NPNEOF, LPZDB S DPMTSEO VSCM U UPZMBUYS CHUEZP upRPTPFYCHMEOYS Y PF UCHPEZP YNEOY RTCHPZMBUIFSH GEMSH, L LPFPTPK NSC UFTENYMYUSH. FPK GEMSHA VSCHMP PUCHPPVTsDEOYE CH RPMOPN UNSHUME UMCHB, FP EUFSH PUCHPPVTsDEOYE LBL YuEMPCHELB, FBL Y TPDYOSCH. s RTCHPYZMBUYM EE H ZHPTNE NBOYZHEUFB, RTYOSFPZP OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHN LPNYFEFPN RPUME FPZP, LBL PTZBOYBGYY upRTPFYCHMEOYS Y NPY RTEDUFBCHYFEMY PE zhTBOGY CHSHCHULBMY P O EN UCHPE NOOEOYE. h NBOYZHEUFE S ʺ̱BSCHMSM, UFP, TEYYCH PFUFPSFSH UCHPPVDH, YuEUFSH Y VEEPRPBUOPUFSH zhTBOGYY CH NYTE RHFEN HOYUFPTSEOIS CHTBZB, NSC ObnetechBENUS ZBTBOFYTPCHBFSH Yi LBTsDPNKh ZHTBOGHH Y LBTsDPK ZHTBOGHTSEOLE, UN EOICH OEDPUFPKOSHCHK TETSYN, RTY LPFTPN NOPZYE ZTBTSDBOE VSCHMY YI MYOEOSCH. fBLYN PVTBBPN, S PUKhTsDBM LBL "FPF NPTBMSHOSHCHK, UPGYBMSHOSHCHK, RPMYFYUEULYK Y LPOPNYYUEULIK TETSYN, LPFPTSCHK RBM CHP CHTENS RPTBTSEOIS", FBL Y "TETSYN, CHPOYLYK CH" TEUKHMSHFBFE RTEUFHROPK LBRYF HMSGYY". y S HFCETTSDBM: "pVYAEDDYOSSUSH DMS RPVEDCH, ZHTBOGKHULYK OBTPD UPEDYOSEFUS DMS TECHPMAGYY". NBOYZHEUF VSHCHM PRHVMYLPCHBO 23 JAOS 1942 CHUEI RPDRPMSHOSCHHI ZBEFBI PVEYI PO Y RETEDBO RP TBDYP Yʺ̱ vTBʺ̱BCHYMS, VETKHFB Y mpodpob.

h FFPF RETYPD ČITANJE ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN HUMPCHYS VPTSHVSCH CH NEFTPRPMYY CHSHCHOKHTSDBMY NEOS PUFBCHMSFSH OBGIPOBMSHOSHCHK LPNYFEF H mpodpoe. pDOBLP S YUBUFP DHNBM P RETEOEUEOYY EZP DEFEMSHOPUFY O ZHTBOGHULHA FETTYFPTYA, OBRTYNET H vTBʺ̱BCHYMSH. ffpf chprtpu chufbchbm pupveoop puftp FPZDB, LPZDB Ch OP CH FBLYI UMHYUBSI S PFCHEYUBM UEVE: “LBL Y ZMHVYOSCH BZHTYLY UOPUYFSHUS U TPDYOPK, ZPCHPTYFSH U OEK, THLPCHPDYFSH UPRTPFYCHMEOYEN? b CH CHEMYLPVTYFBOYY, OBRTPFYCH, YNEAFUS CHUE OEVPVIPDYNSHCHE UTEDUFCHB UCHSHY Y YOZHPTNBGYY. l FPNKh CE GENERAL KHUYMYS RP MYOYY DYRMPNBFYUEULYI PFOPIEOIK U UPAOSCHNY RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHBNY FTEVPCHBMY UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYI LPOFBLFPCH, PVUFBOPCHLY, LPFPTSHHE YNEMYUSH CH BOZMYKUL PC UFPMYGE Y LPFPTS CHI NShch, LPOEYUOP, VSHMY VSH MYEOOSCH O VETEZBI lPOZP. oBLPOEG, S DPMTSEO VSHCHFSH RPUFPSOOP UCHSBO U FENNY OBYNY YUBUFSNY, LPFPTSHCHE NPZKhF DYUMPGYTPCHBFSHUS FPMSHLP O VTYFBOULYI PUFTCHBI.

rPFPNH RP CHPʺ̱CHTBEEOYY U chPUFPLB S HUFBOCHYM UCHPA TEYDEOGYA H mPODPOE. fBN S RTPVSM DEUSFSH UNUSGECH.

s RTYRPNYOBA UEKYUBU UCHPA TSYOSH FPZP RETYPDB. oEFTHDOP RPCHETYFSH, UFP POB VSCHMB BRPMOEOOPK. lPTPYUE ZPCHPTS, S RPUEMIMUS CH ZPUFYOYGE "lPOOPF". lTPNE FPZP, S UOYNBM UOBYUBMB CH MUNYTE (CH yTPRYTE), BLFEN CH VETLINUFEDE VMYY UFPMYGSC DBYUH, CH LPFPTPK RTCHPDYM LBTsDHA UHVVPFH Y CHPULTUEOSHE U TsOPK Y DPUETSHHA BOOP K. rPJCE NSC RETEEIIBMY CH LCHBTFBM inNRUFED CH mPODPOE. zhYMYRR RPUME RPUFHRMEOYS H NPTULCHA YLPMH RMBCHBEF Y CHPAEF CH bFMBOFYUEULPN PLEBOE O VPTFH LPTCHFB "tPEMYU", B EBFEN O mb-nBOYE RPNPEOYLPN LPNBODYTB FPTREDOPZP LB FETB "96". MYIBVEF, TSYCHHEBS CH RBOUIPOBFE "dBN DE UYPO", ZPFCHYFUS L ʺ̱BOSFYSN CH PLUZHPTDE. rPCHUADH OBUEMEOYE FBLFYUOP CHSCHTBTSBEF OBN UCHPY UINRBFYY. lBTsDPE NPE PZHYGYBMSHOPE RPSCHMEOYE CHUFTEYUBEFUS U CHPPDHYECHMEOYEN; BOZMYUBOOE RTPSCHMSAF CHETSMYCHHA RTEDHRTEDIFEMSHOPUFSH, LPZDB CHYDSF NEOS U WENSHEK O HMYGE, CH LYOP YMY O RTPZKHMLE CH RBTLE. fBL O UPVUFCHEOOPN PRSHCHFE S HVETSDBAUSH CH FPN, YUFP LBTsDSHK RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH FFPZP CHEMILPZP OBTPDB HCHBTsBEF UCHPPVPDH DTHZYI.

yuBEE CHUEZP NPK DEOSH RTPIPDYF CH lBTMFPO-ZBTDEOU. fBN S ChSCHUMHYYCHBA PFUEFSHCH, RPMHYUBA RYUSHNB Y FEMEZTBNNSC PF zhTBOUKHB lHME, UFBCHYEZP OBYUBMSHOILPN LBVYOEFB RPUME FPZP, LBL lKhTUEMSH HEIBM CH MYCHYA LPNBODPCHBFSH PFTSDPN VT POENBYO, Y PF VYKPFFB, OBYUBMSHOILB NPEZP YFBVB, UNEYICHYEZP O LFPN RPUFH DCHHI MYG: REFY, LPFPTSCHK LPNBODYTPCHBO CH nPULCHH , Y pTFPMY, LPFPTSHCHK LPNBODHEF LPOFTNYOPOPUGEN "fTYPNZHBO". fBN uKHUFEMSH DPLMBDSCHCHBEF NOE P RPUFKHRYCHYEK OB DEOSH YOZHPTNBGYY; rBUUY-DECHBCHTEO RTYOPUYF PFUEFSHCH, RPMHYUEOOOSCHHE YJ zhTBOGYY; yHNBO RPMHYUBEF PF NEOS HLBBOYS PFOPUYFEMSHOP UCHPYI CHSHCHUFHRMEOYK RP TBDYP. fBN S TEYBA DEMPCHSHCHE CHPRTPUSCH U OBGIPOBMSHOSHCHNY LPNYUUBTBNY Y OBYUBMSHOILBNY UMHTsV, RTYOYNBA RPUEFYFEMEK YMY RTYZMBYEOOSCHI MYG, PFDBA RTYLBSCH Y YOUFTHLGYY, RPDRY USCHCHBA DELTEFSHCH. yuBUFP S ʺ̱BCHFTBLBA, B YOPZDB Y PVEDBA CH PVEEUFCHE UPASOSCHI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK YMY ZHTBOGHʺ̱PCH, U LPFPTSCHNY NOE OHTSOP RETEZPCHPTYFSH. uFP LBUBEFUS VPMSHYPK DMS NEOS TBVPFSCH RP TEDBLFYTPCHBOYA UCHPYI CHSHUFHRMEOYK, FP S HER DEMBA DPNB RP CHEYUETBN YMY CH CHPULTEUEOSHE. ChP CHUSLPN UMHYUBE, S UFBTBAUSHOE NEVYBFSH TBVPFE UMHTSV OETBUYEFMICHSHCHN TBURTEDEMEOYEN ČITANJE. lBL RTBCHYMP, CH lBTMFPO-ZBTDEOU OILFP, BL YULMAYUEOYEN YZHTPCHBMShOPZP VATP, OPYUSHA OE TBVPFBEF.

pDOBLP S DPMTSEO VSHM EEE DEMBFSH NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE CHYIFSHCH. oEBCHYUYNP PF VEUED U BOZMYKULYNY NYOYUFTBNY, BUEDBOYK YFBVB, GETENPOYK, O LPFPTSCHHE NEOS RTYZMBYBEF BOZMYKULPE YMY DTHZPE UPAOPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP, S PFRTBCHMSAU SH RTY UMKHYUBE CH PYO YY GEO FTCH JTBOGKHULPK TSOYOY CH mPODPOE. "ZHTBOGKHULYK YOUFYFHF", UTBYKH TSE RTYUPEDYOYCHYKUS L OBYENKH DEMKH MMYGE UCHPEZP DYTELFPTTB RTPZHEUUPTB UPTB, RTEDPUFBCHMSEF OBYN UPPFEYUEUFCHEOOILBN GEOOSCHE ChPNPTSOPUFY D MS HYUEVSHCH Y BLFICH OPK DHIPCHOPK TSOYOY. "ZHTBOGKHULPE PVYAEDYOEOYE" RTPDPMTSBEF UCHPE DEMP RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN FENHOB Y NBDNHBEMSH UBMSHNPO. "dPN yOUFYFHFB zhTBOGYY" CHRMPFSH DP FPZP CHEYUETB, LPZDB PO VSCHM TBTKHYEO VPNVBNY, RPIPTPOYCH RPD PVMPNLBNY UCHPEZP BDNYOYUFTBFPTB TPVETB LTA, DPUFBCHMSEF Yʺ̱ UCHPEK VY VMYPFELY OHTSOKHA OBYN UM HTsVBN DPLKHNEOFBGYA. "dTHʺ̱SHS ZHTBOGKHULYI DPVTCHPMSHGECH" - PVEEUFCHP, THLPCHPDYNPE MPTDPN FYTTEMMPN, MPTDPN DE MB hPTT, MPTDPN bKCHPTPN yuETYuYMMEN Y UPUFPSEE ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN Y BOZMYUBO, B FBLTS "LPPTDYOBGIPOOSCHK LP NYFEF UTTBTSBAEKUS JTBOGYY" CH yPFMBODY RPD RTEDUEDBFEMSHUFCHPN OBYEZP DTHZB MPTDB IOCHETLMBKDB PLBSCHCHBAF ZhTBOGKHULYN VPTGN X NEMHA Y CHEMILPDHYOHA RPNPEŠ . "ZhTBOGHULBS FPTZPCHBS RBMBFB" RPUTEDOYUBEF CH FPCHBTPPVNEOE NETSDH CHEMYLPVTYFBOYEK Y FETTYFPTYSNNY, RTYUPEDYOYCHYNYUS L "UCHPVDOPK ZhTBOGYY". "rTYENOSCHK GEOFT "UCHPVDPDPK JTBOGYY" VETEF O UCHPE RPREYEOOYE CHUEI RTYVSHCHCHBAEYI U TPDYOSCH. «ZhTBOGKHULYK ZPURYFBMSH» MEYUYF NOPZYI OBYYI TBOEOSCHI. hyubufchxs h DESFEMSHOPUFY CHUEI LFYI PTZBOYBGIK, S UFTENMAUSH HLTERYFSH H BOZMYY, LBL Y RPCHUADH, OPĆI OBGIPOBMSHOHA UPMYDBTOPUFSH.

"BUUPGYBGYS ZHTBOGKHJPCH CH CHEMILPVTYFBOYY" PLBSCHCHBEF NOE BLFYCHOKHA RPNPESH. yNEOOP POB PTZBOYHEF OEULPMSHLP NBUUPCHSHI NYFYOZPCH U HYBUFYEN ZTBTSDBOULPZP OBUEMEOYS Y CHPEOOPMHTSBEYI. yFY NYFYOZY DBAF CHPNPTSOPUFSH: NOE CHUFTEFYFSHUS U ZHTBOGKHOBNY, RTYUHFUFCHHAEIN CHCHULBBFSH UCHPY HVETSDEOYS, B NEFTPRPMYY -KHUMSCHYBFSH RP TBDYP OBY TEYUY Y RPYUHCHUFCHPCHBFSH OBUFTPEOYE H EBME. xCE 1 NBTFB 1941 CH LYOZUKHK-IPMME RETED NOPZPFSCHUSYUOPK BHDYFPTYEK S PRTEDEMYM OPĆI OBDBYUH Y FCHETDP CHSHCHTBYM OPĆI OBDETSDSCH. 15 OPSVTS Ch PVYYTOPN bBME bMShVETF-IPMMB, DP PFLBB BRPMOEOOPN UPVTBCHYNYUS, S FPTTSEUFCHEOOP RTCHPZMBUYM FTY PUOPCHOSHI RPMPTSEOIS OBYEK RPMYFYLY.

"UNSCHUM RETCHPZP RPMPTSEOIS, ULBBM S, UPUFPIF Ch FPN, YuFPVSCH ChPECHBFSH, FP EUFSH RTYDBFSH ChPPNTSOP VPMSHYK TBBNBI Y ChPPNTSOP VPMSHYE NPEY KHUYMYSN ZhTBOGKHJPCH CH L POZHMYLFE ... OP LFY KHUYMYS NSCH RTEDRTYOYNBEN FPMSHLP RP ʺ̱PCHKh zhTBOGYY Y CH HER YOFETEUBI. 'BFEN, TEYYFEMSHOP PUHTsDBS LBL DPCHPEOOSHK TETSYN, FBL Y TETSYN CHYY, S BSCHYM: "NSCH UYUYFBEN OEVPVIPDINSCHN, YUFPVSCH NPZKHYUBS Y GEMYFEMSHOBS CHPMOB RPDOSMBUSH Y' ZMHVYO OBGYY Y UNSCHMB RTYUYOS CH LBFBUFTPZHSHCH CHNEUFE UP CHUEK OBDUFTPKLPK, CHPOYLYEK OBD LBRYFHMSGYEK. RPFPPNH CHFPTP RPMPTSEOIE OBYEK RPMYFYLY FTEVHEF RTEDPUFBCHYFSH UMPCHP OBTPDH, LBL FPMSHLP UPVSCHFIS RPCHPMSF ENH UCHPPVPDOP CHSHCHULBBFSH, YuEZP PO IPUEF Y YuEZP PO OE IP YuEF". oblpoeg, h FTEFSHEN RPMPTSEOYY S OBNEYUBM PUOPCHSHCH, O LPFPTSCHI, RP OBYENH NOEOYA, DPMTSOSCH UFTPIEFSHUS PVOCHMEOOOSCHE YOUFYFHFSHCH zhTBOGYY. “FY PUOPCHSHCH, ZPCHPTIME S, PRTEDEMSAFUUS FTENS DECHYBNY UCHPPVPDOSCHHI ZHTBOGHJCHCH. NSCH ZPCHPTYN: "YUEUFSH Y tPDYOB", YNES CH CHYDH, UFP OBGYS NPTCEF CHP_TPDYFSHUS FPMSHLP CH TEEKHMSHFBFE RPVEDSH, UFP POB NPTCEF UHEEUFCHPCHBFSH FPMSHLP LBL CHEMYLBS OBGYS. NSCH ZPCHPTYN: "UCHPVVPDB, tBCHEOUFCHP Y vTBFUFCHP", RPFPNKH UFP NSCH IPFYN PUFBFSHUS CHETOSCHNY DENPLTBFYUEULYN RTYOGYRBN. NSCH ZPCHPTYN "PUCHPPVTsDEOYE", YVP EUMY OBLY KHUYMYS OE PUMBVOHF DP RPVESHCH OBD CHTBZPN, YI BCHETEOYEN DPMTSOP SCHYFSHUS UPEDBOYE DMS LBTsDPZP ZHTBOGHB FBLYI HUMPCHYK, UFP VSC PO NPZ URPLPKOP TsYF SH Y FTHDYFSHUS, UPITBOSS YUHCHUFCHP UPVUFCHEOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB.

fPZDB RTYUHFUFCHKHAEYE, PICCHBYEOOSCHE ZMHVPLYN CHPMOEOYEN, VKhTOP CHSHCHTBTSBAF UCHPY YUKHCHUFCHB IOFKHYIBNB, Y CHTSCHCH IOFKHYIBNB TBOPUIFUS DBMELP ʺ̱B RDEDEMSCH b MSHVETF-IPMMB.

fBLIE UPVTBOIS VSCHCHBAF TEDLP. rTPYʺ̱CHPDS YOURELFPTULYE UNPFTSHCH, S YUBUFP RPUEEBA OBYI DPVTPCHPMSHGECH. OPĆENITO UYMSCH, OBENOSCHE, NPTULYE Y CHPDHHYOSCHE, IPFS Y PYUEOSH OEVPMSHYYE TBUUESOOSCHE, UPUFBCHMEOOOSCHE OBNY Y TBTPJOEOOOSCHI YUBUFEK Y RPDTBDEMEOYK, RTEDUFBCHMSAF UVPK F ERETSH EDYOPE GEMPE Y KHUYMYCHBA FUS U LBTsDShCHN DOEN. pTZBOYBGIPOOSCHK RMBO, LPFPTSCHK S DBM CHPEOOPNKH, CHPEOOP-NPTULPNKH Y CHPEOOP-CHPODHYOPNKH LPNYUUBTBN OB 1942, FPYuOP CHSHCHRPMOSEFUS. s HVETSDBAUSH CH FFPN RTY RPUEEEEOYY YUBUFEK, DYUMPGYTPCHBOOSCHI CH BOZMYY, LPZDB UPMDBFSCH, CHYDS CHVMYY FPZP, LPZP POY OBSHCHCHBAF "vPMSHYPK yBTMSH", UCHPYNY CHZMSDBNY, RPCHEDEOYEN, RSHCHMPN, U LPFPTSH CHN POY RTPIPDSF KHYUEVKH, CHSCHTBTSBAF ENH UCHPA YULTEOOAA RTYCHSBOOPUFSH.

y CHUEK OBYEK OEVPMSHYPK BTNYY, LPFPTBS UTTBTSBEFUUS CH bZHTYLE Y O CHPUFPL, O BOZMYKULPK ENME OBIPDSFUS FPMSHLP KHYUEVOSCHE GEOFTSHCH. OP CH OII PVCYUBEFUS VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH OBYI LBDTPCH. h MBZETE LENVETMY RPMLPCHOYL TEOHBT RTEDUFBCHMSEF NOE VBFBMShPO EZETEK, BTFYMMETYKULYK DYCHYYPO, FBOLPCHSHCHK YULBDTPO, PFTSD YOTSEOETOSCHHI ChPKUL RPDTBDEMEOYE UCHSHY, LPFPTSHCHE CHSHCHRHUlbAF LBCDSHE YEUF SH UNUSGECH UETTSBOFPCH Y UREGIBMYUFCH. s RTPIPTSH H BTFYMMETYKULYK RBTL, ZDE RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN NBKPTTB VHF RTYCHPDYFUS CH RPTSDPL ZHTBOGHULBS FEIOILB, RTYCHEEOOBS TBOEE H CHEMYLPVTYFBOYA FSCHMPCHSHNY UMHTsVBNY OPTCHE TSULPK LLUREDYGYY YMY CHPEOOOSCHNY LPTBVMSNY, RTYVSHCHYNY YJ JTBOGYY CHTENS CHTBTSEULPZP OBYEUFCHYS. PTHTSYE, VPERTYRBUSCH, NBYYOSCH YURPMSH'HAFUS DMS PUOBEEEOIS OPCHSHI ZHPTNYTPCHBOIK OBTSDH U FEIOILPK, RPUFBCHMSENPK BOZMYYUBOBNY CH UPPFCHEFUFCHY U UPZMBYEOEN PF 7 BCHZHUFB 1940 Y BNETYLBOGBNY RP MEOD-MYK H. RETEZPCHPTTBNY Y RTBLFYUEULYN CHSHCHRPMOOEOYEN LFPK CHBTsOPK BDBYUY BOINBEFUS UMHTTSVB CHPPTHTSEOIS RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN RPMLPCHOILB nPTEOB. ChP CHTENS BCHYBGIPOOPK LBFBUFTPZHSHCH RTY YURPMOEOOYY UMHTSEVOSCHI PVSBOOPUFEK FFPF RTELTBUOSCHK PZHYGET ZYVOEF, Y EZP RPUF ʺ̱BOYNBEF NBKPT ZYTY. h UBNPN mpodpoe S YOPZDB OBCHEEBA TPFC ZHTBOGKHULYI TsEOEYO-DPVTPCHPMSHGECH, CHPZMBCHMSENHA NBDNKhBEMSH FETTE, B BLFEN ZPURPTSPK nBFSHE, ZDE DPUFPKOSHCHE, RBFTYPFYUEULY OBUFTPEOOSHCHE DECHHYLY RPMHYUBAF UREGYBMSHOPUFY CHPDYFEMEK, UBOYFBTPL, WELTEFBTEK. CHTENS PF ČITANJE S OBETSBA H nPMCHETO, B BLFEN CH TYVTUZHPTD L "LBDEFBN uChPVPDOK zhTBOGIY". h 1940 S UPDBM LFH YLPMH, RTEDOBOBBYEOOKHA DMS UFHDEOFPCH Y HUBEYIUS, RETEEIBCHYI CH BOZMYA. CHULPTE NSC RETCHTBFYMY HER CH PZHYGETULHA YLPMH, LPFPTPK LPNBODHEF NBKPT VPDHYO. rSFSH EE CHSHCHHRHULPCH DBMY 211 LPNBODYTPCH CHCHPDCH, YJ OII 52 RBMY CH VPTShVE U ChTBZPN. OYUFP OE PVPDTSEF FBL ZMBCHH UCHPVPDOSCHHI ZHTBOGHHHCH, LBL LPOFBLF U UFPK NPMPDETSSHHA, OBDETSDPK O CHPTPTTSDEOYE RPNETLYEK UMBCHSHCH ZhTBOGYY.

h FP CHTENS LBL RPDTBDEMEOYS OBENOSHI CHPKUL, OBIPDSEYEUS CH CHEMYLPVTYFBOY, RTPIPDSF PVCYUEOYE, YUFPVSCH OBFEN UTBTSBFSHUS O TBMYUOSCHI ZHTPOFBI, OBIY CHPEOP-NPTULYE UYMSCH, H VPMSHYOUFCHE VBYTHAEYEUS CH BOZMYKULYI RBTFBI, HYUBUFCHHAF CH VYFCHE O LPNNKHOILBGYSI CH bFMBOFILE, MB-nBOYE, O UCHETOPN NPTE , H bTLDATOTEKA. DMS LFPZP NSCH DPMTSOSCH RPMShPCHBFSHUS VBBNY UPAYOLPCH. h UBNPN DEME, X OBU OEF OEPVIPDINSCHI NBFETYBMPCH DMS TENPOFB, UPDETTSBOYS Y UOBVTSEOYS OBYI UHDPH. FEN VMEE NSCHOE NPTSEN UOBVDYFSH YI OPCHSHCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY: rchp, ZYDTPMPLBFPTBNY, TBDBTBNY Y DT. oBLPOEG, O PVYYTOPN FEBFTE CHPEOOP-NPTULYI PRETBGYK, GEOFTPN LPFPTSCHI SCHMSEFUS BOZMYS, OEVPVIPDYNP FEIOYYUEULPE Y FBLFYUEULPE EDYOUFCHP KHUYMYK.

ChPF RPYUENH, IPFS UHDB, LPFPTSCHE NSCH CHPPTHTSBEN, OBIPDSFUS CH RPMOPN OBYEN TBURPTSEOY, OEBCHYUINP PF YI RTPYUIPTsDEOYS, IPFS POY CHUE RMBCHBAF RPD FTEIGCHEFOSHCHN ZHMBZPN, IPFS PZh YGETSCH Y LPNBODSCH RPDYOSAFUS F PMSHLP ZHTBOGKHULYN HUFBCHBN, IPFS POY CHSHCHRPMOSAF RTYLBSHCH FPMSHLP UCHPYI OBYUBMSHOILPCH, LPTPYUE ZPCHPTS, IPFS OBY ZHMPF PUFBEFUS YUYUFP OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHN, CHUE TSE, BL TEDLYN YULMAYUEOYEN, LPZDB NSC YURPMSHKHEN EZP OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP, PO RTYOYNBEF HYBUFYE ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN H PVEYI VP ECHSCHI DEKUFCHYSI, RTPCH PDINSCHI BOZMYUBOBNY. ChRTPYUEN, FFP IDEF ENH O RPMSH, FBL LBL PO CHLMAYUBEFUS CH UYUFENKH, YULMAYUYFEMSHOHA RP VPEURPUUPVOPUFY, DYUGYRMYOE, BLFICHOPUFY. UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH BOZMYYUBOE, PGEOYCHBS RP DPUFPYOUFCHH GENERAL RPNPESH, PLBSCCHCHBAF ZHTBOGKHULYN CHPEOOP-NPTULYN UYMBN YITPLHA NBFETYIBMSHOHA RPDDETTSLH, YI BTUEOOBMSCH Y UMH TsVSHCH DEMBAF CHUE CHPNPTSOPE, Y UFPVSCH RTYCHPDYFSH CH RPTSDPL Y UOBVTsBFSH OBYY UHDB, OEUNPFTS O TBMYYUYE FYRPCH Y ChPPTKhTSEOIS. OPCHSHCHE NBFETYBMSCH, LPFPTSCHHE RTYNEOSEF BOZMYKULYK ZHMPF, OENEDMEOOP RPUFBCHMSAFUS Y OBYENKH ZHMPFH. OPCHSE UHDB: LPTCHEFSHCH Y LBFETB, RPJCE ZHTEZBFSCH, UNYOGSCH, RPDCHPDOSHCH MPDLY-RETEDBAFUS OBN RTSNP U CHETZEK. eUMMY OBY OEVPMSHYPK ZHMPF UNPZ USCZTBFSH UCHPA TPMSh Y RPDDETSBFSH YuEUFSH ZHTBOGKHULPZP PTKHSYS O NPTSI, FFYN NA PVSBO LBL RPNPEY UPAOYLPCH, FBL Y SBUMKHZBN OBYI NPTSL PC.

s HVETSDBAUSH CH LFPN LBCDSCHK TBI, LPZDB OBCHEEBA RPDTBDEMEOYS ZHMPFB CH zTYOPLE, rPTFUNHFE, lBKHUE, dBTFNHFE. hyuyfshchchbs IBTBLFET VPTSHVShch, B FBLCE OEPPMSHYHA YUYUMEOOPUFSH OBYI NPTSLPCH, NSCH CHPPTHTSBEN FPMShLP NBMSHE UHDB. OP LFY LPTBVMY "UCHPVDPPK zhTBOGYY" U YUEUFSHHA DEMBAF CHUE, UFP CH YI UYMBI.

rTETSDE CHUEZP NSCH CHPPTHTSYMY, LPOEYUOP, UHDB, LPFPTSHCHE RTYVSHCHMY YJ zhTBOGYY. l CHEUOE 1942 J OBYI RSFY RETCHSCHI RPDCHPDOSCHHI MPDPL PUFBAFUS "TAVY", "NYOETCH", "TSAOPO", LPFPTSHCHE CH OPTCHETSULYI, DBFULYI Y ZHTBOGHULYI CHPDBI BFBLHAF CHTBTSEOLYE LPTBVMY , UFBChSF NYOSCH, CHSHCHUBTSYCHBA F DEUBOFSHCH; "OBTCHBM" YUYUE X nBMShFSCH DELBVTE 1940; "UATLKhZH" VSHCHM RPFPRMEO CH ZHECHTBME 1942 FMBOFYUEULPN PLEBOY Y H MB-nBOYE. ʺBFEN "fTYPNZHBO" VSCHM PFRTBCHMEO OB fYYK PLEBO, "MEPRBT" RTYVSHM CH ATSOKHA BZHTILKH; RPJCE ON PUHEEUFCHMSM UCHSHSH U PUFTCHPN TEAOSHPO Y OBLPOEEG RPFETREM LPTBVMELTHYOYE VMY fPVTHLB. "NEMSHRPNEO" RETEEM H RAČUN NPTE. "VHLMSHE" RTCHTBFYMUS CH PDYO Y OBYYI HYUEVOSHI LPTBVMEK. y OBYI RSFY RPUSCHMSHOSHCHI UHDPCH FTY, "UBCHPTOSHSO DE VTBB'B", "LPNNBODBO DAVPL", "LPNNBODBO DPNYOE", LKhTUYTHAF X VETEZPCH BZHTYLY; "nPLE" RPNPZBEF PITBOSFSH LPNNHOILBGYY CH yTMBODULPN NPTE; "YECHTEK" RBFTKHMYTHEF CH PLEBOYY, CH TBKPOE OHNEB, Y RTYUPEDYOSEF 27 NBS 1942 L "UCHPVDPDPK ZhTBOGYY" PUFTCHB hPMMYU Y ZHAFAOB. DChB FTBMSHEILB, "LPOZT" Y "MAUSHEO-TSBO", CHSHCHRPMOSAF UCHPY FTKHDOSCHHE PVSBOOPUFY O RPDUFHRBI L BOZMYKULYN RPTFBN. DEUSFSH NPTULYI PIPFOILPCH RTYOSMY HYBUFYE CH RTYLTSHCHFIY UPAOYYUEULYI FTBOURPTFPCH NETSDH lPTOHMMMPN Y RB-DE-lBME. FERETSH YI FPMSHLP CHPUENSH, FBL LBL DCHB YOYI VSCHMY RPFPRMEOSCH. VSCHMY CHCHEDEOSCH UUFTK YEUFSH RBFTHMSHOSHCHI UHDPCH: "rHMSHNYL", BYFPOKHCHYK X rMYNHFB CH OPSVTE 1940, "CHLYOZ", RPZYVYYK CH PFLTSCHFPN NPTE X VETEZCH FTYRPMYFBOY CH OPSVTE 194 2, ChBKBO, RTE IDBO PODAU, THO DE JMP, RTPPMTSBAEYK VPTPʺ̱DYFSH NPTS, "MEPOIMSH" , YURPMSHʺ̱KHAEYKUS CH LBYUEUFCHE RMBCHHYUEK VBSHCH FPTZPCHPZP ZHMPFB. CURPNPZBFEMSHOSHCHK LECUES "LBR DE RBMSHN" LKhTUYTHEF NETSDKH GONE Y OHNEB. yEFSCHTE RMBCHHYUYE VBSHCH, "hTBZBO", "bNSHEO", "bTTBU" Y "DYMYTSBOF", LPNRMELFHAF "NPTULHA YUBUFSH" RPTFB ZTYOPL Y VBH LLYRBTSEK "VYT-iBLEKN" rPTFUNKHFB, ZDE PVCYUBA FUS OPĆI NPTSL. UFBTSHCHK VTPOEOPUEG "LHTV" CHSHCHRPMOSEF TPMSH HYUEVOPZP GEOFTB DMS TELTHFPCH, NBUFETULYI, ULMBDB VPERTYRBUPC Y RTPPDCHPMSHUFCHYS. oBIPDSUSH O SLPTE O rPTFUNKHFULPN TEKDE, OD RPDDETSYCHBEF UCHPEK BTFYMMETYEK PVTPPOH LFPZP LTHROPZP RPTFB.

h UPUFBCH OBYEZP OEVPMSHYPZP ZHMPFB CHIPDSF FBLTS LPTBVMY, RPMKHYUEOOSHCH H BOZMYUBO. FP RTETSDE CHUEZP LPTCHEFSHCH, RPUFTPEOOSHCH RPUME OBYUBMB CHPKOSHCH DMS RTILTSCHFIS LBTCHBOCH. yFY LPTCHEFSH VEURTETSCHCHOP PITBOSAF LPNNHOILBGYY NETSDH BOZMYEK, YUMBODYEK, OSHAZHBHODMEODPN Y lBOBDPK. obn vschmy retedboshch dechsfsh LPtchefpch: "bMYUE", RPZYVYK CH VPA CH NBTFE 1942, "nYNPB", BLFPOKHCHYK URHUFS FTY NEUSGB CHNEUFE U OBIPDYCHYNUS O EZP VPTFH LPNBODYTPN MEZL PC NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOPK DYCH GGG LBRYFBOPN 2-ZP TBOZB VYTP, "BLPOIF", "MPVEMYS" , "TPJEMYU", "TEOPOLAMSH" "LPNNBODBO D" FSHEOO D "PTCH", "LPNNBODBO dTPZH", "LPNNBODBO DEFTTHBKB". l YUYUMH RPMHYOOOSCHI OBNY UHDPCH FBLCE PFOPUSFUS CHPUENSH FPTREDOSHI LBFETCH 28-K ZHMPFYMYY, VPTPPDSEIE O VPMSHYPK ULTPUFY mb-nBOY Y BFBLHAEYE CHTBTSEOLYE FTBOURPTF SHCH Y LPTBVMY ULPTTFB, LPFPTSCHE RTPVYTBAFUS OPYUSHA CHDPMSH RPVETETSSHS zhTBOGYY. LTPNE FPZP, OBN VSCHMY RETEDBOSHCH CHPUENSH NPFPTOSHCHI LBFETCH, PVTBYKHAEYI 20-A ZHMPFYMYA, LPFPTBS DEKUFCHHEF H MB-NBOYE UPCHNEUFOP U OBYNYNY PIPFOYLBNY ZHTBOGHULPK LPOUFTHLGY J. CHRTPUEN, NSC ZPFPCHYNUS L CHPPTKhTSEOIA UCHETIEOOP OPCHSHCHI UHDHR. nopzye y zhtezbfpch, lpfptsche obyuyobaf chshchipdyfsh yj bozmykulyi btuyeobmch, utbh tse rpume urkhulb o chpdh rtedpufbchmsafus h OPĆENITO TBURPTSEOIE UPAOYLBNY. NSCH CHSMY YUEFSCHTE YOYI: "DELKHCHETF", "BCHBOFAT", "UATRTY", "LTHB DE MTIO". b OBNY PUFBCHMEOSCH FBLTS NYOPOPUEG "LPNVBFBO", RPDCHPDOSHCH MPDLY "LATY" Y "dPTYU", UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP LPFPTSCHI BLBOYUYCHBEFUUS. OBN IPFEMPUSH VSH RTYPVTEUFY Y DTHZYE LPTBVMY, LPFPTSHCHE HCHEMYYUYMY VSH YUYUMP RPFPRMEOOOSCHI OBNY CHTBTSEOULYI RPDCHPDOSCHHI MPDPL, FTBOURPTFPCH, UFPTPTSECHI UHDPC Y YUYUMP UVYFSHCHI OBN J UBNPMEFPCH. OP OBYB TPMSh Y TBNBI DEKUFCHYK PZTBOYUYCHBAFUS OE OE OE EDPUFBFLPN UHDPH, B OEICBFLPK MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB.

xCE L YAOA 1942 700 NPTSLCH "UChPVDPDPK ZhTBOGIY" RPZYVMY OB TPDYOKH. OBY CHPEOOP-NPTULYE UYMSCH OBUYUYFSHCHCHBAF 3600 YuEMPCHEL RMBCHUPUFBCHB. l OIN CE OHTSOP PFOEUFY VBFBMShPO UFTEMLCH RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN bNYP D "OCHYMS, LPFPTSHCHK BDNEOYM DEFTKHBKB, RPZYVYEZP O RPME VTBOY. NPTULYI MEFUYULPCH, LPFPTSCHE, OE YNEM CHPNPTSOPUFY PVTBICHB FSH PFDEMSHOHA YUBUFSH, UMHTSBF CH BCHYBGIY. PFOPUSFUS DEUBOFOP-DIGETENPOOSCH RPDTBDEMEOYS, LPFTSCHE PVCYUBAFUS CH CHEMYLPVTYFBOY RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN LBRYFBO-MEKFEOBOBFB LJZHETB.h NBE NEUSGE S RTYYEM L UZMBYOYA U BOZMYKULYN BD NYTBMPN MPTDPN nBHOFVFFEOPN {183} , PFCHEFUFCHEOOSHCHN RB RTPCHEDEOYE "LPNVYOYTPCHBOOSCHI PRETBGYK", PV HUMPCHYSI YURPMSH'CHBOYS LFYI TCHEYIUS CH VPK CHPKUL. CHULPTE POI RTYOSMY HYBUFYE CH UNEMSCHHI OBMEFBI O ZHTBOGKHULPE RPVETETSHE.

OBY MYUOSCHK UPUFBCH LPNRMELFPCHBMUS OBRPMPCHYOKH Y NPTSLCH, OBIPDYCHYIUS CH 1940 ZPDH CH BOZMYY. h zBVPOE, O vMYTSOEN chPUFPL OELPFPTSCHE RTYUPEDYOYMYUSH L OBN RPUME FPZP, LBL UTTBTSBMYUSH RTPFYCH OBU. fBL VSHMP U LLYRBTsBNY RPDCHPDOPK MPDLY “bSLU”, RBFPOHCHHYEK X dBLBTB, RPDCHPDOPK MPDLY “rPOUEME”, BPFPRMEOOPK UCHPYN LPNBODYTPN X rPTF-tsBOFYMS, RPUSCHMShOPZP UHDOB “VKhZOCHIM” SH”, LPFPTPE NSCH CHSHCHOKH TSDEOSCH VSCHMY CHSHCHEUFY Y UFTPS O TEKDE MYVTECHIMS. CHTENS PF ČITANJE L OBN RTYUPEDYOSAFUS PFDEMSHOSHCHE LBDTPCHSHCHE NPTSLY, RTYVSCCHBAEYE YJ JTBOGYY, UCHETOPK BZHTYLY, BMELUBODTYY, U BOFIMSHULYI PUFTCHCHCH, U dBMSHOEZP chPUFPLB. h ChPEOOP-NPTULPK ZHMPF OBVYTBEFUS NBLUINBMSHOPE LPMYUEUFCHP NPMPDSCHI ZHTBOGKHHCHP YYUYUMB OBIPDSEYIUS CH BOZMYY, bNETYLE, MECCHBOFE, EZYRFE, O PUFTPCHE UEO-rSHET. oBLPOEG, FPTZPCHSHCHE LPTBVMY RTEDPUFBCHMSAF CHPEOOP-NPTULYN UYMBN VPMSHYHA YUBUFSH UCHPEZP RETUPOBMB. UBNPK FSTsMPK ʺ̱BDBYUK DMS CHPEOOP-NPTULPZP LPNYUUBTYBFB SCHMSEFUS RPRPMOOEOYE LPTBVMEK LPNBODOSHCHN UPUFBCHPN. eZP RTYIPDYFUS LPNRMELFPCHBFSH Y UBNSHCHI TBMYUOSCHI, BYUBUFHA OERPZPPFCHMEOOOSCHI MADEK, OE UYUYFBSUSH U YI UREGYBMSHOPUFSHHA. x OBU NBMP LBDTPCHSCHI PZHYGETCHCH. NSCH CHPURMPOSEN YI OEDPUFBYUH OB UYUEF PVCYUEOYS NPMPDETSY. RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN LBRYFBOPC 2-ZP TBOZB CHYFEMS Y ZEKTBMS, RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOP LPNBODPCHBCHYI "YLPMSHOSHCHN PFDEMPN", NPTULBS YLPMB "UCHPVPDOPK ZhTBOGIY" TBCHETFSHCHCHBEF BLFYCHOKHA TBVPFC O VPTFH "rTEIDBO FEPDPT FYUSHE" Y YIHO "UFHBMSH" Y "VEMSH RHMSh". bB Yuefschte Chshchrkhulb POB DBMB 80 LBOYDBFCH O PZHYGETULYK YUYO. CHUE UCHPY URPUPVOPUFY PFDBMY ZHTBOGKHULPNKH CHPEOOP-NPTULPNKH ZHMPFKH LFY MADY, BLBMEOOOSCHE U UBNPZP OBYUBMB ZPTEUFSHHA, VYFCHBNY Y OBDETSDBNY. DTHZPK UFPTPOSH, NSHETPLP IURPMSHHEN CHIOPOOOOP-NPTULYA uimbi LBDTSH PGYGETPCH Kommersant, LPFPTSHY WETZPHCHSHYYA LPTBBMB IS DEDASH RETUBBBMB LBOBBBMBBBBBBBM. dCHEUFY LBODIDBFCH, OBVTBOOSCHI FBLYN PVTBPN, RTPUFPSF O CHBIFE O VPTFH ZhTEZBFPC, LPTCHEFPC, LBFETPC Y FTBMSHEILPC CH PVEEK UMPTSOPUFY VPMEE NYMMYPOB YBUCH.

oEUNPFTS OB LFY UPLTBEEOYS CH MYUOPN UPUFBCHE, YUBUFSH ZHTBOGKHULPZP FPTZPCHPZP ZHMPFB, OBIPDSEBSUS CH MBZETE UPAOYLPCH, PLBSCHCHBEF YN OBYUYFEMSHOHA RPNPESH. yb 660 RBUUBTSYTULYI Y FPTZPCHSCHI UHDPCH CHPDPYNEEEOYEN CH 2700 FSHCHUSYu FPOO, LPFPTSHCHE RTYOBDMETSBMY ZHTBOGYY CH OBYUBME CHPKOSHCH, 170 LPTBVMEK CHPDPYNEEEOYEN CH 700 FSHCHUSYU FPOO V HDHF RP- RTETSOENH HYBUFCHPCHBFSH CH CHPEOOSHCHI DEKUFCHYSI RPUME BLMAYUEOYS "RETENYTYS". obyb UMHTsVB FPTZPCHPZP ZHMPFB RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN nBMZMCHB Y VEOCBOB, B RPDOEE UNEKETUB Y BODAU-zhBTYB LPNRMELFHEF ZHTBOGKHULYNY LLYRBTSBNY VPMSHYPE YUYUMP U HDHR. lTPNE FPZP, LFB UMHTsVB HYUBUFCHHEF CH HRTBCHMEOYY OBYNYY UHDBNY, OBIPDSEYNYUS X BOZMYYUBO; H FPN UMHYUBE TSDPN U BOZMYKULYN ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHN ZHMBZPN O LPTN YMY O NBYUFE LPTBVMEK-Y'ZOBOOILPCH TBCHECHBEFUUS FTEIGCHEFOSHCHK ZHMBZ. b FFPF RETYPD OBNY VSCHMY PUOBEEOP 67 FPTZPCHSCHI UHDPH CHPDPYNEEEOYEN CH 200 FSHCHUSYU FPOO. dChBDGBFSH YOYI NSCH RPFETSMY. l CHEUOE 1942 Yb PVEEZP YUYUMB 580 PZHYGETPCH Y 4300 NBFTPUCH FPTZPCHPZP ZHMPFB VPMEE YuEFCHETFY RPZYVMP O NPTE.

rBUUBTSYTULYE UHDB ʺ̱BOINBAFUS RETECHPʺ̱LPK CHPKUL. fBL, "yMSH DE zhTBOU", "JEMYLU THUUEMSH", "rTEYIDBO rpmsh dkhnet" DPUFBCHMSAF O CHPUFPL VTYFBOULYE RPDLTERMEOYS Y bCHUFTBMYY Y YODYY. FTBOURPTFOSCHHE UHDB, RETECHPSEIE USCHTSHE, PTHTSIE, VPERTYRBUSCH, RMBCHBAF PVSCHUOP CH UPUFBCHE LBTCHBOCH. yOPZDB OELPFPTSCHN YJ OYI RTYIPDYFUS RETEUELBFSH PLEBO CH PDYOPYULH. yFY UHDB OILPZDB OE ʺ̱BDETSYCHBAFUS DPMZP CH RPTPH, ZDE YUBUFP RPDCHETZBAFUS VPNVBTDYTPCHLBN. h PFLTSCHFPN NPTE UMHTsVB HFPNYFEMSHOB Y PRBUOB. rTYIPDYFUS VSHCHFSH OBYUELKH DOYEN Y OPYUSHA, UFTPZP UPVMADBFSH YOUFTHLGYY, RPUFPSOOP ʺ̱BOYNBFSH UCHPY RPUFSH RP VPECHPK FTECHPZE. yuBUFP RTYIPDYFUS HYUBUFCHPCHBFSH H VPSI, UFTEMSFSH Yʺ̱ PTHDYK, NPMOYEOPUOP NBOECHTYTPCHBFSH, YUFPVSH Yʺ̱VETSBFSH FPTREDSH YIMY VPNVSH. uMHYUBEFUS, UFP UHDOP RPZTHTSBEFUS CH CHPDH Y FSH PLBSCHCHBEYSHUS CH IPMPDOK, RPLTSCHFPK NBUMSOSCHNY RSFOBNY CHPDE, B TSDPN FPOHF FPCHBTYEY. UMHYUBEFUS FBLCE, YuFP Fshch YURSHCHFSHCHCHBEYSH PZTPNOKHA TBDPUFSH, RTYUHFUFCHKhS RTY RBDEOY CHTBCEULPZP VPNVBTDYTPCHEILB YMY OBVMADBS RSFOP NBHFB RTYIOBL FPOHEEK R PCHPDOPK MPDLY CHTBZB. yOPZDB FSH UBN VSCCHBEYSH FFPNH RTYUYOPK, LBL LFP VSCHMP U RTPUFSHCHN ZTKHBPCHSHCHN UHDOPN "ZHPTF-VEOCE", LPFPTPE CH NBE 1942 CH PFLTSCHFPN NPTE X oSHAZHBHODMEODB RPFPRIMP OENEG LHA RPDCHPDOKHA MPDH.

PDOBCDSCH H MYCHETRHME BDNYTBM ULT RETUY OPVMSH, LPNBODHAEIK RETEDCHYTSEOISNYY VPECHCHNYY DECUFCHYSNY LPTBVMEK O CHUEN BFMBOFYUEULPN FEBFTE CHPEOOSHHI DECUFCHYK, RTYZMBUIM NEOS O UCHPK LPNBODOSHK RHOLF, TBURPMP TSEOOSCHK H VEFPOITCHBOOPN RPDENOPN HVETSIE. O VPMSHYI NPTULYI LBTFBI, TBCHEEOOSCHI RP UFEOBN, PVP-OBYUBMPUSH RPUFPSOOP NEOSAEEEUS TBURPMPTSEOYE CHUEI LBTBCBOPC UPAOYLPC, CHUEI CHPEOOSHHI LPTBVMEK, CHUEI UBNPMEFPCH, CHSHCHRPMOSAEI I Vpechsche BDBYuY, B FBLTS H UFBOCHMEOOSHCH YMY RTEDRPMBZBENSCHE RPYGYY ZETNBOULYI RPDCHPDOSCHHI MPDPL, UBNPMEFPCH, TEKDETCH. geoFTBMSHOBS FEMEZHPOOBS UFBOGIS, UCHSBOOBS U CHOEYOYNY MOYOSNY, U TBDYPUFBOGISNY, YYZHTPCHBMSHOSHCHNY VATP Y PVUMHTSYCHBENBS OECHPʺ̱NHFYNSCHN ZEOULYN RETUPOBMPN FEMEZHPOYUFL BNY, UFEOPZTBJYUFLBNY, TBUUSCHMSHO SHCHNY, RPYUFY VEUYHNOP RETEDBEF RTYLBSHCH, RPTHYUEOYS, UPPVEEOIS LPNBODPCHBOYS DBMELYIN NPTULYN BDTEUBFBN Y RP NET RPMHUEOIS PF CHEFSHCH RPUMEDOYI. CHUE ZHYLUYTHEFUS O UCHEFSEYIUS FBVMYGBI. fBLYN PVTBYPN, CHEMYUBKYBS VYFCHB O LPNNHOILBGYSI RTEDUFBEF PE CHUEI UCHPYI RETYREFYSI.

tBUUNPFTECH CHUE H GEMPN, S RETECHPTSH CHZMSD O LBTFSCH, ZDE PVPOBYOUOSCH GENERAL UYMSCH. s CHYTSH YI CH RPDPVBAEYI NEUFBI, FP EUFSH FBN, ZDE SOY OBYVPMEE CHUEZP DPUFPKOSHCH OBZTBDSCH. yN RP LZHYTH RETEDBEFUSS RTYCHEFUFCHYE ZMBCHSCH "UCHPVPDOPK ZhTBOGIY". op ʺ̱BFEN, PUPOBCHBS, LBL YUYUMEOOP OECHEMYLY POI RP UTBCHOEOYA U YOPUFTBOOSCHNY UYMBNY, CH LPFPTSHCHE POI CHIPDSF, CURPNYOBS, UFP FBN, CH fKhMPOE, lBUBVMBOLE, bMELUBODTYY, ZHPT-DE -zhTBOUE, dBLBTE, VEDEKU FCHHAF ZHTBOGKHULYE LPTBVMY, RPOYNBS, LBLHA YUFPTYYUEULHA CHPNPTSOPUFSH RTEDPUFBCHMSEF LFB CHPKOB NPTULPNKH RTYCHBOYA JTBOGYY, S YUKHCHUFCHHA, LBL NEOS PICCHBFSHCHCHBEF ZTHUFSH, Y S RPLYDBA RPDENOPE KHVETSYEE U FTSEMSHCHN UETDGEN.

bOBMPZYUOPE YUKHCHUFCHP RTYNEYCHBEFUS L NPEK ZPTDPUFY, LPZDB S CHUFTEYUBAUSH U OBYNYNY MEFUYLBNY O FPK YMYY YOPK BOZMYKULPK VBYE. CHYDS CHUE YI DPUFPYOUFCHB Y, U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, DKHNBS P CHUEN FPN, UFP NPZMB VSC UDEMBFSH ZHTBOGHULBS BCHYBHYS U VB CH OBYEK UCHETOPK BZHTYLE, O VMYTSOEN CHPUFPL YMY CH BOZ MYY, EUMY VSC EK DBMY CHPNPT SOPUFSH UTTBTSBFSHUS, S YUKHCHUFCHHA, YUFP CHEMILPE OBGIPOBMSHOPE VPZBFUFCHP TBUIPDHEFUS RP-RHUFPNH. OP FP ʺBUFBCHMSEF NEOS EEE VPMSHIE FTHDYFSHUS OBD FEN, UFPVSCH HUYMYS FEI, LFP UNPZ RTYUPEDYOYFSHUS LP NOE, VSCHMY ʺBOEEOSCH O UYUEF zhTBOGYY. eUMY S RP CHRPMOE RPOSFOCHN RTYUYOBN PFDBM TBURPTSEOYE, YUFPVSCH OBY MEFUYLY, MEFBAEYE U BOZMYKULYI VB OB BOZMYKULYI UBNPMEFBI, CHIPDYMY CH UYUFENKH BOZMYKULPK BCHYBGYY, FP S CHUE-FBLY UFTENYM US FBLCE L FPNKH, YUFPVSCH OBEY MEFUYLY RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK EDYOPE OBGYPOBMSHOPE GEMPE. FP VSHMP OEMEZLP UDEMBFSh. uOBYUBMB OBVIY UPAOYLY UCHETIEOOOP OE BLVPFIMYUSH PV BCHYBGYY "UCHPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY". YUIPDS Y RTBLFYUEULYI UPPVTBTSEOIK Y OEDPUFBFLB ČITANJE, PJEVAJ RTYOYNBMY H UCHPY YUBUFY OELPFPTSCHI OBYI RYMPPFCH. oP EDYOUFCHEOOP, UFP POI NPZMY OBN RTEMPTSYFSH, FFP CHLMAYUYFSH OBYYI DPVTPCHPMSHGECH H lPTPMECHULIE CHPDHYOSCHE UYMSCH. s OE RAFINERIJA U U FYN UPZMBUIFSHUS. fBLYN PVTBBPN, RPMPTSEOYE OBYYI MEFUYLPC PUFBCHBMPUSH RPYUFY CH FEYUEOYE ZPDB OEPRTEDEMEOOOSCHN. oELPFPTSHCHE YOYI, PVYAEDDOEOOSCHHE PE ZHTBOGKHULYE ULBDTYMSHY, NPZMY HYBUFCHPCHBFSH CH CHPDHYOSCHI VPSI CH TYFTEE Y MYCHYY. dTHZYE, CHTENEOOP RTYOSFSHCHE CH BOZMYKULYE ULBDTYMSHY, HYBUFCHPCHBMY CH VYFCHE OB BOZMYA. OP VPMSHYOUFCHP Yʺ̱-ʺ̱B OEDPUFBFLB NBFETYBMSHOPK YUBUFY, FTEOYTPCHLY Yʺ̱OSCHCHBMY PF VEDEKUFCHYS ʺ̱B RTEDEMBNY BCHYBGIPOOSCHI VB H BOZMYY Y EZYRFE.

OP Y LFB RTPVMENB VSCHMB CH UCHPA PYUETESH TEYOB. CHEUOPK 1941 S UNPZ TEYIFSH RTYOGYRYBMSHOSHCHE CHPRTPUSCH U BOZMYKULYN NYOYUFTPN BCHYBGYY UTPN bTYUYVBMShDPN uYOLMETPN. yuEMPCEL YTPLPZP HNB Y VMBZPTPDUFCHB, PO RPOYNBM, UFP UHEEUFCHPCHBOYE BCHYBGYY "UCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY" OE MYYEOP RPMShSHCH. PO UZMBUYMUS U NPYN RTEMPTSEOYEN P UPDBOYY OBYYI ULBDTYMYK RP PVTBGBH BOZMYKULYI. BOZMYUBOOE RTEPUFBCHMSMY OBN OEDPUFBAEYK OBENONOSCHK RETUPOBM Y PVCYUBMY CH UCHPYI YLPMBI OBYI MEFUYILCH. yʺ̱MYEL OBYI RYMPFCH NPZ UMHTSYFSH CH BOZMYKULYI YUBUFSI. OP POY DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY OBIPDYFSHUS O RPMPTSEOY PFLPNBODYTPCHBOOSCHI ZHTBOGKHULYI PZHYGETPCH, RPDYOYOEOOOSHI ZHTBOGKHULYN HUFBCHBN Y OPUSEYI ZHTBOGKHULHA ZHPTNKH. 8 YAOS 1941 S OBRYUBM Yʺ̱ LBITB UTH BTYUYVBMSHDKh RYUSHNP, RPDFCHETSDBS UZMBYOEOYE, CHSCHTBVPFBOOPE O LFYI PUOPCHBI RPMLPCHOILPN chBMEOPN. na FEI RPT LFP UZMBYOYE OEHLPUOYFEMSHOP UPVMADBMPUSH NBTYBMBNY BCHYBGYY rPTFBMPN H mPODPOE, mPOZ-NTPPN, BLFEN FEDDETPN O chPUFPL.

h LPOGE 1941 NSC UPDBMY CH BOZMY YULBDTYMSHA YUFTEVYFEMEK "yMSH DE JTBOU" RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN uyfychp. lPZDB PO VSCHM UVYF OBD zhTBOGYEK, PFLHDB, CHRTPYUEN, PO CHETOKHMUS, EZP OBNEOYM DARETSHE. O DTHZPK DEOSH RPUME OBYUBMB LBNRBOY CH UYTYY CH ezYRFE VSCHMB UZHPTNYTPCHBOB YULBDTYMSHS YUFTEVYFEMEK "YMSHBU", LPFPTBS UBTSBMBUSH UOBYUBMB CH MYCHY RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN r HMYZEOB, B BLFEN RETEDYUMPGYTPCHBMBUS H CH BOZMYA, ZDE PE ZMBCHE HER CHUFBM nHYPFF {184} , RPZYVYK O UMEDHAEIK ZPD CH VPA U ChTBZPN. h MECCHBOFE PTZBOYHEFUS ULBDTYMShS VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLPCH "MPFBTYOSYS" RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN RYTSP. FFPF RPUMEDOYK, UVYFSHK URHUFS OEULPMSHLP OEDEMSH OBD CHTBTSEOULPK FETTYFPTYEK, UHNEM DPVTBFSHUS DP UCHPYI Y DEUSH HNET. eZP UBNEOSEF LPTOYMSHPO-nPMYOSHE. DMS RPDDETSLY OBYI PRETBGIK CH UBIBTE CH TBKPOE PETTB yuBD PTZBOYPCHBOB UNEYBOOBS ULBDTYMShS "vTEFBOSH" PE ZMBCHE U UE-RETEPN. CHEUOPK 1942 UPVTBOSH YUBUFSHHA CH mPODPOE, YUBUFSHHA CH TEKBLE MEFUYLY, LPFPTSCHE RPJCE UPUFBCHSF CH tPUUY YULBDTYMSHA, B IBFEN RPML "OPTNBODYS". yFPK YUBUFSHHA RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOP LPNBODPCHBMY FAMBO, MYFFPMSHZHZH, B RPUME YI UNETFY rHKBD. oblpoeg, OELPFPTSCHE Y OBYI RYMPFPCH RETEDBOSH RP NPENH RTYLBH H TBURPTSEOYE LPTPMECHULYI CHPDHYOSCHI UYM. nPTME, ZEKPMSH, ZEDTS LPNBODHAF FBN YULBDTYMSHSNY. dChPE RPUMEDOYI RPZYVOHF H VPA. UMBCHB UBPYF DPTPZP CH CHPDHYOSCHI UTBTSEOISI. rPFETY BCHYBGYY "UCHPVPDOPK JTBOGYY" CH DCHB TBB RTECHSHUIMY YUYUMEOOPUFSH DEKUFCHHAEEZP MEFOPZP UPUFBCHB.

pDOBLP EUMY NYTPCHPK IBTBLFET CHPKOSHCH CHSHCHOKHTSDBM NEOS RPUFHRBFSH FBL, YUFPVSH ZHTBOGKHULYE UYMSCH RTYOYNBMY HYBUFYE CH VPSI OB CHUEI FEBFTBI CHPEOOSHCHI DEKUFCHYK, ZMBCHOPE KHUYMYE S UVBTBMUS ULPOGE OFTYTPCHBFSH H UCHETOPK BZHTYLE H TBKPOE, CH LPFTPN OBYVPMEE VSHMB BYOFETEPCHBOB zhTBOGYS. HOYUFPTSYCH YFBMShSOULHA BTNYA CH YZHYPRYY, RTEZTBDYCH OENGGBN DPTPZH CH UYTYA, BDHYYCH CH BTPDSHCHIE RPRSHCHFLKH KYY CHCHUFHRYFSH RTPFYCH uCHPVDPDOK ZhTBOGKHULPK BZHTAYLY, NSC DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY OBUB FSH DECUFCHYS H MYCHYY.

h OPSVTE 1941 BOZMYYUBOE RTEDRTYOSMY DEUSH EEE PDOP OBUFHRMEOYE. eUMMY VSC YN HDBMPUSH DPUFYUSH ZTBOYGSCH FKHOYUB, DMS OBU CHBTsOP VSMP VSC RTYKFY FHDB CHNEUFE U ONYY, PLBBCH YN RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOP RPNPESH CH VPTSHVE U ChTBZPN. eUMY CE, OBPVPTPF, CHTBZH HDBMPUSH VSC PFVTPUYFSH YI, NSC DPMTSOSCH VSCMY VSC UDEMBFSH CHUE CHPNPTSOPE, YUFPVSC RPNPYUSH YN PUFBOPCHYFSH RTPFICHOYLB, RTETSDE YUEN PO CHPTCHEFUS CH EZYRE F. h MAVPN UMKHYUBE NSC DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY RTYMPTSYFSH NBLUINKHN KHUYMYK, OP UPITBOYFSH UCHPE UPVUFCHEOOPE MYGP, U FEN YUFPVSH PDETSBFSH RPVEDH, RPMEOYOKHA DMS ZhTBOGYY.

NSCH NPZMY DEKUFCHPCHBFSH DCHPSLP: OBUBFSH OBUFHRMEOYE PF PETTB juBD O JEGGBO UYMBNY UBIBTULPK LPMPOOSCH, DBCHOP RPDZPFCHMEOOOPK MELMETLPN, MYVP CHLMAYUYFSH CH BOZMYKULPE OBUFHRMEOY E H MYCHY RPDCHYTSOS CHE UYMSCH, UFPSEYE OBZPFPCHE CH MECCHBOFE RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN mBTNYOB. s TEYM PUKHEUFCHYFSH PVB ChBTYBOFB, OP FBL, YUFPVSH DEKUFCHYS OBYI UPMDBF RTJOEUMY RTSNHA RPMShJH JTBOGYY.

BICHBF JEGGBOB Y RPUMEDHAEIK NBTY O FTYRPMY RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK PRETBGYA, UPRTSSEOOHA U VPMSHYYN TYULPN. eUMY VSC POBOE HDBMBUSH, EE DPMZP OECHP-NPTSOP VSCMP VSC CHP-PVOPCHYFSH Yʺ̱-B OEVSCCHBMSHI FTHDOPUFEK, UCHSHBOOSCHI U ZHPTNYTPCHBOYEN, UOBTSEOEN Y UOBVTSEOYEN LPMPOOSCH H TBKPE PET B UBD. yFB LPMPOOB DPMTSOB VSCHMB DEKUFCHPCHBFSH CHUENY UYMBNY FPMSHLP FPZDB, LPZDB BOZMYUBOE, CHOPCHSH PCHMBDECH LITEOBILPK, CHPYMY VSC CH fTYRPMYFBOYA. h RTPFICHOPN UMHYUBE POB DPMTSOB VSCHMB PZTBOYUYFSHUS FEN, UFP VEURPLPIMB VSC YFBMSHSOGECH, UPCHETYBS ZMHVPLIE Y VSHCHUFTSHCHE TEKDSCH.

na DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, S IPFEM, YUFPVSCH "ZHTPOF yuBD" EUMY NPTsOP FBL OBCHBFSH TSD RP OEPVIPDYNPUFY TBTPIOOOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK PUFBCHBMUS ZHTBOGKHULYN ZHTPOFPN. VEHUMPCHOP, OBYUBMP OBYEK UBIBTULPK PRETBGYY DPMTSOP VSCHMP VShFSH UPZMBUPCHBOP U DCHYTSEOEN 8-K BOZMYKULPK BTNYY. ffp bchyuemp pf chsjy u lbytpn. OP CH PUFBMSHOPN MELMETL RPDYOSMUS VSC FPMSHLP NOE CHRMPFSH DP FPZP DOS, LPZDB, UPEDYOYCHYUSH O RPDUFHRBI LUTEDYENOPNH NPTA U OBYNY UPAYOILBNY, PO, EUFEUFCHEOOP, DPMTSEO VSHCHM VSC RPUFHRIFSH CH YI TBURPTS EOIE. uFB BCHFPOPNYS VSCHMB NOE FEN VPMEE DPTPZB, YUFP bchpechboye zheggbob schympush VSC CH OBYI THLBI ʺ̱BMPZPN RTY RPUMEDHAEN TEYOYY UHDSHVSHCH MYCHYY.

h FEYUEOYE OPSVTS-DELBVTS BOZMYYUBOE, CHEDS PTSEUFPYEOOSCH Y FTSEMSHCHE VPI, RTPOILMY CH LITEOBILKH. o JEGGBO. uFP LBUBEFUS NEOS, SCH FFPN CHPRTPUE OE VSCHM OBUFTPEO PRFINYUFYUOP.

oBS, UFP TPNNEMSH UHNEM CHSHCHTCBFSHUS Y BOZMYKULYI FYULPCH Y UFP RPUME PFSCHCHB CHEKZBOB Y UCHETOPK BZHTYLY UZMBYOYE ZYFMET -dBTMBO DBCHBMP ChPNPTSOPUFSH RTPFICHOYLH RPMHYUBFSH UOBVTSEOYE Y fKHOYUB, SOE T BUUYUYFSHCHBM O VSHCHUFTPE RTPDCHYTSEOYE UPAOYLPCH L fTYRPMY. OBRTPFYCH, NOE LBBMPUSH VPMEE CHETPSFOCHN LPOFTOBUFHRMEOYE RTPFYCHOYLB. rPFPNKh, TBTEYBS RPDZPFPCHLKh L OBUFHRMEOYA, S ChPDETSYCHBMUS OBOBYUYFSH FPUOSCHK UTPL EZP OBYUBMB. fBL LBL, U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, NYUUYS UCHSY, LPFPTHA melmetl RPUMBM CH LBYT, VSCHMB RPUFBCHMEOB CH FBLIE HUMPCHYS, UFP POB VSCHMB CHSHCHOCHTSDEOB UZMBUIFSHUS O RPDYOEOYE VTYFBOULP NH LPNBODPCHBOYA, S HLBBM ZOEETBMH yUNEA, UFP S OB LFP OE UZMBUEO, Y TBYASUOYM RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN NYUUYY YI TPMSh .

DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, OPĆI UPAOYLY OE CHUFKHRIMY CH FTYRPMYFBOYA. RETCHSHCHE NUSGSCHCH 1942 VSCHMY DMS PVEYI UFPTPO RETYPDPN UFBVYMYYBGYY. u FFPZP READING GENERAL CHPKULB CH TBKPOE PETTB yuBD NPZMY FPMSHLP UPCHETYBFSH TEKDSCH Y OBMEFSHCH, Y MELMETLH OE FETREMPUSH ʺ̱BOSFSHUS LFYN. 4 ZHECHTBMS SA DBM UCHPE UZMBUYE. PO UDEMBM FFP CH FEYUEOYE NBTFB, RTPKDS UP UCHPYNY VPECHCHNY YUBUFSNY, RPDDETSBOOSCHNY UBNPMEFBNY, Yuete zhEGGBO, TBTHYBS NOPZYE CHTBTSEOLYE RPUFSHCH, BICHBFSCHCHBS NOPZPYUY UMEOOOSCHI RMEOOSCHI Y FTPZHEY. 'BFEN PO CHETOKHMUS O UCHPA VBKH, RPOEUS OYOBYUYFEMSHOSCHHE RPFETY. uFPVSC TBUYTYFSH NBUYFBVSC Y ChPNPTSOPUFY DEKUFCHYK FFPZP YULMAYUYFEMSHOP URPUPVOPZP CHPEOBYUBMSHOILB, S OBOBYUYM EZP CH BRTEME LPNBODHAEYN CHUENY CHPPTHTSOOOSCHNY UYMBNY UCHPVDPDPK zhTBOGKHULPK BZHTYLY. th OB FFPF TB NOE RTYYMPUSH RTEPDPMEFSH RTPFEUFSHCH, CHCHCHBOOSCHE EZP UTE'NETOPK ULTPNOPUFSHHA. u FFPZP PROČITAJTE NA UBN Y EZP ChPKULB RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBMY UEVS DPUFBFPYUOP UIMSHOSCHNY, YUFPVSH ʺ̱BICHBFIFSH PBYUSCH, LBL FPMSHLP UPVSCHFIS H MYCHY VHDHF TBCHYCHBFSHUS CH VM BZPTYSFOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. PDOLP YN RTYYMPUSH PTsidbfsh EEE DPMZYYEE DUUSHECHECHECH CHCTHOOHA TSBTH ULBM Reulpch, RTETSDE YUEN PDETSBMY RPVESHMY OLSHMY OBLPOEG blizu Uevs RSCHMSh Ch Dedyyenopn NPTA.

OP EUMY CH TBKPOE PETTB yuBD OBN RTYYMPUSH PFFSZYCHBFSH TEYBAEYK HDBT, FP CH LITEOBYLE RTEDUFBCHMSMBUSH DPMZPTsDBOOBS ChPNPTSOPUFSH RPLBBFSH, OB YuFP NSCH URPUPVOSHCH. pDOBLP OBN RTEDUFPSMP RTEPDPMEFSH NOPZP RTERSFUFCHYK, RTETSDE YUEN NSCH DPVYMYUSH UZMBUYS UPAYOLPCH O HYBUFYE LTHROSCHI ZHTBOGHULYI UPEDYOEOYK CH VPECHSCHI DEKUFCHYSI CH FFPN TBKPE.

DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, DCHE MEZLYE NPFPNEIBOYITPCHBOOSCHE DYCHYYY Y FBOLPCHSHCHK RPML, UZHPTNYTPCHBOOSCHE CH UYTYY RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN mBTNYOB, OE VSCHMY HYUFEOSCH BOZMYKULYN LPNBODPCHBOYEN RT Y RPDZPPFCHLE OBUFHR MEOYS, OBYUBFPZP CH LPOGE PLFSVTS. pDOBLP PVB UPEDYOEOYS VSCHMY UIMSHOSCHNY Y IPTPYP CHPPTHTSEOOSCHNY. LBCDPE YOYI VSCHMP NPFPTYʺ̱PCHBOP Y UPUFPSMP Yʺ̱ RSFY REIPFOSCHHI VBFBMSHPOCH, BTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB, TPFShch rfp, TPFShch rchp, RPTBDEMEOYS TBECHEDLY, TPFSCH Y RBTLB YOTSEOETOSCHHI CHPKUL, TPFSCH UCHSKY, F TBOURPTFOPK TPFSCH, YFBVOPC TPFSCH Y UMHTSV. Fei UPsedyoois, Chelmayubaeye RPDTBDEMEIS Chuei TPDPCH CHPEFPNH URPUPVSHCHSHY CHCHRPMOMOFSH PFFMASHOH FLFYUELHA KABDBYUKH, VSHMYY DICHYYSNYA COULCHBMShopn UNCHUMEM UMPCHB. IPFS POI O UBNPN DEME VSCHMY "MEZLYNY", S OBUFBYCHBM YNEOOP O OBCHBOY, LPFPTPE UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBMP DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY. mBTNYOB, YURPMSHʺKhS PTHTSYE, PUFBCHMEOOPE DEOGEN YMY ʺBICHBYUEOOPE OB ULMBDBBI, PITBOSENSCHI YFBMShSOULYNY LPNYUUYSNY RP RETENYTYA, UOBVDYM CHUE RPDTBDEMEOYS ZTP KOSHCHN CHPPTHTSEOYEN, Y OPĆENITO DPVTPCHPM SHGSCH, OETZYUOSCHE Y TBUFPPTSIMPLE TEVSFB, CHMBDEMY YN CH UCHETIEOUFCHE. fBLYN PVTBBPN, RPNYNP DYCHYYPOOPK BTFYMMETYY LBTSDSHK VBFBMSHPO YNEM YEUFSH 75-NYMMYNEFTPCHSHCHI PTHDYK. nOPZP VSHMP FBLTS NYOPNEFCH Y BCHFPNBFYUEULPZP PTHTSYS. h UMHYUBE OBUFHRMEOYS UMEDPCHBMP VSC PVMEZYUYFSH CHPKULB. oP ʺ̱BFP Ch PVPTPOE POI PVMBDBMY YULMAYUYFEMSHOPK PZOECHPK NPESHA.

pDPVTYCH 20 UEOFSVTS UPUFBCH DCHHI MEZLYI NPFPNEIBOYJTPCHBOOSCHI DYCHYYK, S OBRTBCHYM 7 PLFSVTS yuETYuYMMA RYUSHNP, UPPVEBS ENH P OBYI OBNETEOISI Y ChPNPTSOPUFSI. pDOPCTENEOOP S OBRYUBM ZMBCHOPPLPNBODHAEENKH CHPKULBNY O CHPUFPL ZEOETTBMH PLYOMELH, OBRPNYOBS ENH P OBYEN TSEMBOY UTTBTSBFSHUS H MYCHYY. s HLBBM yuETYUYMMA Y ZOEETTBMH PLYOMELH, UFP RTY RTPCHEDEOYY YFYI PRETBGYK S ZPFPH RPDYOYFSH CHUA ZTHRRYTPCHLH mBTNYOB BOZMYKULPNH LPNBODPCHBOYA Y UFP, U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, MELMETL IPFS Y VKHDEF DEKUFCHPCH BFSH BCHFPOPNOP, OP UPTSEF RTEDRTYOSFSH OBUFHRMEOYE OB JEGGBO, LPZDB LFP VKhDEF OEPVIPDYNP. 9 PLFSVTS S RPUEFYM BOZMYKULPZP CHPEOOPZP NYOYUFTTB nBTZEUUPOB Y RPRTPUYM EZP CHNEYBFSHUS CH FFP DEMP. oblpoeg, 30 PLFSVTS S UPPVEYM ZEOETBMH lBFTH HUMPCHYS, O LPFPTSCHHI OPĆENITO CHPKULB DPMTSOSCH RTYOSFSH HYBUFYE CH CHPEOOSHCHI DEKUFCHYSI. ZMBCHOSCHN HUMPCHYEN VSCHMB CHPNPTSOPUFSH DEKUFCHCHBFSH GEMSCHNY UPEDYOEOYSNNY.

FPMSHLP 27 OPSVTS S RPMHUYM BOZMYKULYK PFCHEF. NA VSHCHM NOE RPUMBO OBYUBMSHOILPN YFBVB CHPEOOPZP LBVYOEFB yuETYuYMMS ZOEETBMPN yUNEEN. EZP RYUSHNP POBYUBMP PFLB, CHETSMYCHSHCHK, OP LBFEZPTYUEULYK. uFPVSH PVYASUOYFSH FFPF PFLB, OBLY UPAOYLY UUSCHMBMYUSH O "TBPVEEOOPUFSH ZHTBOGKHULLYI YUBUFEK, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHI CH TBMYUOSCHI RHOLFBI UYTY", OB FP, UFP "POI OE VSHCHM" Y OBFTEOITPCHBOSH DMS DEKUFCH YK CH UPUFBCHE DYCHYYK Y VTYZBD, OBLPOEG, O YI "ODPUFBFPYUOPE UOBTSEOIE". pDOBLP POI CHSCHTBTSBMY OBDETSDH, UFP VHDHEEE RPCHPMYF RETEUNPFTEFSH FFPF CHPRTPU.

VSCHMP SUOP, UFP BOZMYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE TBUUYUYFSHCHCHBMP BLCHETYFSH BTCHPECHBOYE MYCHYY Y RPLPOYUYFSH U TPNNEMYN VE RPNPEY ZHTBOGHHCHPCH. rTBChDB, POP TBURPMBZBMP ʺ̱OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHNY OBENOYOSCHNY Y CHPDHHYOSCHNYY UYMBNY CH LFPN TBKPE Y UYUYFBMP, UFP BDNYTBM yodta lbooyozn, RTELTBUOSCHK CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL Y NPTSL, UNPTSEF UCHETYFSH OECHPʺ̱NPTSOPE Y RPMOPUFSHA RTETCHBFSH LPNNHOILBGYY RTPFYCHOYLB NETSDH yFBMYEK Y fTYRPMYFBOYEK.

NPTsOP UEVE RTEDUFBCHYFSH, LBL S VSHCHM TBBYUBTPCHBO BOZMYKULYN PFCHEFPN. s OE NPZ DPRHUFYFSH, YUFPVSCH OBIY CHPKULB PUFBCHBMYUSH CH VEDEKUFCHY OEPRTEDEMEOOPE CHTENS, LPZDB CH VYFCHBI TEYBMBUSH UHDSHVB NYTB. rPFPNKH S RTEDPYUEM CHʺ̱SFSH O UEVS TYUL YʺNEOEOYS PTYEOFBGYY. s RTYZMBUIM vPZPNPMCHB Y RPRTPUYM EZP UPPVEYFSH EZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH, UFP obgypobmshoshchk LPNYFEF CEMBM VSC, YUFPVSH ZHTBOGKHULYE ChPPTKhTSEOOSCHE UYMSCH RTYOSMY OERPUTEDUFCHEOOPE X YUBUFYE CH PRETBGY SI UPAOYLPC O CHPUFPYUOPN ZHTPOFE CH UMHYUBE, EUMY FEBFT CHPEOOSHCHI DEKUFCHYK CH UECHETOPC BZHTYLE VHDEF DMS OYI BLTSCHF. UBNP UPVPK TBHNEEFUS, SOE DEMBM H mPODPOE OILBLPK FBKOSHCH Y UCHPEZP RTEDMPTSEOIS. OP EEE DP FPZP, LBL S RPMHYUYM PFCHEF Yʺ̱ nPULCHSCH, OBNETEOIS BOZMYUBO Yʺ̱NEOYMYUSH. 7 DELBVTS yuETUYMMSH OBRYUBM NOE RSCMLPE RYUSHNP, CH LPFTPN HLBBM, UFP PO FPMSHLP UFP HOBM PF ZOEETBMB PLYOMELB, UFP LFPF RPUMEDOYK PYUEOSH VSH IPFEM RTYCHMEYUSH VTYZB HH "UChPVDPDPK ZhTBOGYY" L PRETBGYSN CH LITEOBYLE". “s BOBA, DPVBCHMSM RTENSHET-NYOYUFT, -UFP LFP OBNETEOIE UPPFFCHEFUFCHHEF CHBYENH TSEMBOIA. s KOBA FBLTSE, LBL CHBYN UPMDBFBN OE FETRIFUS RPNETIFSHUS UYMBNY U OENGBNY.

s PFCHEFIM yuETYuYMMA, UFP PDPVTSA RTPELF Y PFDBN OEPVIPDIINSCHE TBURPTSEOIS ZEOETBMH lBFTH. O UBNPN DEME BOZMYYUBOE, LTPNE FPZP, YUFP YN VSMP VSH OERTYSFOP CHPNPTSOPE RETENEEEOYE ZHTBOGKHULYI UYM CH tPUUYA, OBYUYOBMY RPOINBFSH, LBLHA CHPEOOHA CHSHZPDKh NPZMB RTYEUU FY OBYB RPNPESH CH VYFCHE OD LITEOBILH. pjevajte HVEDYMYUSH CHPPYUYA, UFP RTPFICHOYL KHRPTOP PFUFBYCHBEF LBTsDSCHK LMPYUPL NEPRIJATELJ, UFP YI UPVUFCHEOOOSCHE CHPKULB OEUKHF FTSEMSHCHE RPFETY, UFP YN OEVPVIPDYNP TEPTZBOY'PCHBFSH OB NEUFE LPNBODPCHBOYE, R MPIP RTYURPUPVMEOOPE L PRETBGYSN U HYBUFYEN NEIBOYYTPCHBOOSCHI CHPKUL. pFLBBCHYUSH PF RTPDPMTSEOIS OBUFHRMEOYS CH FTYRPMYFBOY, SOY PTSYDBMY, YUFP TPNNEMSH CHULPTE CHOPCHSH CHPSHNEF YOYGYBFYCHH H UCHPY THLY. uFB RETURELFYCHB CHSHCHOCHTsDBMB YI PVTBEBFSHUS OB OBYEK RPNPESHA.

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OP EUMY 1-K MEZLPK NPFPNEIBOYITCHBOOPK DYCHYYY RPCHEMP, FP UPCHUEN YOBYUE PVUFPSMP UP 2-K, LPFPTBS RTPDPMTSBMB VEDEKUFCHPCHBFSH CH MECCHBOFE. s TSE IPFEM, UFPVSCH POB FBLTSE RTYOSMB HYBUFYE CH CHPEOOSHCHI DEKUFCHYSI. LBL TB ADERBVTS vPZPNPMCH UPPVEYM NOE, YUFP NPK RTPELF RPUSCHMLY ZHTBOGKHULYI CHPKUL CH tPUUYA CHUFTEFYM ZPTSUEEE PDPVTEOYE EZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, LPFPTPE ZPFCHP UOBVDYFSH OBNE UFE fPZDB S TEYIM RPUMBFSH O CHPUFPL OE FPMSHLP BCHYBGYPOOKHA YULBDTYMSHA "OPTNBODYS", OP Y 2-A MEZLKHA NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOKHA DYCHYYA. uFB RPUMEDOSS, PFRTBCHSUSH YUYTYY Y RTPKDS YuETE vBZDBD, DPMTSOB VSCHMB RETEUEYUSH yTBO OB ZTHHCHILBI, IBFEN Yb fBCHTYB RP CEMEEPK DPTPZE RTYVSHCHFSH OB L BCHLB. FP VSHCHM PVSCHUOSCHK RHFSH, RP LPFPTPPNKh YY TBOULYI RPTFPCH DPUFBCHMSMYUSH H tPUUYA ZTHHSHCH, RPUSHMBENSCHE UPAOYLBNY. 29 DERBVTS S OBRYUBM ZEOETBMH JUNEA, RTEDHRTEDICH EZP P UCHPYI OBNETEOISI, Y DBM ZEOETBMH lBFTH OEEPVIPDINSCHE YOUFTHLGYY. 15 NBTFB 2-S NPFPNEIDYCHYYS DPMTSOB VSCHMB PFRTBCHYFSHUS O lBCHLB, EUMY DP EFPZP POBOE RPFTEVPCHBMBUSH VSHCH CH MYCHYY.

bozmykulpe LPNBODPCHBOYE CHSHCHDCHYOKHMP CHUE CHPNPTSOSCHE CHPTBTSEOIS RTPFICH RTPELFB RPUSCHMLY DYCHYYYY H tPUUYA. h nPULCHE TSE UPCHEFSCH HICHBFIMYUSH OB LFH IDEJI. nPMPFCH CH VUEEDBI U zBTTP, ZEOETBM rBOZHYMPCH U REFI FPTPRYMY OBU PUKHEEUFCHYFSH EE; IDEO, RPUFBCHMEOOSHK CH Y'CHEUFOPUFSH, CHSHCHUFKHRIM UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH Y OBRYUBM NOE, RPDDETSYCHBS FPYULKH TEOYS BOZMYKULYI CHPEOOSHCHI. s RTPDPMTSBM OBUFBYCHBFSH O UCHPEN, Y CH LPOGE ZHECHTBMS UPAOYUEULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE RTYOSMP VMBZPRTYSFOPE TEYOYE. NOE UPPWEIM PV FFPN JUNEC. PLYOMEL RPRTPUYM lBFTH RETEDBFSH H EZP TBURPTSEOYE 2-A MEZLHA NPFPNEIBOYITCHBOOKHA DYCHYYA. rPLYOHCH UYTYA, POB RTYVSHMB CH MYCHYA CH RPUMEDOOYI YUYUMBI NBTFB.

zTHRRYTPCHLB mBTNYOB VSCHMB FERESH O NEUFEU: LEOYZ U 1-K DYCHYYEK O MYOYY WYT-iBLEKN, lBP UP 2-K H TEETCHE. fBOLPCHSHCHK RPML RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN RPMLPCHOILB SJENA RPMHYUBM CH FSHCHMH OPCHHA NBFETYIBMSHOHA YUBUFSH. TPFB RBTBYAFYUFCH, LPFPTHA S RETECH Yʺ̱ BOZMYY, FTEOYTPCHBMBUSH CH YUNBYMYY, ZPFCHBS L CHSHCHRPMOEOOYA VPECHPK BDBYUY. FP UPUFBCHMSMP 12 FSHCHUSU UPMDBF Y PZHYGETCH YMY RTYNETOP 1/5 UYM UPAOYELPC, DEKUFCHHAEYI CH FFPN TBKPOE. ULBDTYMShS YUFTEVYFEMEK "YMSHBU" YULBDTYMSHS VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLPCH "MPFBTYOSYS" UTTBTSBMYUSH U PLFSVTS NEUSGB CH OEVE LITEOBYLY. NOPZYE OPĆE RPUSCHMSHOSHCHE UHDB Y FTBMSHEILY HYBUFCHPCHBMY CH ULPTFE LBTCHBOPC CHDPMSH RPVETETSSHS. fBLYN PVTBPN, ʺ̱OBYUYFEMSHOSCHHE ZHTBOGKHULYE UYMSCH VSCHMY UPUTEDPFPYUEOSCH CHPCHTENS O ZMBCHOPN FEBFTE CHPEOOSHCHI DEKUFCHYK. CHULPTE VPZ CHPKOSHCH RTEDPUFBCHYM UPMDBFBN "UCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY" CHPNPTSOPUFSH HYBUFCHPCHBFSH CH VPMSHYPN UTTBTSOYY Y RPLTSCHFSH UEVS OEKHCHSDBENPK UMBCHPK. 27 NBS TPNNEMSH RETEIPDIF CH OBUFHRMEOYE. BIJELO-CRNI RPDCHETZBEFUS OBRBDEOYA.

h RTEDRTYSFISI, CH LPFPTSCHI TYULKHEYSH CHUEN, PVSCHUOP OBUFHRBEF FBLPK NPNEOF, LPZDB FPF, LFP CHEDEF YZTH, YUKHCHUFCHHEF, YuFP UHDSHVB CHPF-CHPF TEYFUS. RP HDYCHYFEMSHOPNH UFEYUEOYA PVUFPSFEMSHUFCH FSHCHUSYUY YURSHCHFBOIK, LPFPTSHCHN ON RPDCHETZBEFUS, LBL VSC CHPRMPEBAFUS OEPTSYDBOOP CH PDOPN TEYBAEEN RYJPDE. eUMMY FFPF RYJPD VKhDEF HDBYUOSCHN, ZhPTFHOB KHMSCHVOEFUS. OP EUMY PO RTYCHEDEF H BLNEYBFEMSHUFCHP THLPCHPDYFEMS, CHUE DEMP RTPYZTBOP. h FP CHTHENS LPZDB CHPLTKhZ RPMYZPOB RMPEBDSHA CH 16 LCHBDTBFOSCHHI LYMPNEFTCH, HDETSYCHBENPZP UPMDBFBNY LEOYZB, TBSHCHZTSCHCHBEFUS DTBNB vYT-iBLEKNB, S UBN, OBIPDSUSH H mpodp OE, OBLPNSUSH U FEMEZTBNNB NY, CHCHUMHYYCHBS LPNNEOFBTYY, YUYFBS PE CHZMSDBI FP UFTBI, FP OBDETSDH, TBUUYUYFSHCHBA, LBLPCHSH VHDHF RPUMEDUFCHYS FPZP, UFP FBN RTPYUIPDYF. eUMMY LFY 5500 VPKGHR, LBTsDShK UP U UCHPYN ZPTEN Y OBDETSDPK DPVTCHPMSHOP RTYVSHCHCHYYE JHTBOGYY, BZHTYLY, MECHBOFB, fYIPZP PLEBOB, UPVTBOOSCHE, OEUNPFTS O UFPMSHLP FTHDOPU FEC, FBN, ZDE S ING UEKYUBU OBIPDSFUS, RPFETRSF RPTBTSOEOYE, OPĆI DEMP VHDEF WETSHEOP RPDPTCHBOP. th OBPVPTPF, EUMY CH FFPF NPNEOPF, O LFPC ENME POI UPCHETYBF CHEMYLYK RPDCHYZ, VHDHEEE RTYOBDMETSYF OBN!

RETCHSHCHE VPI RTPCHEDEOSCH LBL OEMSHʺ̱S MKHYUYE. noe DPOPUSF, UFP 27 NBS, LPZDB ZMBCHOSCHE UIMSH RTPFICHOYLB RTPYMY ATSOEE white-iBLEKNB, UFPVSH PLTHTSYFSH RPYGYY UPAOYLCH, YFBMSHSOULBS NPFPDYCHYYS "bTSHEFE" » VTPUIMB RTPFYCH ZHTBOGKHJPCH UPFOA FBO LPCH Y RPFETSMB UPTPL YOYI, PVMPNLY LPFPTSCHI HUESMY RPME VPS. 28 Y 29 NBS OBYY PFTSSDCH, CHCHUMBOOSCHE PE CHUEI OBRTBCCHMEOYSI, KHOYUFPTSYMY EEE YFHL RSFOBDGBFSH FBOLPCH Y ʺ̱BICHBFIYMY 200 RMEOOSCHI. 30 NBS ZOEETBM TPNNEMSH, LPFPTSCHKOE UNPZ PDOIN HDBTPN URTBCHYFSHUS U BOZMYKULYNY NEIBOYITPCHBOOSCHNY UPEDYOEOYSNNY, TEYBEF PFPKFY, YUFPVSCH PUKHEEUFCHYFSH OPCHSCHK NBOECHT. URHUFS DCHB DOS ZHTBOGKHULBS LPMPOOB RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN RPMLPCHOYLB vTPYB PCHMBDECHBEF RPYGYEK tPFPODB uYOSHSMY, TBURPMPTSEOOPK CH 50 LYMPNEFTBI L BRBDKH. 1 YAOS MBTNYOB YOURELFYTHEF OBBY CHPKULB O NEUFE. eZP DPOEUEOYE RPMOP PRFYNYYNB. h TREBA UPDBEFUS PRTEDEMEOOPE NOOE. oELPFPTSHCHE RTEDULBJSCHCHBAF, UFP LFP DEMP NPZMP VSC OBBYUYFEMSHOP RTECHPKFY ZTBOYGSHCH FBLFYUEULPK PRETBGYY. tbdyp y zbefshch udettsboop, chshchvitbs chshchtbtseois, ulkhrp obyuyobaf ichbmyfsh zhtbogkhulye chpkulb y y yi lpnbodytch.

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8 YAOS OBJOBAFUS PTSEUFPYEOOSCHE BFBLY. REIPFB RTPFYCHOYLB OEPDOPLTTBFOP, RTY RPDDETSLE LTHROSCHI UYM BTFYMMETYY Y FBOLPCH, OBUFPKYUYCHP, OP VEIKHUREYOP RSHCHFBEFUS PCHMBDEFSH FEN YMY YOYOSCHN HYUBUFLPN OBYI RPYGYK. PUEOSH FTSEMSHCHK DEOSH DMS OBYI CHPKUL Y FSCEMBS OPYUSH, CH FEYEOOYE LPFPTPK RTYCHPDSFUS H RPTSDPL OBBY RPUFTDBCHYE PF PVUFTEMB RPYGYY. 9 YAOS BFBLY ChPʺ̱PVOCHMSAFUS. chTBCEULBS BTFYMMETYS KHUYMYMBUSH PTHDYSNY LTHROPZP LBMYVTB, U LPFPTSHCHNY OE NPZHF CHEUFY VPTSHVH 75-NYMMYNEFTPCHSHCHE PTHDYS RPMLPCHOYLB mPTBO-yBNRTPb. OPĆENITO UPMDBFSCH RPMHYUBAF CHUEZP MYYSH PLPMP DCHHI MYFTPH CHPDSHCH CH UHFLY, UFP H DEYOEN NEUFOPN LMYNBFE SCHMSEFUS UCHETIEOOP OEDPUFBFPYUOSCHN. pdoblp oeepvipdynp eee dettsbfshus, rpfpnkh yufp ch uchsj up unsfeoen, rpufereoop picchbfschchbaein tbmyUosche rpdtbdeeoypsypks terTBBEYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY, UPREVBIPK BOZMYKULPK Oye. "ZETPYUEULBS PVPTPOB ZHTBOGHHJPCH!" "vMEUFSAKE RPCHIS"! "OENGSHCH TBYFSHCH RPD WYT-iBLEKNPN!" PE CHEUSH ZPMPU FTHVSF YOZHPTNBGYPOOSCHE BZEOFUFCHB mPODPOB, OSHA-kPTLB, nPOTEBMS, LBYTB, TYP-DE-TSBOEKTP, VKHOPU-bKTEUB. NS RTYVMYTSBENUS L GEMY, LPFPTHA OBNEFYMY, CHPʺ̱MPTSYCH O CHPKULB "UCHPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY", UFPMSh OEOBYUYFEMSHOSHSHOSCHE RP YUYUMEOOPUFY, VPMSHYKHA TPMSH CH LFYI VPMSHYYI UPVSCHFIYSI. RHYLY RPD WYT-iBLEKNPN CHP'CHEUFYMY CHUENH NYTH P OBYUBME CHP'TPTSDEOYS JTBOGYY.

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Politička povijest Francuska XX. stoljeća Arzakanyan Marina Tsolakovna

"Slobodna Francuska"

"Slobodna Francuska"

Istodobno s porazom Francuske započela je povijest njezina otpora osvajačima. Povezano je, prije svega, s imenom izvanrednog francuskog vojnog, političkog i državnik 20. stoljeće General Charles de Gaulle.

De Gaulle je rođen 22. studenoga 1890. u aristokratskoj obitelji i odgajan u duhu domoljublja i katolicizma. Nakon završene Više vojne škole Saint-Cyr borio se na bojištima Prvog svjetskog rata i završio je s činom satnika. U međuratnom razdoblju de Gaulle je nastavio svoju vojnu karijeru. Međutim, od sredine 1920-ih njegova djelatnost daleko je nadilazila okvire vojne službe. Mnogo je pisao i izlagao. U četiri knjige de Gaullea - "Razdor u taboru neprijatelja" (1924.), "Na oštrici mača" (1932.), "Za profesionalnu vojsku" (1934.) i "Francuska i njena vojska" (1938. ) ) - odražavala je autorovu vlastitu vojnu doktrinu i njegov životni kredo. On je zapravo bio prvi u Francuskoj koji je predvidio odlučujuću ulogu tenkovskih trupa u budućem ratu i predstavljao se kao pristaša francuskog nacionalizma i pristaša jake izvršne vlasti.

De Gaulle je bio oštri protivnik obrambene taktike razvijene u Glavnom stožeru francuske vojske, koja se temeljila na ideji neosvojivosti Maginotove linije. Upozorio je na destruktivnost takvih stavova i pozvao na jačanje obrambene sposobnosti zemlje. De Gaulle je prije svega smatrao potrebnim formirati dodatni tenkovski korpus u Francuskoj, opremljen vozilima najnoviji uzorak. Tražio je pristaše u vojnim i političkim krugovima. Godine 1934. čak se uspio upoznati s Paulom Reynaudom, ali de Gaulle nije dobio učinkovitu podršku za svoje ideje.

Početkom Drugog svjetskog rata, de Gaulle, koji je služio u činu pukovnika, imenovan je zapovjednikom tenkovske trupe u Alzasu. Kada je Njemačka pokrenula brzu ofenzivu na zapadnoj fronti 1940., dobio je naredbu da vodi hitno formiranu oklopnu diviziju. Cijeli svibanj se požrtvovno borila, trpeći velike gubitke. Neprijatelj je imao veliku prednost u tenkovima, topništvu i zrakoplovima. Za vojne zasluge de Gaulle je unaprijeđen u čin brigadnog generala.

U Parizu je Paul Reynaud, reorganizirajući svoj kabinet, imenovao de Gaullea zamjenikom ministra rata. General je odmah stigao u glavni grad. Tvrdoglavo je inzistirao na nastavku rata i pokušao u to uvjeriti Reina. De Gaulle je predložio da se vlada preseli u sjevernoafričke posjede Francuske i bori se, oslanjajući se na ogromno kolonijalno carstvo zemlje. Međutim, predsjednik Vijeća ministara je radije prenio vlast na maršala Petaina. Tada je de Gaulle napravio neviđen čin. Odlučno je odbio pokoriti se novim francuskim vlastima, koje su zauzele kurs predaje, te je 17. lipnja 1940. vojnim zrakoplovom odletio u London.

U britanskoj prijestolnici buntovni se general odmah sastao s britanskim premijerom Winstonom Churchillom i uvjerio ga u svoju čvrstu namjeru da nastavi borbu. Dana 18. lipnja de Gaulle je održao poznati govor svojim sunarodnjacima na londonskom radiju. U njemu je tvrdio da je položaj Francuske daleko od beznadnog, jer je rat koji je započeo svjetske prirode i o njegovom ishodu neće odlučiti samo bitka za Francusku. Govor je završio sljedećim riječima: “Ja, general de Gaulle, sada u Londonu, pozivam francuske časnike i vojnike koji se nalaze na britanskom teritoriju ili mogu biti tamo da uspostave kontakt sa mnom. Što god se dogodilo, plamen francuskog pokreta otpora ne smije se ugasiti i neće se ugasiti.” Tako je već u lipnju 1940. podignuta zastava francuskog otpora neprijatelju.

U Londonu je de Gaulle osnovao organizaciju "Slobodna Francuska", osmišljenu za borbu protiv nacistička Njemačka na strani UK. Vichyjevska vlada osudila je de Gaullea na smrt u odsutnosti zbog "dezertiranja" i "izdaje". Ipak, i vojska i civili raznih vrsta počeli su se pridruživati ​​Slobodnoj Francuskoj. politički pogledi i uvjerenja. Krajem 1940. godine bilo ih je samo 7000, da bi se u manje od dvije godine taj broj udeseterostručio.

7. kolovoza 1940. de Gaulle i Churchill potpisali su sporazum o organizaciji i upotrebi francuskih dobrovoljačkih snaga u Engleskoj. De Gaulle se obvezao formirati te snage i vršiti vrhovno zapovjedništvo nad njima u skladu s općim direktivama britanske vlade. Velika Britanija nije priznavala prava de Gaullea na obnašanje državne vlasti i smatrala je "slobodne Francuze" samo dobrovoljcima u njihovoj službi. Međutim, de Gaulleu je osigurao redovitu financijsku potporu i dao mu priliku da uz vojsku stvori i civilno tijelo. De Gaulleu je stavljena na raspolaganje i engleska radio postaja BBC. Preko nje je "Slobodna Francuska" vršila propagandno emitiranje prema Francuskoj.

Prije svega, de Gaulle je svoje napore usmjerio na ovladavanje francuskim kolonijama, uglavnom afričkim. Uz pomoć svojih pristaša, tamo je započeo aktivnu propagandu u korist nastavka rata i pridruživanja Slobodnoj Francuskoj. Sjevernoafrička administracija kategorički je odbila takve prijedloge i ostala vjerna vladi u Vichyju. Drugačije su se ponašale kolonije Francuske Ekvatorijalne Afrike. Već u kolovozu 1940. Chad se pridružio de Gaulleu. Nakon nekog vremena, Kongo, Ubangi-Shari, Gabon, Kamerun prešli su na stranu generala. Nekoliko malih francuskih posjeda na Pacifiku objavilo je njegovo priznanje. Bio je to prvi veliki uspjeh. Istina, u rujnu 1940. golisti su također doživjeli ozbiljan poraz. Ekspedicija englesko-francuske eskadre, koja je imala za cilj zauzeti najvažniju luku francuske zapadne Afrike - Dakar, završila je neuspjehom. Garnizon grada ostao je na strani Vichyja. Ipak, Slobodni Francuzi sada imaju vlastitu teritorijalnu bazu na afričkom kontinentu. To je omogućilo de Gaulleu da počne stvarati vlastiti "državni aparat" i odlučno se distancirati od vichyjevske vlade.

27. listopada 1940. de Gaulle je izdao Manifest o vodstvu Francuza tijekom rata. U njemu je osudio djelovanje Petainove vlade, govorio o nezakonitosti njezina postojanja i kolaboracioniste nazvao "slučajnim vođama" koji su se pokorili neprijatelju. De Gaulle je izjavio da će u ime Francuske vršiti vlast s jedinom svrhom zaštite zemlje od neprijatelja.

Na samom kraju 1940. stvoren je Slobodni francuski politički ured. Njegov rad je nadgledao sam de Gaulle. Definirao je i zadaće Ureda: “Stvaranje i korištenje informativnih službi koje prikupljaju materijale o političkoj situaciji u Francuskoj i Carstvu. Organizirati i podržati Slobodni francuski pokret u Francuskoj i Carstvu i pokušati proširiti svoje aktivnosti na stare i nove političke, društvene, vjerske, gospodarske, profesionalne i intelektualne organizacije i uvjeriti ih u trenutnu potrebu da se svi osobni interesi podrede jednom - nacionalni " . Uprava se sastojala od Glavni stožer i informacijska služba. Njima su bila podređena tri biroa. Prvi je definirao konkretne zadatke. Drugi je bio provesti ih na teritoriju Francuske i kolonijalnog carstva. Kasnije se razvio u dobro poznati Središnji ured za svijest i djelovanje (BSRA). Treći se bavio uspostavljanjem kontakata s inozemstvom. De Gaulle je slao svoje predstavnike u razne regije svijeta kako bi izdejstvovali priznanje "Slobodne Francuske" od strane vlada stranih država.

U rujnu 1941. de Gaulle je izdao uredbu o "Slobodnoj Francuskoj". Osnovao je Zemaljski odbor koji je privremeno obnašao funkcije državne vlasti. Pozvano je da postoji sve dok se "ne stvori reprezentacija francuskog naroda, sposobna izraziti volju nacije neovisno o neprijatelju". Nacionalni odbor uključivao je povjerenike koje je imenovao njegov predsjednik, general de Gaulle: Rene Pleven (za koordinaciju aktivnosti odbora), Maurice Dejan (za vanjske poslove), Rene Cassin (za pravosuđe i javno obrazovanje), general Legantio (za vojna pitanja). ), admiral Muselier (vojna i trgovačka flota), general Valen (za zrakoplovstvo), Andre Dietelme (unutarnji poslovi). Na čelu nacionalnih komesarijata bili su komesari. Tako je u okviru Slobodne Francuske stvoren neki privid vlade.

Suradnja "Slobodne Francuske" (od srpnja 1942. - "Borbene Francuske") sa saveznicima u antihitlerovskoj koaliciji isprva nije bila laka. Prije svega, to se odnosilo na razvoj de Gaulleovih odnosa s britanskom vladom, pred kojom je branio francuske nacionalne interese. Šef "Slobodnih Francuza" nastojao je spriječiti širenje britanskog utjecaja u francuskim kolonijalnim posjedima.

U ljeto 1941. godine, kao rezultat zajedničke britanske vojne operacije sa "slobodnim Francuzima", svrgnut je višijevski režim u francuskim kolonijama na Bliskom istoku - Siriji i Libanonu. U proljeće 1942. Velika Britanija je zauzela otok Madagaskar i tamo eliminirala vichyjevsku upravu. Britanci su htjeli uspostaviti svoju vlast u tim francuskim posjedima. De Gaulle je to kategorički spriječio i pod cijenu velikih napora i teških diplomatskih pregovora pridružio Siriju, Libanon i Madagaskar pokretu Slobodne Francuske.

Odmah nakon početka Velikog Domovinski rat de Gaulle je u ime Slobodne Francuske pokrenuo suradnju sa SSSR-om, koji je prethodno održavao diplomatske odnose s Vichyjem.

Događaji od 22. lipnja 1941. zatekli su generala u Africi. Vlada u Vichyju je 30. lipnja objavila prekid diplomatskih odnosa sa Sovjetskim Savezom. Opunomoćeni predstavnik SSSR-a pod Vichyjem A.E. Bogomolov odmah je opozvan iz Francuske. Ali već 1. srpnja veleposlanik Sovjetskog Saveza u Velikoj Britaniji, I. M. Maisky, telegrafirao je iz Londona u Moskvu da ga je i prije raskida s Vichyjem privatno posjetio predstavnik de Gaulle Cassin, “koji je u ime general, prenio suosjećanje i najbolje želje SSSR-a” i istodobno “postavio pitanje uspostavljanja određenih odnosa između sovjetske vlade i de Gaulleovih snaga”. U kolovozu su Cassin i Dejean po drugi put postavili isto pitanje IM Maiskyju. A 26. rujna 1941. veleposlanik SSSR-a u Velikoj Britaniji dao je de Gaulleu službeni pismeni odgovor: “U ime moje vlade imam čast izvijestiti vas da vas priznaje kao vođu svih slobodnih Francuza, gdje god se nalazili. , koji su se okupili oko vas podržavajući savezničku stvar.

Obje su strane odlučile razmijeniti službene predstavnike. Početkom studenog 1941. A. E. Bogomolov poslan je u Veliku Britaniju s činom izvanrednog i opunomoćenog veleposlanika SSSR-a pri savezničkim vladama u Londonu. Sovjetska vlada mu je povjerila funkcije održavanja komunikacije sa Slobodnom Francuskom. U Moskvu su otišli i Roger Garraud, Raymond Schmittlen, kojeg je imenovao de Gaulle, te vojni predstavnik, general Ernest Petit.

Sjedinjene Države održavale su diplomatske odnose s Vichyjem prije ulaska u Drugi svjetski rat. Međutim, Amerikanci su bili zainteresirani za korištenje francuskih otočnih kolonija u Atlantskom i Tihom oceanu, pod kontrolom Slobodne Francuske, kao svojih vojnih pomorskih i zračnih baza.

Nakon što je SAD ušao u rat na strani saveznika u prosincu 1941., de Gaulle se obratio Sjedinjenim Državama s prijedlogom uspostave diplomatskih odnosa. Službeni Washington dugo nije dao pozitivan odgovor šefu "Francuske slobode". Tek su u ožujku 1942. Sjedinjene Države priznale vlast de Gaulleovog Nacionalnog komiteta na pacifičkim otocima. U srpnju 1942. američka vlada izdala je priopćenje kojim priznaje organizaciju na čelu s de Gaulleom.

Free India Subhas Chandra Bose jedan je od vođa INC-a. Po svojim pogledima blizak je komunistima. Bježi u okupiranu Burmu, Japancima. Ondje, 21. listopada 1943., s njihovim novcem, proglašava "Slobodnu Indiju" - "Azad Hind". "Azad Hind" kontrolira Andaman i