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Editing is the operation to eliminate defects in workpieces and parts in the form of concavity, convexity, waviness, warping, curvature, etc. Its essence lies in the compression of a convex layer of metal and the expansion of a concave. The metal is subjected to editing both in the cold and in the heated state. The choice of one or another dressing method depends on the amount of deflection, dimensions and material of the workpiece (part).
Editing can be manual (on a steel or cast iron level plate) or machine (on the right rollers or presses). The correct plate, as well as the marking plate, must be massive. Its sizes can be from 400 * 400 mm to 1500 * 3000 mm. Plates are installed on metal or wooden supports, ensuring the stability of the plate and the horizontal position. To edit hardened parts (straightening) use straightening headstock. They are made of steel and hardened. The working surface of the headstock can be cylindrical or spherical with a radius of 150-200 mm.
Manual dressing is carried out with special hammers with a round, radial go plug-in of soft metal brisk. Thin sheet metal is ruled with a mallet (wooden mallet). When editing metal, it is very important to choose the right places to strike. The force of impact must be commensurate with the magnitude of the curvature of the metal and reduced as the transition from the greatest deflection to the smallest.
With a large bending of the strip, strikes are applied to the rib with the toe of the hammer for one-sided drawing (lengthening) of the bending places. Strips having a twisted bend are corrected by the untwisting method. Check the editing "by eye", and with high requirements for the straightness of the strip - with a straightedge or on the test plate
Round metal can be edited on a plate or on an anvil. If a bar has several bends, then the edges are corrected first, and then located in the middle
The most difficult is the editing of sheet metal. The sheet is laid on the plate with a bulge up. The blows are applied with a hammer from the edge of the sheet towards the bulge. Under the action of impacts, a flat part of the sheet will stretch, and the convex will straighten.
When dressing a hardened sheet metal, light but frequent blows are applied with the toe of the hammer in the direction from the concavity to its edges. The upper layers of metal are stretched, and the part is straightened.
Shafts and round billets of large cross section are controlled using a manual screw or hydraulic press.
According to the methods of work and the nature of the working process, another locksmith operation - bending metals - is very close to dressing metals. Metal bending is used to give the workpiece a curved shape according to the drawing. Its essence lies in the fact that one part of the workpiece is bent in relation to the other at any given angle. Bending stresses must exceed the elastic limit, and the deformation of the workpiece must be plastic. Only in this case will the workpiece retain its shape after unloading.
Manual bending is carried out in a vice with a bench hammer and various devices. The sequence of bending depends on the dimensions of the contour and the material of the workpiece.
Bending of thin sheet metal is carried out with a mallet. When using various mandrels for bending metals, their shape should correspond to the shape of the part profile, taking into account the deformation of the metal. When bending a workpiece, it is important to correctly determine its dimensions.
The calculation of the length of the workpiece is performed according to the drawing, taking into account the radii of all bends. For parts bent at right angles without rounding on the inside, the billet allowance for bending should be from 0.6 to 0.8 of the metal thickness.
During plastic deformation of the metal during bending, it is necessary to take into account the elasticity of the material: after removing the load, the bending angle increases slightly.
The manufacture of parts with very small bending radii is associated with the risk of rupture of the outer layer of the workpiece at the bend. The size of the minimum allowable bending radius depends on the mechanical properties of the workpiece material, on the bending technology and the surface quality of the workpiece. Parts with small radii of curvature must be made of plastic materials or preliminarily annealed.
In the manufacture of products, sometimes it becomes necessary to obtain curved sections of pipes bent at different angles. Seamless and welded pipes, as well as pipes from non-ferrous metals and alloys, can be bent.
Pipe bending is done with or without filler (usually dry river sand). It depends on the material of the pipe, its diameter and bending radius. The filler protects the pipe walls from the formation of wrinkles and wrinkles (corrugations) in places of bending.
Editing metal called the operation to remove defects on the workpieces and parts in the form of convexity, concavity, warpage, waviness, curvature, etc. The meaning of editing metal consists in expanding the concave part of the metal and compressing the convex surface of the metal.
The metal is subjected to editing, both in the heated state and in the cold. The choice of one or another type of dressing depends on the size of the cuts, deflection and material of the part.
Metalworking in this way can be either manual (on a cast iron or steel plate), or machine (on presses or rollers). The correct slab must be massive. Its dimensions should be from 400x400 mm. or up to 1500X1500 mm. Plates are installed on wooden or metal supports, which provide good stability and horizontal position.
For editing hardened parts (straightening) apply straightening headstock. They are made of steel and hardened before use. The working surface of the headstock itself can have a spherical or cylindrical appearance with a radius of 100-200 mm. (see photo)
Manual editing of metal it is made with special hammers with a plug-in, radius, round striker of soft metal. Thin sheet metal is most often ruled by a mallet. During straightening the metal, it is very important to choose the right place where to strike, and the impact force must be commensurate with the magnitude of the curvature and change as you transition to the best condition.
Types of metals that have twisted bending are processed by untwisting. Round metals can be edited on the anvil or plate. If the twist has several bends, then you need to start editing from the edges, and then process the bends in the middle.
The most difficult in this form is sheet dressing. This type of metal must be placed on the plate with the bend or bulge up. Blows should be applied towards the bulge (bend) from the edges of the sheet. Under the influence of impacts, the convex part of the sheet will straighten out, and the even part will stretch.
During straightening of the hardened sheet metal, not strong, but frequent hammer blows are applied, directed from the concavity to the edges. The part is straightened, and the upper parts of the metal are stretched. Round and shaft billets of large cross section are processed using a hydraulic or screw process.
By the nature and methods of work metal edits very easy to compare with another type of metal processing - this is a process metal bending. Metal bending is used to shape the workpiece according to the drawing. Its meaning is that one of the parts of the workpiece is bent to the other at a certain angle. The deformation of the part must be ductile, and the bending stress must have a lower characteristic compared to the elastic limit, since if you use further changes in the structure of the part, for example how difficult it will be. In this case, the workpiece will retain its shape after the end of the load process. Manual bending It is done in a vice, a metal hammer and other devices are used. Execution sequence bending metal Depends on the material and contour of the workpiece.
Sheet metal bending produced by a mallet. When using various mandrels for metals, the shape of the mandrels must correspond to the shape of the part with a view to the deformation of the metal.
When bending a workpiece, you must correctly set its dimensions. The length of the workpiece is determined according to the drawing, taking into account all the bends on the workpiece. For parts that are bent without rounding from the inside and at right angles, the allowance for the part to bend should be from 0.5 to 0.8 mm of the metal thickness.
During plastic deformation of the part during bending, the elasticity of the materials must be taken into account: the bending angle slightly increases after the load is removed. After removing the load, the part can be processed in different ways, one of them
The manufacture and metal processing of parts with a very small bending radius can lead to rupture of the outer layer of the workpiece. The size of the minimum bending radius on the metal completely depends on the properties of the metal, the quality of the workpieces and their bending technology. Parts with a small bending radius must be made of plastic materials. Sometimes during the manufacture of products there is a need to obtain bent at ordinary angles, curved pipes. Bending can be made over welded and seamless pipes, as well as pipes from alloys and non-ferrous metals.
Pipe bending It is made with a filler (most often river sand), a process is possible without it. In this case, it depends on the diameter, its bending radius, and the material of the pipe. Filler, i.e. sand saves the walls of the pipe from the formation of wrinkles and bending of folds on them. By cutting metal pipes, they are given the desired shape and size.
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Locksmithing
TO category:
Bending and straightening metal
Locksmithing
Editing is the method of processing workpieces with bench hammers or using special devices in order to eliminate deviations in the shape and location of surfaces. The main purpose of editing is to reduce the allowances for subsequent processing. The eliminated deviations include warping, dents, bulges, bends, twisting.
Fig. 1. Editing sheet blanks: 1 - workbench, 2 - straightening plate, 3 - places of striking, 4 - bulging, 5 - weak strokes, 6 - strong strokes, 7 - sequence of strokes
At the defect site, the concave and convex sides appear on the workpiece. The fibers of the material on the concave side are compressed, and on the convex side, they are stretched. Editing is done in order to align the lengths of the fibers of the convex and concave sides, stretching the concave side or compressing the convex side. The concave side is stretched by the targeted impact of a hammer on it. In the center of the impact, the material is plastically deformed (compressed). At the edges of the shock zone, the material particles are displaced to the sides and the material is elongated, i.e., it is drawn out. A more significant hood is achieved by striking the narrow nose of the hammer, as this increases the pressure on the surface of the workpiece. When machining with a flat hammer, the degree of drawing is less, and the hardening of the surface layer is higher.
Types of edits. In plumbing, cold and less often hot dressing (manual and mechanized) is used, carried out by stretching, unwinding, flexible and straightening.
Tools and accessories for editing. The main tool for manual editing are hammers. The most commonly used hand hammers with a round striker and a convex sphere. A square hammer can leave dents on the workpiece. The hammer must be polished, and when performing particularly important work - polished. To edit steel hardened sheet billets, special hammers are used with the narrow rounded side of the hardened striker or with solid high-strength inserts. Editing of blanks from soft, thin and cleanly processed sheet material is carried out with hammers with inserts made of hardwood, copper, aluminum, lead, rubber, polyurethane.
As a solid non-deformable support for the workpiece, regular (steel or cast iron) plates with a flat surface are used. They are installed on a solid and stable foundation.
To edit billets from long products, various devices are used, for example, prisms, linings of various configurations, bench vices. For machine editing, various types of presses are used (screw, hydraulic, pneumatic), plate straightening machines, horizontal stretching machines.
The sequence and methods of performing work during editing. First, the convex part of the preform is visually determined and its borders marked with chalk or pencil. Then they select the editing method, the necessary tools and devices, outline the editing scheme, places and sequence of striking, their strength .. The thicker the workpiece, the stronger its material and the greater the deviation, the stronger the strokes should be. As the workpiece straightens out, the impact force should be reduced. In the process of editing it is necessary to constantly evaluate the results of each stroke and make the necessary adjustments to the intended processing scheme.
Hardened workpieces with manual dressing are placed on the correct plate. Then, with the toe of the hammer, uniform strokes are applied along the edge of the concave side. Gradually, the force of the blows is reduced and applied, as it were, in the spaces between the places of the first blows. The material “accelerates” to the sides, the concave side lengthens and the workpiece becomes straight. Several consecutive blows at one place can cause the appearance of new bulges, increased hardening, cracks and kinks.
When editing sheet material, the most difficult type of work is the elimination of bulges. Attempts to eliminate them by striking the bulge itself will lead to its increase. Processing is carried out by a flat striker of the hammer so as to stretch the layers of material adjacent to the bulge. If the bulge is in the middle of the workpiece, then strikes are applied from the edge to the bulge, gradually reducing the strength of the strokes and changing their places. If there is a bulge at the edge of the workpiece, strikes are applied from its middle to the bulge. Editing a workpiece with several bulges begins with strokes in the intervals between the bulges in the direction of the bulges.
With large shape deviations and a large thickness and strength of the workpiece material, the impact force of the hammer is not enough for dressing. In this case, the correction is carried out on the press.
Locksmith: A Practical Guide for the Locksmith Kostenko Evgeny Maksimovich
2.7. Manual and mechanical dressing and bending of metal
For dressing of shaped, sheet and strip metal, various kinds of hammers, plates, anvils, rolls (for straightening tin), manual screw presses, hydraulic presses, roller devices and collars are used.
Bending of metal depending on its thickness, configuration or diameter is carried out using a hammer using locksmith's tongs or blacksmith tongs on the dressing plate, in a vice or in molds or on an anvil. You can also bend metal in various bending devices, bending machines, in dies on bending presses and other equipment.
A hammer is a percussion instrument consisting of a metal head, a handle and a wedge, fig. eleven).
Fig. 11. Bench hammer:
a - metal head; b - handle; in - wedge
The hammer is widely used in various plumbing operations; This is one of the main tools when performing locksmith work.
The metal part consists of the following elements: a wedge-shaped part, a slightly rounded butt (shock part) and a hole. The handle for the hammer is made of solid wood with a cross-section and length that depend on the size of the hole in the hammer and its weight. After putting the hammer on the handle, a wooden or metal wedge is hammered into it, protecting the hammer from falling off the handle.
Hammers come in round and square strikers. Hand hammers are made of tool carbon steel U7 or U8 (table. 1). The working part of the hammers is hardened to hardness HRC49–56.
Table 1
Weight and dimensions of locksmiths
Editing is the operation of returning curved or bent metal products to their original rectilinear or other shape. Editing is done hot or cold by hand, as well as using devices or machines.
Most often, wire, hot-rolled or cold-drawn bar, strip and sheet metal are straightened. Varietal metal (squares, channels, brands, I-beams and rails) is less frequently edited.
A material or product made of non-ferrous metals should be corrected taking into account its physical and mechanical properties with a hammer made of the corresponding metal. Hammers made of the following non-ferrous metals are used: copper, lead, aluminum or brass, as well as wooden and rubber hammers.
Flexiblethey call the operation of imparting a certain configuration to a metal without changing its cross-section and processing the metal by cutting. Bending is done by cold or hot method manually or using devices and machines. Bending can be done in a vice or on an anvil. Bending the metal and giving it a specific shape can be facilitated by the use of templates, bar shapes, bending dies and fixtures. Bending a large number of metal rods to give them a certain shape is possible only in specially designed and manufactured for this purpose dies and bending equipment.
Fig. 12.Pipe bending tool
The wire bends at a certain radius or circumference with a pair of pliers, and when bending at a small angle, with pliers;
with complex bending, circle-pliers and pliers can be used simultaneously. In some cases, a vise is used when bending wire.
Pipe bending can be done hot or cold using special templates or rollers using bending devices (Fig. 12) or tube-bending machines.
Thick-walled pipes with a diameter of not more than 25 mm and a bending radius of more than 30 mm can be bent in the cold state without filling them with dry fine sand, lead, rosin and without inserting a coil spring into them. Pipes of large diameters (depending on the wall thickness and the grade of metal from which the pipe is made) are bent, as a rule, by heating the bend and filling the pipe with the appropriate material. At the same time, the ends of the pipe are drowned out with plugs, which reduces the possibility of its breakage or flattening during bending. Pipes with a seam should be bent in such a way that the effective bending force is applied in a plane perpendicular to the seam.
Pipe expansion- this is the diametrical distribution to the outside of the ends of the pipes in order to obtain a tight and durable press connection of the ends of the pipes with the holes into which they are inserted. It is used in the manufacture of boilers, tanks, etc. Flaring is carried out mainly by manual flaring roller tools or conical mandrels.
Spring- this is a part that under the action of external forces is elastically deformed, and after the termination of the action of these forces returns to its original state. Springs are used in various machines, devices, machines and equipment. Springs are classified by shape, operating conditions, type of load, type of tension, etc. The shape of the spring is divided into flat, screw (cylindrical, shaped, telescopic) and conical. By type of loading, they are divided into tension, torsion and compression springs. Springs are made with right or left winding, spiral dish-shaped, bent, flat, curly and ring (Fig. 13).
The spring must maintain in a certain position parts or assembly units of machines, eliminate or calm vibrations, and also perceive the energy of a part or assembly of a machine in motion, allow elastic parts of machines to resist, or resist a certain force. The spring also acts as an indicator of a certain strength.
Fig. 13. Springs: a - flat; b - screw cylindrical; in - spiral; g - dish-shaped; d - bent; e - ring
Springs are made of spring or spring steel. It can be high carbon steel or alloy spring and spring steel with the addition of manganese, chromium, tungsten, vanadium, silicon. The chemical composition of spring and spring steel, heat treatment conditions, as well as mechanical properties are determined by the relevant GOST and technical conditions.
Fig. 14. Winding a coil spring in a vice manually
Springs are made manually or by machine. One of the easiest manual methods is to produce springs in a vise (Fig. 14) using a round rod with a handle with a diameter slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the spring, and special wooden cheeks nested between the jaws of the vice. Coil springs can also be wound on drilling, turning or special winding machines.
The length of the round wire required for winding a coil spring is determined by the formula:
L \u003d? D cp n,
where L- full wire length;
D cp is the average diameter of the coil of the spring (equal to the inner diameter plus the diameter of the wire); n- the number of turns.
Rubber spring coupler- This is a kind of spring. Rubber connecting spring parts are used in various machines, mechanisms and equipment for connecting shafts and a number of other parts operating under dynamic loads. They have the ability to receive and store energy, damp vibrations and are used as flexible and elastic couplings.
Before installing a spring or rubber connecting spring, you should first check the conformity of the type, characteristics and quality of the spring with the drawing and the technical requirements for assembling the machine or mechanism. A spring or rubber connecting spring that does not meet these requirements or has mechanical damage will not ensure the operability of the machine or mechanism.
When editing and bending metal, it is necessary to check the technical condition of the tools used, correctly and accurately fix the material on the plate, in a vice or other device. Sleeves of clothing on the wrists should be fastened, gloves should be worn on the hands.
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From the author’s book 2.8. Manual and mechanical cutting and sawing Cutting is the operation of dividing a material (object) into two separate parts using hand scissors, a chisel or special mechanical scissors. Sawing is the operation of dividing a material (object) with
From the author’s book 5.1. Manual hot forging. Manual hot forging is the processing of a metal heated to a temperature above the recrystallization limit (for steel - in the range from 750 to 1350 ° C), in order to give it a certain shape with a hand hammer or hammer.
From the author’s book 5.2. Mechanical hot processing Mechanical hot is the processing of metal heated to a temperature above the recrystallization temperature (for steel - in the range from 750 to 1350 ° C), which allows to obtain products of the desired shape using special machines and
Presentation description for individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Moscow City Education Department Moscow 2015
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Theme of the lesson: Editing and bending of sheet metal and wire. The purpose of the lesson: Educational: to familiarize students with the technology of dressing and bending of metal and wire. To teach the correct methods of dressing and bending of sheet metal and wire in a vice using a hand tool, using various devices; bending thin wire with pliers and round-nose pliers; compliance with labor safety requirements; Developing: the formation of working skills with a hand tool (mallet, hammer, combined pliers, round-nose pliers, side cutters); making independent decisions, self-control during the editing and bending of sheet metal and wire. To develop skills of productive labor, to understand practical situations and independently implement the solutions found. Continue to develop attentiveness, observation, practical thinking, mental activity in students; the ability to compare, analyze and put into practice the material studied. Educational: -to instill in students an interest in work and a desire to learn new material, to form in students a desire for the constant development of professional abilities and skill, a desire for self-control; the formation of will, perseverance and independence, the cultivation of conscious discipline, accuracy and attentiveness when performing a practical task, the ability to work in a team; to cultivate a respect for equipment and plumbing; comply with labor safety rules when performing practical work. Supporting knowledge: mathematics, drawing, plane marking, metals and alloys, metal cutting with scissors.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
Updating reference knowledge 1. It is necessary to drill a hole in the workpiece. What work do you need to do first? 2. How many times do they spend risk on the workpiece? 3. How to determine the base marking? 4. At what angle is the scriber placed in relation to the ruler? 5. What tools are used for marking metal? 6. What is the metal square for? 7.How do they cut sheet metal? 8. What tools for cutting blanks from sheet metal and wire do you know? 9. What kinds of locksmith scissors do you know? 10. What are the types of industrial shears for cutting sheet metal. 11. What precautions should be observed when cutting metal with scissors?
4 slide
Description of the slide:
Sheet metal processing technology is a transforming human activity aimed at meeting the needs and requirements of people in metal products using machine tools, tools and equipment. The technology for the production of sheet metal products includes the following locksmith operations: marking using a marking tool, sheet metal processing by cutting, sheet metal processing by pressure; editing and bending Editing sheet metal Editing is called - the operation to eliminate defects in workpieces and parts in the form of concavity, convexity, waviness, warpage, curvature, etc. Its essence is to compress a convex layer of metal and expand the concave. Usually straighten the workpieces before marking, as well as after cutting with scissors, cutting with a chisel, etc. When performing straightening, it is important to know such properties of the metal as elasticity and ductility, as well as tools and equipment used for this technological operation and.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
Sheet metal editing tools. It is best to manually edit sheet metal on a regular plate with a hammer with an unhardened striker or a mallet. The hammer head must be round, because the square hammer with square corners can accidentally make dents on the metal surface. Hammers are hammers, the impact part of which is made of hardwood, they are ruled by sheet material of metals of high ductility. A characteristic feature of editing with mallet is that they practically leave no traces on the straightened surface. Sheets of very thin metal (foil) are ruled by a wooden bar - ironing board. Smoothers are made of hard wood: beech, oak, boxwood and are intended for straightening (smoothing) sheet material of small thickness (up to 0.5 mm). This tool during processing, as a rule, does not leave traces in the form of dents.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Sheet metal editing. The sheet is laid on the plate with a bulge up. It is impossible to strike with a hammer on a convex place, since from this the bulges will not only not decrease, but, on the contrary, will increase. It is necessary to strike with a hammer from the edge of the sheet towards the center of the bulge. Under the blows of the hammer, the material around the bulge will stretch, and the bulge will gradually disappear. As you approach the center of the bulge, the blows strike more often and weaker. If the workpiece has a waviness along the edges and an even middle, the dressing is carried out, striking from the middle towards the waviness.
7 slide
Description of the slide:
Editing the wire can be done in different ways: The wire is pulled between the nails, driven into the board. The wire is clamped in a vice between two bars and with a manual vice or flat-nose pliers, it is pulled several times. steel wire is fixed on the plate, easily striking with a hammer, turning it around the axis. The copper and aluminum wires are straightened with a mallet. A curved section of the wire is placed between the jaws of the flat-nose pliers and squeezed
8 slide
Description of the slide:
Rules for safe work when editing sheet metal. 1. A glove should be worn on the hand holding the workpiece during dressing; keep this hand further from the point of impact with a mallet or hammer. 2. Beware of sharp edges of the sheet and wire. 3. When dressing the wire, securely fix the wooden blocks and the steel frame in a vice. 4. The hammer head and mallet should be well fixed on the handle. Strictly observe the rules of safe work. Remember! Violations of safety rules lead to personal injury.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
FLEXIBILITY OF THIN-METAL METAL AND WIRES Bending is a metalwork operation by which the workpiece or its part is given the necessary shape. The bending of small blanks of sheet metal is performed in a vice. In order not to spoil the surface of the workpieces, mouthpieces are put on the lips of a vice. The workpiece in a vice is fixed so that the fold line (marking risk) is at the level of the bibs. Bending is carried out with a mallet (Fig. 1). You can use a bench hammer, but the blows should not be applied to the workpiece, but to the wooden bar, which will bend the metal without leaving dents on it (Fig. 2). Initially, bending the edges of the workpiece with light strokes, and then moving to its middle part. Fig. 1 Fig. 2
10 slide
Description of the slide:
In a vise, relatively small sheets of metal are bent at various angles: from very slight to direct. The workpiece is fixed in a vice so that a risk marking (fold line) is installed on the jaws of the vice. If the bent part of the preform is relatively narrow, then it is bent to a predetermined angle by impacts of a mallet (Fig. 1 a). To bend a wider strip of metal, a wooden block is placed on the bent part and it is struck with a hammer (Fig. 1 b). For bending billets, mandrels in the form of bars of metal of various shapes are often used (Fig. 2). Fig. 1 Fig. 2
11 slide
Description of the slide:
If it is necessary to bend a large number of identical parts, use special devices. For example, setting the workpiece in the slot of the device shown in Fig. 1, and by hitting it with a hammer, you can quickly get the part of the required shape. In factories, sheet metal is bent in bending dies (Fig. 2). Fig. 1 Long billets can be bent in a fixture, which is a metal strip or corner, attached to a wooden beam. 2
12 slide
Description of the slide:
When bending sheet metal at right angles using rectangular mandrels, the vise is usually rotated at an angle of approximately 45 ° relative to the front edge of the workbench and a mandrel or two steel corners are firmly fixed to them. The bendable sheet is applied to the mandrel or inserted between the corners so that the marking risk coincides with the edge of the mandrel, corner. By blows, the mallets first bend the ends of the bent part of the sheet, and then bend along the entire length.
13 slide
Description of the slide:
Products of a round and other complex shape are bent from sheets of metal onto mandrels of an appropriate shape. At industrial enterprises, this is done with the help of special devices, bending machines, dies and on roll forming mills. This work is done by blacksmiths and stampers.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Bending wire Billets of wire of the desired length are cut with wire cutters. The cut piece of wire must be straightened before processing. To give the desired shape of the wire billet, it is subjected to bending. The bending of the wire is carried out using pliers, round-nose pliers and simple devices. Use a pair of pliers to clamp and bend the wire at the desired angle. Parts of complex shape are obtained using round-nose pliers. For the manufacture of products in the form of rings, cylindrical mandrels are used.
15 slide
Description of the slide:
Bending a thick wire (more than 2 mm thick) requires considerable effort, so it is usually performed in a vice or using special tools. To bend the wire at a right angle, steel corners are put on the jaws of a vice. The workpiece is fixed between the corners so that the bend point is about half the diameter of the wire above the corner edge and bend the wire with a mallet or wooden block and hammer. If the figure has a rather complex shape, then use the simplest devices. You can bend the wire ring from thick wire using a cylindrical mandrel in three steps. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
