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| Scuba avm 1m time under water. LPI - training. Minimum pressure gauge |
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Description of the device AVM-1M The device is designed for autonomous descents under water to a depth of 40 meters. Specifications:
The AVM-1m device consists of the following main parts:
Gearbox and lung machine Gear Details: (17) adapter, (14) gear diaphragm, Details of the pulmonary machine: Device operation  b) When inhaling, a vacuum is created in the internal cavity of the pulmonary automaton, the membrane of the automaton bends and presses on the upper arm. The upper lever presses on the lower one, and that lever, in turn, presses on the valve stem of the pulmonary machine with the platform of its adjusting screw. The valve compresses its spring and allows air from the cavity of the gearbox to the cavity of the pulmonary machine and then to the swimmer.
c) At the end of the inspiration, the deflection of the membrane of the pulmonary automaton decreases, the pressure on the levers decreases, and the valve of the automaton closes under the action of its spring (sits on the saddle). At the same time, the pressure in the cavity of the gearbox drops, the pusher with the spring comes into operation, the gearbox valve opens, and air from the cylinders enters the gearbox cavity until the set pressure is reached.
d) In the event of a gearbox malfunction and an increase in pressure therein above the installation pressure, the safety valve enters into operation. The safety valve spring is compressed, the valve moves away from the seat, and excess air is etched into the water. The operation of the safety valve is a signal of a malfunction of the gearbox, the diver should immediately begin to rise to the surface. Minimum pressure gauge  The minimum pressure indicator and the pressure gauge connected to it serve to control the air consumption from the apparatus cylinders. In clear water, you can use a pressure gauge, in troubled water or at night - an indicator of minimum pressure. The pointer (pointer body) is attached to the left shoulder strap. For fastening the pointer, a special holder is used, which allows the diver to rotate the pointer for the convenience of taking readings. The pointer housing has channels leading to the pressure gauge and to the diaphragm of the pointer. The minimum pressure indicator is cocked before opening the shut-off valve. In order to cock the pointer, it is necessary to press and hold the head of the pointer rod (5) with your finger, then hold it, then open the shut-off valve. After opening the valve, high pressure air passes through the brass tube to the charging nipple, and then through the high pressure rubber hose to the minimum pressure indicator and to the pressure gauge. Under air pressure, the diaphragm (10) of the pointer bends and, overcoming the force of the spring, moves the locking rod (8), which extends beyond the protrusion of the cocked rod of the pointer (5). After that, you can stop holding the head of the pointer rod, the pointer will remain in the cocked position. When the pressure in the cylinders approaches the reservoir (30 ati), the spring of the locking rod will begin to move and the pointer with a small click, under the action of its spring (6) will disengage. A click can be heard in the water. Feeling the pointer periodically, it is possible to determine in which position the pointer shaft is. And, therefore, determine when the reserve air supply will come. Further, the pressure must be controlled by a manometer. Adjustment of the AVM-1M device
Before adjusting, it is necessary to measure the setting pressure of the gearbox. For measurement it is necessary:
Proceed with adjustment if necessary (setting pressure of the gearbox is 5-7 atm):
Safety valve actuation adjustment:
Adjusting the position of the levers of the pulmonary machine (inhalation resistance) The distance between the upper arm (7) of Fig. 3 and the membrane (6) determines the amount of resistance when inhaling.
Working check
Carrying out a working audit does not take much time and does not require much effort. Properly performed working equipment check will allow you to avoid many troubles. 1. Check cylinder pressure. Scuba adjustments AVM-5 1. Adjusting the set pressure of the gearbox Adjustment of installation pressure of a reducer (8-10 ati) 1. Measurement of installation pressure. Two types of gearboxes were produced. Manipulation of adjustment and measurement is carried out until the value of the installation pressure is equal to 8-10at. Safety valve actuation adjustment (10-12 ati) All operating instructions for AVM scuba gears are recommended to be adjusted at the repair and control unit (RCC). In practice, the adjustment is performed in a slightly different way. Thus, we will adjust the valve to the opening pressure, which will be slightly higher than the set pressure (0.5-2 ati) Pulmonary adjustment The scuba instruction manual says that the lung machine is not subject to adjustment. Regulation of the bypass valve (reserve) 1. Measurement of pressure regulation bypass valve. O-rings and machine lubrication To ensure the tightness of the joints, the device uses rubber o-rings of various diameters. The frequency of checks of the device. Operational check - before each descent When using equipment with an open breathing pattern, air is supplied using respiratory Equipment with an open breathing pattern can be autonomous and non-autonomous. In autonomous equipment, air is inhaled from cylinders attached to the back of the swimmer. In an off-line, air is supplied through a hose from the surface. A combined version of equipment is also possible. In a normal situation, air from the surface is supplied through a hose through a remote unit or receiver (which is used as one of the apparatus's cylinders) to the swimmer's breath. In the event of an emergency or interruption of air supply from the surface, the diver switches to breathing from the scuba gear. Equipment with an open breathing patternAt present, in devices with an open breathing pattern (with an exhalation into water), two reduction circuits (pressure reduction) of high-pressure air are used:
In the first case, the high pressure of the air in the cylinders (working pressure) decreases to the ambient pressure in one step, in a lung machine. In the second case, high air pressure decreases to ambient pressure in two stages. In the gearbox, there is a decrease to an intermediate (installation) pressure. Further, in the lung machine, the set pressure is reduced to ambient pressure.
The main parts of any scuba gear are cylinders, a lung machine with a reducer, inhalation and exhalation tubes, a set of clamps and suspension belts. Device AVM-1 (Submarine-1) In the design of scuba gear (gearbox) the ideas incorporated in the design of gearboxes of the MISTRAL series (France) were used. The device has the following technical data:  Each cylinder of the AVM-1 device has its own shut-off valve (the KVM-200 valve is installed). High pressure piping is attached to the stop valves. When the shut-off valves are opened, air from the cylinders through the high pressure pipelines enters the gearbox. Pipelines to cylinders and to a reducer are fastened by means of union nuts with consolidations. The main part of the apparatus is a gearbox with a pulmonary automatic machine. The device of the gearbox and pulmonary machine is described in the article on the apparatus AVM-1m. To control the air supply in the cylinders, a remote indicator of the minimum pressure with a pressure gauge is used. The design of the pointer is described in the article on the apparatus AVM-1M. The difference between the devices AVM-1 and AVM-1m in the location of the valves. AVM-1 has a valve on each cylinder. AVM-1M has one valve. Device AVM-1M The device is designed for autonomous descents under water to a depth of 40 meters. Specifications.
Machine description The AVM-1m device consists of the following main parts (Fig. 1) (1), (4) corrugated inspiratory and expiratory tubes. (2) mouthpiece. (3) mouthpiece box. (5) headband. (6) air supply valve. (7) shoulder straps. (8) cylinder mounting clamp. (9) strap for connecting shoulder straps. (10) foam insert. (11) belt buckles. (12) waist belt. (13) belt buckle. (14) carabiner fastening the brace belt. (15) Bras belt. (16) cylinders. (17) High pressure gauge hose. (18) high pressure gauge and minimum pressure gauge. (19) charging nipple. (20) gearbox and pulmonary machine. The AVM-1m device has two cylinders of 7 liters each, the cylinders are fastened with clamps, an angled fitting with high pressure tubes and union nuts is screwed into the neck of each cylinder on a lead plug. The shut-off valve is installed on the high pressure pipeline connecting the apparatus cylinders and is attached to it with union nuts. A gearbox and a lung machine are attached to the shut-off valve on a special platform. A high pressure hose is connected to the shut-off valve fitting, which goes to the charging nozzle and then to the minimum pressure indicator with a pressure gauge. To increase the buoyancy of the apparatus, a foam insert is installed between the cylinders. In later releases, there is no foam insert. For dressing the device on the back of the diver there are belts: shoulder, waist, bras.  Picture 1 Balloons The device is equipped with cylindrical cylinders with a capacity of 7 liters. The cylinders are made of alloy steel and are designed for a working pressure of 150 kgf / cm2. Each cylinder has a mark on which the following information is indicated:
The device and operation of the shut-off valve. (fig. 2).  The principle of operation and the main details of all shut-off valves of any apparatus are similar. The difference may be in the structural design of the body, flywheel, material and dimensions of the parts. The valve consists of a housing (8), a shutoff valve (3), a spindle (5), a plug (9), a cracker (4), a flywheel (6), and the flywheel is held onto the spindle by a nut with a spring. The valve of the AVM-1M device has four fittings (1). To the top, with the help of a bolt and two second-layer gaskets-rings (see Figure 2), a gearbox and a pulmonary machine are attached. To the bottom, a high-pressure brass tube is connected, going to the charging nipple and the minimum pressure gauge with pressure gauge. To the right and left fittings (not shown in the figure), high-pressure tubes from the cylinders are fastened with union nuts. When the flywheel (6) rotates counterclockwise, the rotation is transmitted through the spindle (5) and cracker (4) to the valve (3). The valve (3) t is turned out and opens the air from the cylinders to the gearbox with the pulmonary automatic device, and at the same time to the charging nipple and the minimum pressure indicator. When the flywheel is rotated clockwise, the valve (3) sits on the seat and air from the cylinders ceases. A platform is provided for installing the gearbox and the lung machine on the valve body (visible in the figure). There are two holes in the platform, in which the thread is cut and the adjusting screws are screwed. Screws adjust the gearbox relative to the site.The principle of operation and device of a pulmonary machine and gearbox (Fig. 3)Gear Details: (17) adapter. (16) strainer. (18) PTFE gearbox valve. (15) two-arm lever. (14) diaphragm gear. (13) pusher. (12) pusher spring. (11) adjusting nut. (10) safety valve. (9) adjusting nut and safety valve spring. Details of the pulmonary machine: (1) fitting for connecting the corrugated exhalation hose. (3) pulmonary casing cover. 4) flap valve exhale. (6) Rigid-center pulmonary membrane. 2) the lower lever of the pulmonary machine. 7) the upper arm of the pulmonary machine. (8) fitting for attaching the corrugated inspiratory hose. (5) nut and washer for attaching the gearbox diaphragm. (22) upper lever adjustment screw. (21) pulmonary valve seat. (20) pulmonary valve with spring. (19) adjusting nut. When the shut-off valve is closed under the action of its spring, the pusher, moving to the left, presses on the two-arm lever, the lever rotates clockwise around its axis, while the gearbox valve is in a free state. After the shut-off valve is opened (Fig. 4-a), the air opens the valve and fills the cavity of the gearbox until the gearbox membrane, bending upwards, turns the two-arm lever around its axis counterclockwise (Fig. 4-b). The two-arm lever will rotate when the pressure in the cavity of the gearbox is equal to the pressure of adjustment of the pusher spring (setting pressure 5-7 ati). In this case, the two-arm lever presses and closes the gearbox valve with its upper lever, and moves the pusher to the right with the lower lever and compresses the spring. Thus, in the cavity of the gearbox, the air is under the set pressure. When inhaling (Fig. 4-c), a vacuum is created in the internal cavity of the pulmonary automaton, the membrane of the automaton bends and presses on the upper arm. The upper lever presses on the lower one, and that lever, in turn, presses on the valve stem of the pulmonary machine with the platform of its adjusting screw. The valve compresses its spring and allows air from the cavity of the gearbox to the cavity of the pulmonary machine and then to the swimmer. At the end of inspiration (Fig. 4-d), the deflection of the membrane of the pulmonary automaton decreases, the pressure on the levers decreases, and the valve of the automaton closes under the action of its spring (sits on the saddle). At the same time, the pressure in the cavity of the gearbox drops, the pusher with the spring comes into operation, the gearbox valve opens, and air from the cylinders enters the gearbox cavity until the set pressure is reached. In the event of a gearbox malfunction and an increase in pressure therein above the installation pressure, the safety valve enters into operation. The safety valve spring is compressed, the valve moves away from the seat, and excess air is etched into the water. The operation of the safety valve is a signal of a malfunction of the gearbox, the diver should immediately begin to rise to the surface. In order to take a breath, the diver must create a certain rarefaction above the membrane of the pulmonary automaton (approximately 50 mm of water column). The location of the pulmonary machine also affects the amount of rarefaction (respiration resistance). When determining the resistance value during inspiration, the difference between the pulmonary machine and the diver's lung center should be considered. This value will vary, depending on the position of the diver. In the vertical position of the diver, when the center of the lungs and the pulmonary automaton are almost at the same level, the resistance arising due to the difference in hydrostatic pressures is insignificant. In a horizontal position (when swimming), the pulmonary machine is located above the center of the lungs, the diver, when inhaling, overcomes the mechanical resistance of the device and the resistance equal to the difference in hydrostatic pressure at the levels of the center of the lungs and the location of the breathing machine. When the diver is working in the supine position, inhalation is performed with little resistance. And when you exhale, the resistance will increase, since the pulmonary machine is located below the center of the lungs. This problem is absent in devices with spaced reduction steps (Ukraine-2, AVM-5). Often during operation of the AVM-1m due to negligence or carelessness, the pulmonary machine is deformed and malfunctions. In this case, it is necessary to remove the remnants of the pulmonary machine, as shown in Figure 5. To make an adapter screw it into the gearbox. The place for the adapter is indicated by the letter "A". Attach a pulmonary machine from the AVM-5 or from the Ukraine-2 device to the adapter. The thread at the point of attachment to the gearbox must have at least 5 full turns. The external thread is selected depending on the available hose of the pulmonary machine. Between the manufactured fitting and the hose of the pulmonary machine, a tee can be installed for the compensator or octopus hose. Charging nipple (Figure 8).
When charging the device with compressed air, the charging tube from the compressor (filter) is attached to the charging nipple. The charging nipple is located and fixed on the upper collar of the left cylinder (see fig. 1, pos. 19), the nipple is connected by a brass tube to a shut-off valve. A high pressure hose connected to the minimum pressure gauge is connected to the bottom of the charging nipple. A saddle (4) is inserted into the fitting body into which a check valve (3) with a spring (2) is inserted. Outside, a plug (7) with a gasket (8) is screwed onto the charging nipple. There are modifications to the device in which the charging nipple is not equipped with a check valve. To charge the device you need:
Air from the compressor or transport cylinder enters the charging nipple, then passes through the filter (5) of the charging nipple, presses the check valve and through the open shut-off valve starts to flow into the cylinders of the device. After stopping the air supply from the compressor, the check valve closes under the action of its spring (2). Minimum pressure gauge with pressure gauge (Fig. 7). The minimum pressure indicator and the pressure gauge connected to it serve to control the air consumption from the apparatus cylinders. In clear water, you can use a manometer, in troubled water or at night - an indicator of minimum pressure. The pointer (pointer body) is attached to the left (Fig. 1) shoulder strap. A special holder is used to fasten the pointer, which allows the diver to rotate the pointer for easy reading. The pointer housing has channels leading to the pressure gauge and to the diaphragm of the pointer. The minimum pressure indicator is cocked before opening the shut-off valve. In order to cock the pointer, it is necessary to press and hold the head of the pointer rod (5) with your finger, then hold it, then open the shut-off valve. After opening the valve, high pressure air passes through the brass tube to the charging nipple, and then through the high pressure rubber hose to the minimum pressure indicator and to the pressure gauge. Under air pressure, the diaphragm (10) of the pointer bends and, overcoming the force of the spring, moves the locking rod (8), which extends beyond the protrusion of the cocked rod of the pointer (5). After that, you can stop holding the head of the pointer rod, the pointer will remain in the cocked position. When the pressure in the cylinders approaches the reservoir (30 ati), the spring of the locking rod will begin to move and the pointer with a small click, under the action of its spring (6) will disengage. A click can be heard in the water. Feeling the pointer periodically, it is possible to determine in which position the pointer shaft is. And, therefore, determine when the reserve air supply will come. Further, the pressure must be controlled by a manometer. AVM-1m device adjustments— ; - Regulation of operation of the safety valve; - Adjustment of operation of the minimum pressure indicator; - Adjustment of the levers of the pulmonary machine (resistance when inhaling); - Adjustment of the pulmonary valve. Adjusting the set pressure of the gearbox.Before adjusting, it is necessary to measure the setting pressure of the gearbox. For measurement it is necessary: - install the gearbox on the device; - close the shut-off valve; - instead of the plug of the pulmonary automaton (19a) fig. 3, install a control pressure gauge; (the mounting scheme of the control pressure gauge to the gearbox is shown in Figure 9, the appearance of the control pressure gauge is shown in Figure 11). Proceed with adjustment, if necessary (setting pressure of the gearbox is 5-7 ati): - Unscrew the safety valve housing. - unscrew or tighten the adjusting nut (11) with a special wrench or screwdriver, Fig. 3, the adjusting nut compresses or expands the pusher spring (12), if it compresses, the installation pressure increases, if it expands, it decreases. - Reinstall the safety valve. - measure the installation pressure. - if the resulting value differs from the required, proceed with the adjustment again. Safety valve actuation adjustmentIn the instruction manual of the AVM-1m apparatus, when adjusting the safety valve, the use of a repair-control installation (RKU-2) is required. The repair and control unit is shown in Figure 10. The safety valve is turned out of the gearbox, screwed to the fitting of the control valve-2, and then the adjustment is made (with the adjusting nut (9) Fig. 3, the compression ratio of the valve spring changes). In practice, in the field, there is not always an RCU at hand.
In the absence of a control pressure gauge, and correctly adjusted by the installation pressure of the gearbox, the adjustment can be made as follows: - open the shut-off valve. - Slowly turn counterclockwise, the adjusting nut (9) Fig. 3. - when the safety valve starts to work, fix this moment. - ½ turn clockwise. - tighten the counter nut. Adjusting the position of the levers of the pulmonary machine (resistance when inhaling). The distance between the upper arm (7) of Fig. 3 and the membrane (6) determines the amount of resistance during inspiration. - remove the cover of the pulmonary machine (3) Fig. 3. - pull out the membrane of the pulmonary machine (6). - Instead of a membrane, put a ruler on the body, the distance between the ruler and the upper arm should be about 3 mm. - Turn the adjusting screw of the lower lever (22) to achieve the desired position of the levers and the membrane. - assemble a pulmonary machine. Adjustment of the pulmonary valve (air flow). The pulmonary valve (20) of Fig. 3 on the surface should provide an air flow rate of 30 liters per minute. Adjustment is made at the RKU-2, using a rheometer-manometer. In practice, you can do this: - unscrew the plug of the pulmonary automaton (19a) fig. 3. - Release the adjusting screw (19) completely. - slowly screwing the screw (19), set the moment when the valve spring of the pulmonary machine starts to compress. - make three full turns with the screw (19). - screw on the plug (19a). Adjustment of operation of the indicator of the minimum pressureThe stem of the minimum pressure indicator should operate at a residual pressure of 30 ati in cylinders. Before adjustment, the operation of the pointer is measured: - cock the pointer. - open the shut-off valve (for this check, the cylinder must be charged at least 50 ati). - make sure that the pointer is cocked. - close the shut-off valve. - Slowly take a breath, monitoring the pressure gauge on the pointer. - at 30 at, the pointer should work. If the pointer does not work at 30 ati, proceed with the adjustment: - Relieve pressure. - Unscrew the pointer housing (1) Fig. 7. - compress or expand the rod spring (8) with the adjusting nut (3) Fig. 7. - collect the pointer. Device AVM-1M-2
Changes have been made to the design of the shut-off valve of the AVM-1M-2 apparatus. A reserve switch with a physiological indicator is installed in the valve body. Before getting into the gearbox, the air presses out the control valve, when the pressure in the cylinders drops to the adjustment pressure of the control valve spring (30 bar), the spring closes the control valve and air will be inhaled through the bypass channel. In this case, the diver will feel resistance when inhaling. Further, the diver should pull the pear of the remote inclusion of the reserve, the control valve spring is compressed, and the valve opens under the residual air pressure. The swimmer can again breathe freely, and begin to climb to the surface. The device AVM-1M-2 does not have a minimum pressure indicator with a pressure gauge. Device AVM-3 Appearance of the device.
The AVM-3 device has two cylinders (4) and (8) connected by upper and lower clamps (6). Cylinders are installed with their mouths down and interconnected by a high pressure pipe. At the bottom of the apparatus are the main air supply valve (15) with a charging nipple (11), a reserve air supply valve (14), a high pressure gauge (12), and a gearbox (in the figure it is closed by a casing). To prevent mechanical damage, parts of the lower part of the device are protected by a removable protective casing (13). In the upper part of the apparatus is a pulmonary machine (17) with corrugated tubes of inspiration (1) and expiration (3). The tubes are attached to the mouthpiece box (2), which has a fitting for attaching a mouthpiece or for attaching to a hydro-overalls helmet. The lung machine is connected to the gearbox by a medium pressure pipe. To prevent mechanical damage, the pulmonary machine is protected by a removable protective casing (16). A belt system (5), (7), (9), (10) is intended for attaching the apparatus to the swimmer’s back. Technical characteristics of the device.
The scheme of the device (stand-alone version) The operation scheme is shown in Figure 8. Air from the cylinders (16) and (21) enters the shut-off valve (25). The shut-off valve and charging nipple are mounted on the cylinder (21). The cylinder (21) and the cylinder (16) are connected by a high pressure pipe (24). After opening the shut-off valve (25), air through the high-pressure pipe (23) enters the reserve air supply valve (22). Then, pressing the control valve of the backup supply valve (the control valve is adjusted to reserve air pressure of 20-30 ati), the air flows through the tube (15) to the gearbox. On the diagram, the gearbox parts are indicated by the numbers: (17), (18), (19), (20), (28), (29). In the gearbox, the air pressure drops to 3-4 ati (set pressure). Further, the air through the medium pressure tube (11), enters the pulmonary machine (9). In the figure, the details of the pulmonary machine are indicated by the numbers: (5), (6), (7), (8), (10), (26), (27). In a pulmonary automatic machine, the pressure of the incoming air decreases to ambient pressure, then the air enters through the hose (4) to the swimmer's breath. Exhaled air through the exhalation hose (3) enters the exhalation flap valve (5) and is discharged into the environment (water). When reducing the pressure in the cylinders to backup. The control valve of the reserve valve closes the main air intake channel and the diver feels resistance when inhaling. Next, the diver should open the reserve valve and begin to rise to the surface. When using the AVM-3 apparatus in the hose version, air is supplied through the hose directly to the pulmonary machine. To connect the hose to the surface in the lung machine there is a special fitting (12). In the event of an emergency and interruption of the air supply from the surface, the diver opens the main air supply valve and breathes from the cylinders of the device. Gearbox operation scheme. The gear unit is shown in Figure 3. The scheme of the pulmonary machine. The device of the pulmonary automaton is shown in Figure 4. The main air supply valve device is shown in Figure 5. The backup air valve device is shown in Figure 6. AVM-3 device adjustments Device AVM-4 Another modification of the device AVM-1M. The design of the units of the apparatus, as in the AVM-1M, added a third balloon. Device AVM-5 Appearance of the device.  The appearance of the device is shown in Fig. 1.
The apparatus consists of the following main units: a lung machine (1) Fig. 1, a gearbox (12), a cylinder with a square (in left Fig. 1), a cylinder with a valve (in Fig. 1 it is on the right), rubber ones are worn on the bottom shoes (9), suspension system (6), (7) and (10), two clamps (5), a hose of a pulmonary machine. The cylinders are interconnected by an adapter (3), the tightness of the connection is achieved using rubber o-rings. A gearbox (12) is attached to the outlet fitting of the cylinder valve, connected by a hose (14) to the pulmonary machine (1). The tightness of the balloon-gear-hose-machine connection is achieved using rubber o-rings of various diameters. The cylinders are connected by two clamps (5) using bolts. Two crackers are installed between the cylinders, designed to provide a certain clearance between the cylinders. On the right and left sides of the lower clamps buckles are fixed for fastening waist and shoulder belts. Shoulder straps are attached to the cracker of the upper clamp. A brace belt is attached to the cracker of the lower clamp. To the side racks of the upper and lower clamps, a remote reserve control is attached (11) Technical characteristics of the device AVM-5The working pressure in the cylinders is 200 ati (there are modifications with RRAB \u003d 150 ati). Reducer installation pressure 8 - 10 ati. Pressure of a safety valve of a reducer 10 - 12 ati Pressure of operation of the bypass valve 40 - 60 ati The capacity of the cylinders of the device is 7 liters. (each). The mass of the device in the air with empty cylinders - 21 kg The mass of the device in the air with full cylinders is 24.5 kg The scheme of the device (stand-alone version). The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 2In the diagram: 1; 2; 3; 4 - parts of the gearbox. 5 - pressure relief valve. 6 - connection of the right and left cylinders (adapter). 7; 8; 10; 11 - details of the backup air supply valve. 9 - bypass valve. 12; thirteen; 14; 15 - details of the main air supply valve. The main air supply valve (15) is open, the reserve air supply valve (10) is closed, the device is charged to operating pressure. With the valve (12) of the valve (15) open, the air, from the left balloon, bypassing the bypass valve (9), enters the gearbox and then into the lung machine for the swimmer to inhale. For some time, the swimmer breathes air from the left balloon (balloon with corner). When the pressure in the left-hand cylinder is 40-60 ati (pressure regulating the bypass valve), less than in the right, the bypass valve (9) comes into operation. The valve under the influence of air pressure from the right cylinder opens, and air simultaneously from two cylinders enters the gearbox. At the same time, due to the operation of the bypass valve in the cylinders, a pressure difference of 40-60 ati will be maintained. In the right cylinder (cylinder with valves) there will be less pressure than in the left. During the operation of the apparatus, the pressure difference in the cylinders will be constantly maintained (due to the operation of the bypass valve). TO when the pressure in the left cylinder approaches 0, the bypass valve will gradually close under the action of its spring. In this case, the swimmer with each breath will feel resistance, increasing with each subsequent breath. Until the air ends in the left balloon, you can take 5 to 10 full breaths, then the air in the left balloon will end. Having felt the first signs of resistance on inspiration, it is necessary to pull the lever for remote switching on the reserve with your right hand (Fig. 7). This will open the reserve air supply valve and air from the right balloon (in which the pressure is 40-60 ati), through the channels bypassing the bypass valve, will simultaneously flow into the left balloon and will go to the reducer and for the swimmer to inhale. A characteristic sign of a successful opening of the reserve air supply valve is the noise of air flowing from the cylinder to the cylinder, and the cessation of resistance when inhaling. When the pressure in the right and left cylinders is equalized, the noise will cease. In this case, the pressure in the cylinders (if the bypass valve is adjusted to 40 ati) will be 20 ati in each cylinder, or (if the bypass valve is adjusted to 60 ati) there will be 30 ati in each cylinder. The air for the swimmer to inhale will now come from two cylinders simultaneously. Further on this reserve air reserve, the swimmer begins to ascend to the surface. The scheme of the device (non-autonomous version). The air supply hose to the device is fixed through a special fitting with a non-return valve, the fitting is cut into the corner of the left cylinder (not shown in the figure). In a non-autonomous version, the left cylinder of the device works as a receiver (expander) for air. A reserve air supply is stored in the right cylinder. Air from the surface through the hose, at a pressure of 8-15 bar, is fed into the left cylinder and then immediately into the gearbox and by inhalation. In case of emergency, the diver disconnects the air supply hose from the surface, opens the reserve and begins an emergency rise to the surface. The design of the AVM-5 apparatus does not include a high-pressure manometer, according to which during the diving process you can control the pressure (air supply) in the cylinders.
I enclose drawings of options (two options) adapter AVM-5 -DIN (300 bar). Gearbox operation scheme. The gearbox diagram is shown in Figure 4, and Figure 5.
With the main air supply valve closed, the piston of the gearbox (2) under the action of the spring (3) is in the upper position. In this case, the gearbox valve is in the open position. When the main air valve is open, air passes through the filter and enters in the cavity of the gearbox and in the hose of the pulmonary machine, at the same time through the channel in the piston body, the air enters the piston space. When the pressure in the above-piston space is equal to the spring adjustment pressure (setting pressure of the gearbox), the piston starts to move down, the spring will compress. A second-layer valve is pressed into the bottom of the piston. When the piston moves down, the valve sits on the seat. And the air ceases to flow into the cavity of the gearbox. When the swimmer takes a breath, the pressure in the cavity of the gearbox and the space above the piston decreases, and again under the action of the spring the piston moves up and the valve opens. There are holes in the gear housing. The holes are designed so that the gearbox spring is in the water. Consequently, not only a spring, but also water presses on the piston from below. Water pressure varies with depth. At a depth of 10 m. A column of water creates a pressure of 1 ati, 20 m - 2 ati, etc. Thus, at any depth of immersion, the pressure in the cavity of the gearbox is 8-10 ati greater than the pressure of the environment (water). If for any reason (malfunction, etc.) the pressure in the cavity of the gearbox rises, the safety valve enters into operation (adjustment pressure 10-12 atm). The operation of the safety valve serves as a signal of a malfunction of the gearbox, it is urgent to start lifting to the surface. The scheme of the pulmonary machine. The scheme of the pulmonary machine is shown in Figure 6.
When a diver takes a breath, a vacuum is created in the cavity of the pulmonary automaton. At the same time, the membrane (4) moves down and presses on the lever (5) with its rigid center, the lever, moving around its axis, presses on the valve of the machine, it warps, moves away from the seat (7) and allows access to the air flow from the hose and gearbox cavity into the cavity of the pulmonary machine and to the diver by inspiration, through the mouthpiece. When the diver exhales, the membrane (4) moves upward, stops pressing on the lever (5), the valve (6) sits on the saddle by the action of its spring, the air from the hose into the cavity of the lung machine stops. The diver continues to exhale, pressure is created in the cavity of the machine and the exhaled air is removed through the open (under the influence of pressure) exhalation valve into the environment. Outside, through the holes in the cover (1), the membrane (4) is pressed by water. Therefore, at the time of inspiration, air is supplied to the diver under ambient pressure. Valve. Structurally, the valves of the main and backup air supply are made in one housing (3) Fig. 8. The valve body is screwed into the cylinder. The arrangement of both valves is similar, the parts are interchangeable. Only the location and design of the flywheels is different. When the valve flywheel (15) rotates (fig. 2), rotation through the spindle (14) fig. 2 and cracker (13) fig. 2 is transmitted to the valve (12) fig. 2, which leaves or sits on its seat. Working scuba test. When operating any scuba gear, a working check must be done before each descent. Carrying out a working audit does not take much time and does not require much effort. Properly performed working equipment check will allow you to avoid many troubles.
To do this, you must attach instead of the gearbox, a control pressure gauge of high pressure. Close the tap on the pressure gauge. Open the main and backup air valves. Read the readings on the pressure gauge. Then close the valve, open the tap on the high pressure gauge (bleed air from the gauge), remove the manometer.
A) Check the complete set and correct assembly of the scuba gear (mounting the gearbox, pulmonary machine, clamps, belts, etc.), you can take the scuba gear by the belts and shake it easily. B) Fit the belts
With the valves closed, try to inhale from the pulmonary machine. At the same time, the tightness of the membrane, exhalation valves, and joints is checked. Everything is OK if you cannot take a breath. B) Wet. Open all gates. Place the lung machine under the balloon and lower the balloon into the water. If there are air bubbles from under the connections, the scuba gear is faulty.
Open the main air supply valve using the forced air button of the pulmonary machine, bleed off some air (approximately 20-30 sec.). Next, open the backup air valve. In this case, you should hear the characteristic noise of air flowing from the cylinder to the cylinder. This test does not determine the amount of bypass valve operation. After completing all the steps you are convinced that you have a serviceable bypass valve in the scuba gear and, as a result, there is a reserve. Scuba adjustments AVM-5.
Adjustment of installation pressure of a reducer (8-10 ati).
Disconnect the pulmonary machine. Connect a control manometer (0-16 ati) to the hose. Close the tap on the control pressure gauge. Open the main air valve. Measure pressure (8-10 ati). Close the main air valve. Open the tap on the control manometer (bleed air)
Unscrew gearbox cover (1) fig. 4 Pull out the piston (2) fig. 4. To do this, screw the puller into the threaded hole at the top of the piston (or pick up the screw) and pull the puller. Further, the piston can be easily pulled out. Using a screwdriver and trying to pick up the piston by the edge is not recommended. To increase the set pressure, it is necessary to compress the gearbox spring (3) Fig. 4 To reduce - the spring must be loosened. Two types of gearboxes were produced. In the first case, to adjust the installation pressure, it is necessary to put or remove special adjusting washers under the spring (3). In the second case, it is necessary to mix the adjusting nut (7) along the thread of the sleeve (8) Fig. 4. In both cases, the meaning of all actions is to compress or unclench the spring (3). Manipulation of adjustment and measurement is carried out until the value of the installation pressure is equal to 8-10at. Safety valve actuation adjustment (10-12 ati). All operating instructions for AVM scuba gears are recommended to be adjusted at the repair and control unit (RCC). The safety valve is screwed onto a special fitting on the control valve. Pressure is applied to the valve, and the spring compression force (11) in Fig. 5 sets the valve to the desired pressure. In practice, the adjustment is performed in a slightly different way.
Thus, we will adjust the valve to the opening pressure, which will be slightly higher than the set pressure (0.5-2 ati) Pulmonary adjustment The scuba instruction manual says that the lung machine is not subject to adjustment. In practice, the adjustment of the ease of breathing (resistance to inspiration) can be carried out by bending the lever (5) Fig. 6. When the lever is folded, the distance between the membrane (4) and the lever (5) Fig. 6 changes, the greater the distance, the greater the resistance when inhaling. It should be noted that if the pulmonary machine is correctly adjusted, then when it is placed in water, air will come out arbitrarily up with the mouthpiece upwards. If the pulmonary machine is turned with a mouthpiece down (as shown in Fig. 6), the air stops coming out. Regulation of the bypass valve (reserve).
When measuring this value, it is necessary to charge the device to a pressure of at least 80 bar. Unscrew gearbox and lung machine. With the reserve air supply valve closed, open the main air supply valve. Bleed the air. When the air stops coming out, fasten the control pressure gauge (0-250 ati) to the fitting (instead of the gearbox). Close the tap on the pressure gauge. The pressure shown by the pressure gauge will correspond to the pressure of the reserve air supply. Multiplying the obtained value by 2, we obtain the pressure of the bypass valve. The pressure of the reserve air supply should be within 20-30 ati, respectively, the pressure of the bypass valve should be within 40-60ati.
If the measurement results show the need for adjustment. Bleed the remaining air from the cylinders. Loosen the clamps (5) Fig. 1 Loosen the union nut of the adapter (3) Fig. 1 (a gas wrench can be used). Spread cylinders and remove adapter (3) In the place of mounting the adapter (3) to the cylinder with valves, access to the adjusting nut of the bypass valve will open. By squeezing or unclenching the bypass valve spring, use the adjusting nut to change the setting. If it is necessary to increase the adjustment pressure, then compress the spring (turn the nut clockwise), if it decreases, release the spring.
O-rings and machine lubrication. To ensure the tightness of the joints, the device uses rubber o-rings of various diameters. To prevent “drying out”, the rings must be lubricated. For lubrication, technical petroleum jelly (TsIATIM 221), or its substitutes, is used. The lubricated ring must be placed in the grease, kept for a while (5-10 minutes), then cleaned of excess grease and put in place. In addition, friction parts of the gearbox (piston) are lubricated in the apparatus. Grease is applied and then excess is removed. The frequency of checks of the device. Working check - before each descent. Small check (check of all adjustments, lubrication of o-rings) - before the start of the season. Full inspection (small inspection + complete disassembly and assembly) - upon receipt from the warehouse, in case of doubt about defectiveness, after prolonged storage. Device AVM-5AM It differs from the AVM-5 in that the apparatus is made of non-magnetic alloys. When used autonomously, the AVM-5 and AVM-5AM devices can be used in a single-cylinder version. To convert to a single-cylinder version, you must: - bleed air from cylinders - remove the hose clamps - remove the suspension belts from the clamps - unscrew the adapter installed between the cylinders - take the back from the spare parts (supplied) - install suspension belts on the back - fasten the balloon to the back - remove the plug from the left cylinder (cylinder with corner) and install it on the right cylinder. Device AVM-6
Device AVM-7 The design and configuration is similar to the AVM-5. Differ, AVM-7 can only be used in standalone version. In the design of the apparatus there is no check valve on the left cylinder. Device AVM-8 The design of the main nodes is similar to the apparatus of the AVM-7. The device is equipped with cylinders with a capacity of 10 liters. The device is AVM-9. The appearance of the device is shown in Figure 1. The main parts of the device AVM-9. (1) and (7) cylinders (2) carry handle (3) gear (4) shutoff valve (5) emergency switch (6) protective cover (7) cylinder (8) surface air hose (9) lung machine (10) pulmonary hose (11) high pressure pipe (12) tee with charging nipple (13) foam insert (14) rubber shoe (15) minimum pressure gauge with pressure gauge AVM-9 is a universal two-cylinder apparatus with a two-stage reduction scheme. In the event of an emergency, when air is supplied through the hose from the surface, the design of the device ensures that the diver automatically switches to the reserve air supply in the cylinders. At the same time, a light alarm is triggered (the signal light located on the minimum pressure indicator lights up). Device AVM-10 The design is based on the AVM-7. The connecting threads of the adapter between the cylinders are made according to the DIN standard. The gearbox mount size also complies with the international 5/8 ”DIN standard. The design of the gearbox is based on the principle of operation of the gearbox of the AVM-1M apparatus. Improved gear housing. The gearbox has a high-pressure output for connecting a manometer, and several medium-pressure outputs for connecting the hoses of a pulmonary automatic machine, octopus, compensator, and a dry suit. The suspension system of the device is slightly changed. Suspension belts are mounted on a plastic back, to which in turn cylinders are attached. It is possible to use the device in a one-cylinder version. The operating pressure of the apparatus cylinders 200 bar Device AVM-12 The set of AVM-12 apparatus is one of the latest developments of KAMPO OJSC (142602, Orekhovo-Zuevo The device is designed for diving in compressed air to a depth of 60 meters. The kit includes a balloon block with suspension belts, an air reducer BP-12, a lung machine. Balloon block with suspension straps Cylinders of 7 liters are used with a working pressure of 200 ati. The appearance of the balloon unit resembles an AVM-7. DIN threads are used to connect cylinders and gearboxes. The pendant consists of a back and seat belts. When working with compensators for buoyancy, the suspension is removed and the cylinders are fastened with clamps. AVM-12 can be converted into a one-cylinder version. Re-equipment is similar to the AVM-5 apparatus, the back of the one-shell is included in the package of delivery. Air reducer VR-12 The appearance of the gearbox is shown in Figure 5. The main characteristics of the VR-12 gearbox:
The gearbox consists of the following main parts (Fig. 1):
The principle of operation of the gearbox: With the main air supply valve closed, under the action of the main spring (5), the gearbox valve (13) is open. With the main air supply valve open, the air supplied to the gearbox enters the high pressure chamber (21) and through the open gearbox valve (13), into the medium pressure chamber (27). When the pressure in the chamber (27) is equal to the adjustment pressure of the main spring (5), the diaphragm of the gearbox (9) will begin to bend upward. The spring (5) under the influence of air pressure in the medium-pressure chamber will begin to compress. The valve of the gearbox (13), under the action of its spring (14), will begin to move up and sit on its seat (12). If the pressure in the chamber (27) increases to the installation pressure, the valve of the gearbox (13) will completely close. When inhaling, the air pressure in the chamber (27) will decrease, and the main spring (5) will begin to expand. The force of the main spring through the plate (7), the rigid center (10), the pusher (11), will press the valve of the gearbox (13) from its seat (12). Air will again flow into the high-pressure chamber. Between the membranes (3) and (9) there is a dry chamber designed to preserve the performance of the gearbox at low temperatures and in the case of work in contaminated water. A dry chamber prevents water and dirt from entering the gearbox membrane (9). In the event of a malfunction, when the pressure in the chamber (27) rises above the installation pressure, the safety valve is activated, which is adjusted to open at a pressure of 14-17 atm. The safety valve is screwed into the medium pressure port of the gearbox. In the case of using a gearbox complete with direct-flow imported lung machines, the safety valve can be omitted. A plug is installed in place of the safety valve. Figure 2 shows the location of the medium and high pressure ports, and the installation location of the safety valve.
VR-12 gearbox has several modifications: The cylinder mount fitting (1) has a DIN connection (230 bar), medium pressure ports (2) (3) (5) (7) have 3/8 ”UNF threads, high pressure ports (4) (6) have 7 threads / 16 ”UNF BP-12-2 Connection for fastening to cylinders of the AVM-5 type (union nut M # 24 # 1.5), medium pressure ports (2) (3) (5) (7) have 3/8 ”UNF threads, high pressure ports (4) (6 ) have a 7/16 ”UNF thread BP-12-1 The cylinder mounting fitting (1) has a DIN connection (230 bar), medium pressure ports (1) (5) have 1/2 “UNF threads, medium pressure ports (2) (7) have 3/8” UNF threads, high ports pressure (4) (6) have a 7/16 ”UNF thread. Figure 4 shows the design of the union of the VR-12-2 gearbox.
VR-12 gearbox adjustments:
Connect a control pressure gauge to any medium pressure port, measure the installation pressure. Adjustment is made with the adjusting screw (4) Fig. 1
Remove the dry chamber cover (2), pull out the dry chamber membrane (3), pull out the membrane pusher (1), with the main valve open, press the plate (7) with the rod, and measure the opening pressure of the safety valve using the control pressure gauge screwed into the medium pressure port . If necessary, loosen or compress the safety valve spring. Lung machine. The lung machine included with the VR-12 controller is shown in Figure 6. The pulmonary machine consists of the following main parts (Figure 3):
The principle of operation of the pulmonary automaton of the VR-12 kit is similar to the operation of pulmonary automata of the AVM-5 type apparatus. Maintenance and adjustment is also similar. In winter conditions with a large air flow rate, an ice plug may form in the area of \u200b\u200bthe pulmonary valve. Apparatus Ukraine The device Ukraine in its design and appearance can be compared with the device AVM-1. The apparatus Ukraine consists of two cylinders, each of which has its own valve. Cylinders with a tee are connected to a pulmonary machine. The lung machine operates on the principle of one-stage reduction. That is, the working pressure in the cylinders immediately decreases to ambient pressure. In the AVM-1 and AVM-1M, the working pressure in the cylinders is reduced in the gearbox to the installation pressure of 5-7 ati, and then in the lung machine to ambient pressure. The device Ukraine has a minimum pressure indicator with a whistle. With a decrease in pressure in the cylinders to the reserve, each breath of a diver will be accompanied by a whistle. Apparatus Ukraine-2 Characteristic:
The appearance of the Ukraine-2 apparatus is shown in Figure 1.The apparatus consists of two seamless steel cylinders (15), rubber shoes (14) are placed on the cylinders, which allow the apparatus to be placed in an upright position, the cylinders are fastened together by two pairs of clamps (10), shoulder straps are used to fasten the cylinders on the back of the diver (9), waist (12) and bras belt (13), belts on the diver’s belt are fastened with a quick-release buckle (11). A shut-off valve (5) with a reserve switch (parts 6 and 7) is installed on one of the cylinders (in the figure - the right cylinder). The second (left) cylinder is connected to the shut-off valve by means of a connecting pipe (1). A reducer (8) with a pulmonary machine is attached to the valve fitting (parts 2,3,4) Shut-off valve with reserve switchAppearance is shown in Figure 2. The shut-off valve on the lead lead is screwed into the neck of the cylinder. The shut-off valve device is similar to shut-off valves of other domestic devices. The valve consists of a flywheel (1), the flywheel is dressed on the valve stem (2), cracker (3), valve (5). When the flywheel rotates clockwise, the rotation is transmitted to the valve and the valve moving down the thread blocks the channel (6) for supplying air from the cylinders. The reserve enable valve is arranged similarly to the shutoff valve, the only difference is that the reserve valve is opened by means of a thrust (12). The rod turns the lever and then everything happens as in a regular valve. The principle of the reserveAt the operating pressure in the apparatus cylinders, air through the open shut-off valve presses the control valve (7) and enters the gearbox through the channel (14). When the pressure in the cylinders is equal to the adjustment pressure of the spring (10) of the control valve, the control valve will begin to close and gradually shut off the air supply to the diver. The diver will feel increasing resistance on inspiration. Next, pull the rod (12) and open the reserve valve. The air will go in addition to the closed control valve. The control valve spring is adjustable for a pressure of 15-20 bar. Adjustment is made with the screw (8). Figure 2 shows an old modification of the Ukraine-2 apparatus. In newer versions of the apparatus, instead of the plug of the control valve (9), a fitting with a nozzle for attaching a high pressure gauge was manufactured. The device and principle of operation of the gearbox The first issues of the apparatus were equipped with a reciprocating piston gearbox. This gearbox is very rare therefore we will not consider it. The most common is a membrane-type gearbox. Diaphragm reducer from the apparatus Ukraine-2, without changes in design was also used with Jung and ASV-2 The appearance of the gearbox is shown in Figure 3. The gearbox is attached to the outlet fitting (13) of Fig. 2 of the shut-off valve using a union nut (14). With shut-off valve closed: The main gearbox spring (21) presses on the pressure plate (2) and the gearbox membrane (3). The membrane transfers the force of the main spring to the pusher (4), the pusher presses on the gearbox valve (9) with its stem (6), the valve overcomes the force of its spring (10) and moves away from the seat (5). Thus, with the shut-off valve closed, the gearbox valve is open. With shut-off valve open: Air from the cylinders through the strainer (12) and the open valve of the gearbox (9) enters the cavity of the low pressure of the gearbox and through the fitting (1) into the hose of the lung machine. At the same time, air enters under the gearbox diaphragm (3). When the pressure in the cavity of the gearbox is equal to the set pressure for which the spring (21) is adjusted, the spring begins to compress, the membrane moves up and the gearbox valve (9) starts to close under the action of its spring (10), i.e., moves up and sits on the seat. When the pressure in the cavity under the membrane is equal to the setting 6-7 ati, the valve closes. With the air flow from the pulmonary machine, the pressure in the cavity of the gearbox will decrease, and the gearbox valve will open again. Thus, the installation pressure will be constantly maintained in the cavity of the gearbox. The installation pressure in the gearboxes of the Jung and ASV-2 apparatuses is maintained within 4.5-5 bar. Which is slightly less than the installation pressure in the apparatus of Ukraine-2. This is due to the lower working depth of operation of these devices. Pressure adjustment is carried out using a spring (21), an adjusting screw (20). To prevent pressure buildup in the gearbox in case of incorrect adjustment or malfunction, a safety valve is located in the gearbox housing. A safety valve vents excess air from the cavity of the gearbox into the environment. Pressure of operation of the valve is 9-11 ati. Air leaving the safety valve is a signal for a gearbox malfunction. The diver should immediately begin to surface. Details of the safety valve are shown in Figure 3, items (15), (16), (17), (18). The valve is adjusted using a spring (18). Using the union nut, the hose of the pulmonary machine is screwed to the fitting (1) of the gearbox. The device and principle of operation of the pulmonary machine. The appearance of the lung machine is shown in Figure 4. The principle of operation is similar to the principle of operation of devices of type AVM-5. Pulmonary machines differ only in performance. The lung machine of the Jung apparatus differs from the machine of the apparatus of Ukraine-2 in the longer hose length. The ASV-2 lung machine has an additional fitting for attaching the machine to the overalls. Adjustments of the apparatus Ukraine-2.
The practical implementation of the adjustments on the nodes of the Ukraine-2 apparatus is similar to the adjustments of devices of the AVM-5 type. Device ASV-2The device is designed for descending under water to a depth of 20 m. And for working in an atmosphere not suitable for breathing. ASV-2 is included in the emergency equipment kit of civilian vessels and is used by fire brigades when working in smoky rooms. Literature: V.G. Fadeev, A.A. Pechatin, V.D. Surovikin, Man under water., Moscow, DOSAAF, 1960 Handbook of a swimmer-diver (scuba diver)., Moscow, Military Publishing 1968 Handbook of a diver. Under the total. ed. E.P. Shikanova., Moscow, Military Publishing, 1973 Light-diving business., Merinov I.V., Moscow, Transport, 1977 Merenov I.V., Smirnov A.I., Smolin V.V., Terminological Dictionary., Leningrad, Shipbuilding, 1989 Merenov I.V., Smolin V.V., Diver Handbook. Questions and Answers., Leningrad, Shipbuilding, 1990 O. M. Slesarev, A. V. Rybnikov, “DIVING BUSINESS”, reference book, St. Petersburg, IGREK, 1996 Air reducer VR-12, passport, 9V2.955.399. PS, KAMPO Features of hypothermia in water (clinic, treatment and prevention) Swimming with a tube for breathing (the truth about the feat of Scylius) The equipment includes: breathing apparatus AVM-1M, diving suit (wetsuit), cargo belt and diving knife. When descending into cold water, diving wool is used. Respiratory apparatus AVM-1M It is an autonomous pulmonary-automatic device with a combined two-stage air reduction system. The main components of the ABM-1M apparatus (Fig. 28) are air cylinders, a breathing machine and a mouthpiece box with mouthpieces and breathing tubes 4, 5, and a charging nipple. The device is mounted on a diver with two shoulder, waist and brace belts. Fig. 28: Air cylinders made of alloy steel, weight 7-7.7 kg. The following data is stamped on the upper spherical part of the cylinder: type and number of cylinder, date of test and date of subsequent tests, serving as its passport during operation. A stopper is screwed into the balloon on lead lead with a high-pressure tube, the lower end of which is flattened, and there are holes in the wall for air to pass, which prevents particles of scale from the inner walls of the balloon into the breathing machine. The high pressure air tube system is used to connect the cylinders to a breathing machine, charging nipple and minimum pressure gauge with pressure gauge. A common valve is installed on the tubes. Breathing machine (Fig. 28, b) two-stage, designed to lower air pressure according to the depth of immersion and supply it to the diver in the required amount. It consists of a housing and a cover, between which a membrane is enclosed. The cover of the machine has holes, therefore, the membrane is under pressure from the outside. The machine has two cavities isolated from each other by a membrane. In the lower cavity - the gearbox chamber - are parts of the gearbox valve, which reduces the pressure of the compressed air coming from the cylinders from 150 kgf / cm 2 to 5-7 kgf / cm 2. In the upper cavity, called the inspiration chamber, are the valve parts of the machine, which reduces the air pressure from 5-7 kgf / cm 2 to the ambient pressure. The machine has a safety valve that bleeds air from the gearbox chamber to the environment if the pressure in it exceeds 10 -16 kgf / cm 2. Work respiratory machine. With the valve open, air from the cylinders through the gearbox valve enters the gearbox chamber. On another tap, he gets to the minimum pressure gauge and pressure gauge. With increasing pressure in the chamber of the gearbox, the membrane will bend towards the inspiratory chamber by turning the two-arm lever clockwise. The pressure in the gearbox chamber rises until the two-arm lever presses the gearbox valve to the seat and closes the air. The installation pressure in the gearbox chamber mainly depends on the compression ratio of the gearbox spring, usually it is 5-7 kgf / cm 2. When a diver takes a breath, the pressure in the inspiration chamber decreases, the membrane bends into the body under the influence of external pressure and presses the snarls. In turn, the lever 6 presses on the valve 7 of the machine, opens it and passes air from the gearbox chamber into the inspiration chamber and further through the inspiration hose to the respiratory organs of the diver. The decrease in pressure in the gearbox chamber causes the membrane to bend. At the same time, the valve opens, the gearbox and a new portion of air comes from the cylinders. Upon the cessation of inspiration, the pressure in the inspiration chamber is equalized with the external one, the membrane takes its initial position, and the valve of the machine shuts off the air in the upper cavity of the machine. The exhaled air through the exhalation hose through the flap valve 5 is discharged into the water. Minimum pressure gauge with pressure gauge It is used to control the air pressure in the cylinders and warns the diver about the exhaustion of the working air supply. The minimum pressure indicator is arranged and operates on the same principle as in the oxygen apparatus. The manometer of the device, being in a sealed enclosure, has a scale with three sector slots and divisions from 0 to 200 kgf / cm 2. Under the scale is a movable disk with three sectors covered in white paint. Pressure is determined by the position of one of the white sectors that appears in the slot of the scale. Mouthpiece Box with a mouthpiece and breathing tubes connects the diver with a breathing machine, and an exhalation valve. With the help of the occipital straps, the mouthpiece is held tightly in the diver's mouth. Charging nipple serves to connect the apparatus to the compressor when charging cylinders with air. It is mounted on the upper collar of the cylinder and consists of a housing, a non-return valve, a spring, a valve seat, a strainer, an adapter, and a plug with a gasket. The device has a charging tube, a control pressure gauge and a tee. The charging tube is used when charging small cylinders, connecting it at one end to the charging connector of the apparatus, and at the other to the air source. A control pressure gauge is used when checking the installation pressure and adjusting the gearbox of the apparatus. The tee is designed to connect the breathing apparatus to the helmet fitting when descending in a jumpsuit. 3.7 Respiratory apparatus with open breathing patternBreathing apparatuses with an open breathing pattern are included in the set of light-diving equipment with exhalation into the water for work (swimming) under water both with air supply through the hose from the surface and independently of the apparatus cylinders.Air balloon device AVM-1m (Fig. 3.26) - an autonomous apparatus operating on compressed air. Included in swimming equipment. It consists of air cylinders, rigidly fastened together, a shut-off valve, a breathing machine, a mouthpiece box with a mouthpiece, corrugated inspiratory and expiratory tubes, a remote indicator of minimum pressure with a pressure gauge and mounting shoulder and waist belts, a foam insert that allows you to adjust the weight of the device in water ( lead to zero buoyancy). Fig. 3.26. Air balloon apparatus AVM-1m: 1 - valve box; 2 - headband; 3 - breathing machine; 4 - shutoff valve; 5 - foam insert; 6 - fixing belts; 7 - cylinders; 8 - remote indicator of minimum pressure with pressure gauge In some descriptions, there are AVM-1m-2 and AVM-4 devices, a type of AVM-1m device. They are distinguished by the presence of a third cylinder and a physiological indicator of minimum pressure. Air balloon device AVM-3 (Fig. 3.27) is part of the IED equipment. Unlike the AVM-1m, it has a panel on which all parts of the device are mounted. The breathing machine AVM-3 allows you to supply breathing air from your cylinders and through a hose from the surface from a hand pump, ship's main, or from a transport cylinder.
The reducer is excluded from the design of the machine and installed on the valves of the cylinders. Instead of a remote indicator of minimum pressure, the AVM-3 has a backup air supply valve. All fittings of the apparatus are closed with removable shields to avoid engagement when working in flooded compartments.
Air balloon devices AVM-5, AVM-6, AVM-7 and AVM-8 two-cylinder with a remote breathing machine and a backup air supply valve with a traction actuator (Fig. 3.28). The remote automatic machine is connected by a supply hose to a reducer, which is combined with a shut-off valve on the cylinder fittings. Cylinders have plastic shoes, which allows you to put the device and vertically. The devices AVM-5 and AVM-6 differ in cylinder capacity and belong to the group of autonomous-hose, and AVM-7 and AVM-8 to the group of autonomous devices. With autonomous use, all devices can be used in one-tank and two-tank versions. When used in the hose version, the AVM-5 and AVM-6 devices can be used with only two cylinders, while one of the cylinders of the device acts as a low-pressure tank to reduce inhalation resistance, and the second serves to maintain reserve air in case of a sudden interruption in air supply on the hose from the surface. The devices are equipped with a cargo belt, a VM-4 mask and fittings for the transition to a one-cylinder version. Delivered in a packing box. Air balloon apparatus "Ukraine" - two-cylinder, back with two shut-off valves. It differs from AVM-1m by the presence of two shut-off valves for the cylinders, the design of the breathing machine and the sealing of the valves. There is no gear in this unit. Air from the cylinders goes directly to the valve of the machine. Instead of an external pressure gauge, an audible warning device is used in it. The device is part of the equipment for swimming and is used in the rescue service OSVOD and in sports clubs. Air balloon apparatus "Ukraine-2" similar to the AVM-7 apparatus. It is mainly used for sports purposes. Hose devices ШАП-40 and ШАП-62 (Fig. 3.29, 3.30) are a type of air balloon devices. The breathing in them is provided by the air supplied through the hose from the surface, and the air in the cylinders of the device serves as a reserve stock and is used in the event of an interruption in the supply of air through the hose. Hose units are mainly used for rescue operations and work in limited areas, but requiring a long time to complete. Respiratory (pulmonary) machine guns with an open breathing pattern are designed to automatically supply air when inhaling (air balloon and hose apparatus) with a certain amount of vacuum in the cavity of the machine. They can be with a direct-acting valve (with pressure under the valve, the air tends to open the valve) and reverse (with air pressure on the valve). Breathing machines are divided into one and two-stage. Respiratory machine AVM-1m (Fig. 3.31) - reverse action, combined with the gearbox. The valve opens with levers on which the membrane presses when a vacuum is formed. The air in the cavity of the machine is supplied by a pulsating stream for inspiration. When exhaling, the valve is closed. The exhalation valve is located in the body of the machine above the membrane.
Respiratory machine of devices AVM-3 and ShAP-62 (Fig. 3.32) - reverse action, with a remote gear to the supply line. The machine has a fitting for connecting the air supply hose from the surface. The action of the machine is similar to the action of the breathing machine of the AVM-1m devices.
The breathing machine of the apparatus "Ukraine" (Fig. 3.33) is a reverse action, single-stage. High pressure air flows directly from the cylinder under the valve. When inhaling, there is a vacuum in the cavity of the machine, the membrane bends and through the levers opens the valve and lets air through. When you exhale, the vacuum under the membrane disappears, and the valve closes.
The breathing machine of the AVM-5, AVM-6 and Ukraine-2 devices (Fig. 3.34) is the reverse action, the body of the machine is manufactured in two versions: in one piece with a fitting for connecting a mouthpiece or with a fitting for connecting the machine to hydro-overalls. A membrane, a lever and exhalation valves are mounted in the machine case. The valve of the machine is a swinging structure, installed in the nozzle for air supply. The generated air is supplied to the machine through a flexible hose. The breathing apparatus of the SHAP-40 apparatus differs from the automaton of the AVM-1m apparatus by the presence of a fitting for connecting a diving hose and a sound indicator of minimum pressure.
Gearboxes of automatic devices and breathing apparatus (Fig. 3.35) perform two functions: they reduce the high gas pressure to an intermediate set point, maintain a constant gas supply and pressure behind the pressure reducer in the set limit with a significant change in the inlet pressure (in the apparatus cylinders). Three types were most widely used: leverless direct and reverse action and lever direct action. In direct-acting gearboxes, high gas pressure tends to open the valve; in reverse-gearing gears, on the contrary, gas pressure tends to close the valve of the gearbox. Lever gearboxes of direct action are used in the devices AVM-1m, AVM-1m-2, AVM-3, ShAP-40, Shap-62. Minimum respiratory pressure indicators - devices signaling a decrease in gas pressure in the apparatus cylinders to a predetermined value. The principle of operation of the pointers is based on the interaction of two force of gas pressure in the cylinders and the opposing force of the spring. The pointer fires when the gas pressure force becomes less than the spring force. Pointers of three designs are used in breathing apparatus: rod (it also happens to be remote), nozzle and sound.
Stock the pointer of the device (Fig. 3.36) is mounted directly on the gear housing or is carried out on the hose. When monitoring pressure, the position of the stem is felt by hand. On the devices AVM-1, AVM-1m, the rod pointer is equipped with a manometer and is carried forward on a flexible high-pressure hose made of red-copper, twisted into a spiral tube coated with a rubber sheath.
With open cylinder valves, the indicator hose is always under pressure, and damage to it can lead to depressurization of the entire cylinder line. The pointer is cocked by pressing the rod button before opening the cylinder valves. When the pressure in the cylinders drops to the set minimum, the rod and the control sector (arrow) of the pressure gauge return to their original position. Dyuzovy (physiological) pointer (Fig. 3.37) or a reserve air supply valve in various designs is used in the devices AVM-1m-2, AVM-3, AVM-5, AVM-6 and Ukraine-2. It is a locking device with a movable locking part and a bypass hole (nozzle). The locking part has a spring to hold the valve pressed against the seat. At a cylinder pressure greater than the minimum, the spring is compressed and the valve is raised above the seat. At the same time, air passes freely along the highway. When the pressure drops to a minimum, the valve, under the action of a spring, lowers onto the seat and closes the main passage. There is only a workaround left - through the nozzle with a throughput of 5-10 l / min. This amount of air per breath is not enough. A sharp onset lack of air for breathing also serves as a physiological signal about the exhaustion of air to a minimum (reserve) supply. Normal flow is restored by turning the valve stem with the flywheel or using a rod. In this case, the valve rises by the axial stroke of the rod and opens the main air passage. Sound a pointer (signaling device) is used in the apparatus "Ukraine" and ShAP-40. It is mounted in the case of the gearbox and breathing machine (see Fig. 3.33). The design principle of the triggering device is similar to the stock indicator. When air falls in the cylinders, the rod activates and the air supply to the whistle opens, which makes a characteristic sharp sound. Valve and mouth boxes (Fig. 3.38) are used to connect the respiratory apparatus to the human respiratory system. Unlike the mouthpiece, the valve box has a plug valve and inspiratory and expiratory valves to distribute the flow of inhaled and exhaled gas. Boxes are made of non-ferrous metal of various designs: with a combined and separate cork crane body. The threaded connections of valve boxes of all designs are the same. On the case of valve boxes of many devices there is a hole with a fungal shield designed to switch to breathing atmospheric air. |
Moscow region, st. Gagarina, 1, tel. 12-60-37, fax 12-70-36.
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