Cucumber is one of the most beloved garden cultures of our summer residents. However, not all and not always gardeners manage to get a really good crop. And although the cultivation of cucumbers requires regular attention and care, there is a small secret, which will significantly increase their productivity. It's about pinching cucumbers. For what, how and when to pinch cucumbers, we will tell in the article. An important point in the agricultural technology of cucumbers is their formation, or type of growth.

Summer is in full swing. Planting in gardens and kitchen gardens is largely completed, but there has not been much concern, because the hottest months of the year are on the calendar. The temperature scale of the thermometer often exceeds +30 ° C, preventing our plants from growing and developing. How to help them withstand the heat? The tips that we will share in this article will be useful to both suburban and urban residents. After all, indoor plants during this period also have a hard time. In heat, plants need watering.

For many gardeners, slugs are a real nightmare. Although you might think, what’s wrong with these seemingly peace-loving sedentary beings? But in fact, they can cause significant harm to your plants and crops. Not only do slugs persistently eat leaves, flowers and fruits in spring and summer, so with the onset of cold weather these land mollusks move to the cellar and continue to destroy what you carefully cultivated and harvested.

Spelled horns with beef - a quick meal for dinner or lunch. Recently spelled (spelled wheat) has become popular among supporters of good nutrition and more. This delicious cereal is used to make cereals, soups, spelled and pasta. In this recipe, we use half-horned horns to cook healthy navy pasta with a sauce of vegetables and low-fat ground beef. The recipe is suitable for those who follow their figure and love to cook healthy food at home.

Incredible flowers on your favorite cacti and succulents always seem even more attractive because of the amazing endurance of the plants themselves. Magnificent bells and dazzling stars remind that nature has many miracles in store. And although many indoor succulents need special wintering conditions for flowering, they still remain cultures that are content with minimal care and are suitable for everyone. Let's get to know the most spectacular of them closer.

Summer appetizer with quail eggs and red caviar - a simple vegetable salad with a spicy sweet and sour dressing, which successfully combines with eggs and caviar. There is an explosion of vitamins in the salad - fresh cucumber and radish, sweet pepper and ripe tomato, as well as creamy curd cheese, which perfectly complements the vegetable mix. This dish can be served before dinner as a light meal with toasted toast. Unrefined oil and balsamic vinegar are suitable for refueling.

Linden is planted in parks and squares, slender trees with a spreading crown perfectly clean the air and give the long-awaited coolness on a sultry summer day. She is loved for her amazing honey aroma, enveloping her in late May and early June, when a lime blossom appears. It has valuable healing properties, is used in many folk recipes, long retains its useful qualities. How and when to collect it, how to dry, store and use it will be described in the article.

Sometimes, watching some plants during the growing season, you can not understand when you like it better, at what point - in the spring, summer or autumn? Here is the Japanese spirea from among these plants. Her appearance is constantly changing. And although I chose to write this article the moment when it blooms, I’m still not sure that I’m right. In spring and autumn, its foliage plays with incredible colors and shades. But, in addition to beauty, it is also an unpretentious shrub.

Sweets made from baby formula with coconut and waffles are a simple homemade dessert made from inexpensive and affordable ingredients. Homemade sweets are tastier than store sweets, even if they don’t have chocolate, of course, we don’t take into account the elite brands of chocolate masters. In times of a total shortage of food, housewives passed each other a home recipe, added something of their own, fantasized, as a result, they obtained delicious sweets that could be simply prepared in half an hour.

Sultry, bright, and inviting July to rest in the garden, July does not leave much time for lazy hanging out. Dependence on weather, the need to compensate for the lack of rainfall and compensate for the heat makes all efforts be directed to caring for plants. And the ripening crop requires a lot of time not only to collect, but also to properly process. There is so much trouble in the ornamental garden and garden that it is extremely difficult to plan work ahead.

Freezing berries and fruits is the best way to provide yourself with vitamins for the whole winter. Cold is a natural preservative. Frozen berries and fruits almost completely retain their benefits. And in frozen currants, for example, vitamin C is many times more than in fresh! You can freeze anything you want. Usually it is strawberries, blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, mulberries, currants, sea buckthorn, even watermelon. Of fruits - apricots, plums, pears, peaches, grapes.

The Mediterranean style in the garden perfectly embodies the narrow-leaved lavender. Many gardeners would not just like to add this plant to their flower garden, but even plant their own lavender field. But lavender seedlings are quite expensive, and a lot of lavender for most remains a pipe dream. Try growing this spicy seed plant. In this article we will talk about the features of seed propagation of narrow-leaved lavender and its best varieties.

Like tongues of flame, tubular dark red flowers flash on dense, sprawling, elegant bushes of eskhinantus. Amazing plant textures, strict lines and a discreet combination of red and dark green - a real room classic. Aeschinanthus is in no way inferior to more fashionable exotic plants. And by its whimsicality - first of all. This is one of the most difficult to grow indoor plants, which is not enough ordinary care.

Chickpea snacks - hummus with sun-dried tomatoes and fried chickpeas - a great solution for a friendly party with a beer or home gatherings with a glass of wine. This is a budget snack, which does not take much time to prepare. You need to soak chickpeas in the evening in cold water, this is a must. Soak chickpeas from 8 to 24 hours, during which time the beans soften, so they cook pretty quickly. Cooked chickpeas for about 1.5-2 hours, does not require any attention.

Conifers are the favorites of Russian gardeners. They give any garden a cozy look and create a pleasant shade. Today in the market you will find a large number of species and varieties of conifers. But to maintain their decorativeness and health, proper care is vital. Follow the recommendations of specialists in the warm season - heat and moisture deficiency are not the best coniferous companions. What to do in the summer? Follow a simple and clear plan for caring for conifers.

Any gardener knows that when growing garden crops, the yield on his plot depends primarily on the land, its composition and properties. It is known that each natural zone has its own special climatic conditions. Due to such differences in weather conditions, different types of soils are formed, which also have different characteristics.

Basic soil properties

All soils differ in appearance, structure and many other characteristics. They evaluate the composition of the soil and attribute it to one form or another. Here are the main criteria for soil quality:

Color is an external property, a description of the soil by which it can be attributed to chernozem, gray earth, red earth or yellow earth. Of course, the color completely depends on how moist the soil is, which is part of it. For example, more humus stains the soil in dark or even black. A whitish color indicates the presence of salts - calcium, magnesium, gypsum, silicon and the leaching of minerals. Red and brown tones - the presence of iron and manganese in the rock.

This indicator is not as simple as it seems. Humidity depends not only on meteorological conditions.

Simply put, if you saturate the earth with different types of moisture, then it will look different. Underground currents, the level of groundwater, and the mechanical composition of the soil mixture have an effect.

For example, the predominance of large sand particles does not hold moisture, passing it into the lower layers. Also, water quickly evaporates from this type of soil. The presence of clay particles leads to an increase in its moisture capacity.

Description and characteristics of species

Soils, with which gardeners, gardeners, agronomists most often work, are as follows:

• sandy;
• sandy loam;
• loamy;
• clayey;
• peat.

Properly organizing planting means knowing the features of the soil and ways to improve its properties by proper treatment, the application of the necessary minerals and fertilizers.

This is a light type of soil, consisting mainly of sand grains and a small part of clay particles. It passes water well and is extremely loose. If you take a handful of earth in your palm, it will not work to form a lump from it. She crumbles. Its other qualities are high breathability, thermal conductivity, and easy machinability. Fertilizing is difficult to make in such a soil. They do not stay there, go with the water into deeper soil layers.

Such lands are poor and not very suitable for growing crops. But to grow garden trees, as well as carrots, onions and strawberries on it, is quite acceptable. To cultivate sandstone, it is good to introduce peat, humus and clay flour.

Sandy type

This soil has the best properties., similar in composition to sand, but still contains a larger percentage of clay impurities. Taking a handful in your hand and squeezing it, you can get a lump. But he has a bad shape. The qualities of such a soil are more valuable. It retains moisture and minerals better, is breathable, dries more slowly, warms up better, and is easier to process. You can grow all cultures, not forgetting about the methods of increasing the fertility of the earth. Ways to improve such a soil: the application of potash and organic fertilizers, mulching, sideration and quite frequent loosening.

Loamy lands

The best variety of soil characteristics, also called loam. Contains the largest percentage of nutrients. It perfectly retains moisture and is endowed with the ability to distribute it across the horizon. Easy to process and retains heat. A lump is well formed from such a sample and a “sausage” can be rolled out, but it cannot be bent into a ring. This is a special technique in agronomy to determine the mechanical composition of the soil. Such land does not need to be improved, but only to maintain its fertile properties, for which it is mulched and humus is introduced during autumn digging.

Clay soil

Or clay, as it is also called. The content of clay rocks is up to 80%. Very heavy and dense, poorly absorb water, sticks to shoes when wet. The structure is lumpy.

If you take a lump of moist earth, you can easily blind a long sausage and turn it into a ring. However, it does not crack or burst.

We can say that it looks like plasticine. Accordingly, its qualities are deteriorating: it contains little air, it does not warm well and passes water. It is not easy to grow garden crops on such land.

Proper cultivation will help to become such a fertile land. To do this, regularly add lime, ash, compost, manure. Careful loosening and mulching will also benefit.

Acid balance

Of great importance on the cultivation of crops is the acidity of the soil, the optimal value of which is called acid-base balance. It is one of the most important indicators of the quality of fertile land. Acidity is indicated by the “pH” symbol. When this value is seven units, acidity is called neutral. If the pH is below seven earths are acidic. At pH above seven, they are called alkaline.

With increasing acidity, there is an increase in the content of aluminum and its salts in the soil, as well as manganese and other minerals. This prevents plants from developing normally. Moreover, pathogenic bacteria, microorganisms and pests begin to multiply in such soil. The fertilizer applied does not decompose. All this leads to a violation of the imbalance of the soil.

Determining acidity is very simple at home. To do this, use the simple method of litmus indicators. Acidic soils are very common. The most common way is liming. At the same time, lime displaces aluminum and its salts from the upper layer of the earth, replacing them with calcium and magnesium. This reduces the toxic effects on the plant.

The amount of lime per square meter depends on the type of soil and its characteristics. The table shows the norms of making lime to reduce acidity.

The principle is simple: the heavier and clayier the soil, the more lime it needs. It is important to remember that when making lime, boron fertilizers are simultaneously laid. Acidity should be checked periodically if necessary.

After all, this indicator affects the fertility of the land, and, accordingly, on productivity.

types of soil

Soil is a complex biological complex that includes mineral (mechanical) and organic parts, soil air, water, microflora and microfauna. The quality of growing garden crops in your household plot depends on this complex and the totality of influencing factors, such as climatic conditions, planting dates, variety, timeliness and literacy of agricultural practices. Also no less important when laying a garden, lawn or gardening is the type of soil. It is determined by the content of mineral and organic particles.

The choice of crops, their distribution, and ultimately the crop, depend on what type of soil prevails on your site. Depending on this, a specific complex is developed to maintain fertility through proper processing and the application of necessary fertilizers.

The main types of soils that are most often encountered by the owners of household plots and summer cottages include clay, sand, sandy loam, loamy, calcareous and marshy. A more accurate classification is as follows:

• On the mechanical composition  - sandstones, sandy loam, loam, alumina.
• Organic Composition  - chernozems, serozems, brown and red soils.

Each soil has both positive and negative properties, which means that it differs in recommendations for improving and selecting crops. In their pure form, they are rare, mainly in combination, but with a predominance of certain characteristics. Consider in detail each type.

Sandy soil (sandstones)

Sandstones are light soil types. They are loose, loose, easily pass water. If you pick up a handful of such land and try to form a lump, it will crumble.

The advantage of such soils  - they quickly warm up, are well aerated, are easily processed. But at the same time, they quickly cool, dry out, and poorly retain mineral substances in the root zone - and this disadvantage. Nutrients are washed with water in the deep layers of the soil, which leads to a decrease in the presence of beneficial microflora and suitability for growing crops.

  Sandstones

To increase the fertility of sandstones, it is necessary to constantly take care of improving their sealing and binding properties. This can be achieved by adding peat, compost, humus, clay or drill flour (up to two buckets per 1 m²), using siderates (with incorporation into the soil), and high-quality mulching.

A more non-standard method of elevating these soils is to create an artificial fertile layer by claying. To do this, in place of the beds, it is necessary to build a clay castle (lay clay with a layer of 5 - 6 cm) and pour on it 30 - 35 cm of sandy loam or loamy soil.

At the initial stage of processing, cultivation of the following crops is allowed: carrots, onions, melons, strawberries, currants, fruit trees. Cabbage, peas, potatoes and beets will feel somewhat worse on the sandstones. But if you fertilize them with high-speed fertilizers, in small doses and often enough, you can achieve good results.

Sandy loam soil (sandy loam)

Sandy loam is another option for light soils. In their qualities, they are similar to sandstone, but contain a slightly larger percentage of clay inclusions.

The main advantages of sandy loam  - they have better retaining ability to mineral and organic substances, quickly warm up and hold for a relatively long time, less moisture and dry out more slowly, aerated well and can be easily processed.

  Sandy loam soil

With conventional methods and the selection of zoned varieties on sandy soil, everything can grow. This is one of the good options for gardens. However, methods for increasing and maintaining fertility for these soils are also acceptable. This involves the introduction of organic matter (in normal doses), seeding of green manure crops, and mulching.

Clay soil (alumina)

Alumina refers to heavy soils with a predominance of clay and loess (silty) sediment in the composition. They are difficult to process, they have little air and are colder than sandy soils. The development of plants is somewhat delayed. Water may stagnate on the surface of very heavy soils due to the low coefficient of water absorption. Therefore, growing crops on it is quite problematic. However, if clay soil is properly cultivated, it can become quite fertile.

How to identify clay soil?  After digging, it has a large crumpled dense structure, moistened sticks to the legs, poorly absorbs water, easily sticks together. If you roll a long "sausage" out of a handful of wet alumina, you can easily bend it into a ring, while it will not crumble into pieces or crack.

  Clay soil

To facilitate the processing and enrichment of alumina, periodic addition of substances such as coarse sand, peat, ash and lime is recommended. And you can increase biological qualities with the help of manure and compost.

The introduction of sand into clay soil (not more than 40 kg per 1 m 2) allows to reduce the moisture capacity and thus increase its thermal conductivity. After sanding, it becomes suitable for processing. In addition, its ability to heat up and permeability increases. Ash enriches with nutrients. Peat loosens and increases water-absorbing properties. Lime reduces acidity and improves the air regime of the soil.

Recommended clay soil trees: hornbeam, pear, English oak, willow, maple, alder, poplar. Shrubs: barberry, periwinkle, hawthorn, weigela, derain, viburnum, cotoneaster, hazel, mahonia, currant, snowberry, spirea, henomeles or quince Japanese, mock or jasmine garden. From vegetables  potatoes, beets, peas and Jerusalem artichoke feel good on clay.

Particular attention on clay soils must be given to loosening and mulching.

Loamy soil (loamy soil)

Loamy soil is the most suitable type for growing garden crops. It is easy to process, contains a large percentage of nutrients, has high air and water conductivity, is capable of not only retaining moisture, but also distributing it evenly across the horizon, and retains heat well.

Loam can be identified by taking a handful of the soil in the palm of your hand and roll it up. As a result, a sausage can be easily formed, but it will collapse upon deformation.

Due to the combination of available properties, loamy soil does not need to be improved, but it is only necessary to maintain its fertility: mulch, periodically apply organic and mineral fertilizers.

All types of crops can be grown on loamy soil.

Calcareous soil

Lime soil is classified as poor soil. Usually it has a light brown color, a large number of rocky inclusions, poorly gives plants iron and manganese, can have a heavy or light composition. At elevated temperatures, it quickly heats up and dries up. In cultivated crops, foliage turns yellow on this soil and unsatisfactory growth is observed.

  Calcareous soil

To improve the structure and increase the fertility of calcareous soils, it is necessary to regularly apply organic fertilizers, mulch, sow green manure, and apply potash fertilizers.

Everything can be grown on this type of soil, but with frequent loosening of row-spacing, timely watering, and the thoughtful use of mineral and organic fertilizers. Mild acidity will suffer: potatoes, tomatoes, sorrel, carrots, pumpkin, radish, cucumbers and salads. Therefore, they need to be fed with fertilizers that tend to acidify (ammonium sulfate, urea), and not alkalinize the soil, for example.

Marshy soil (peat bog)

Swampy (peat) soils are not uncommon in garden areas. Unfortunately, calling them good for growing crops is difficult. This is due to the minimum content of plant nutrients in them. Such soils quickly absorb water, give it away just as quickly, do not warm well, often have a high acidity index.

The only advantage of marshy soils is that they retain mineral fertilizers well and are easily amenable to cultivation.

  Swampy soil

To improve the fertility of marshy soils, it is necessary to enrich the earth with sand or clay flour. You can also apply liming and fertilizer.

To plant a garden on peat soils, it is better to plant trees either in pits, with individually laid soil for the culture, or in loose hills with a height of 0.5 to 1 meter.

Using a peatland as a garden, it is necessary to thoroughly cultivate or, as in the case with sandy soils, lay an clay layer and pour clay loam mixed with peat, organic fertilizers and lime on it. For the cultivation of gooseberries, currants, aronia and garden strawberries, you can do nothing, just water and weed, as these crops grow on such soils without cultivation.

Black earth

Chernozems are soils of high potential fertility. The stable granular-lumpy structure, high humus content, high percentage of calcium, good water-absorbing and water-holding abilities allow us to recommend them as the best option for growing crops. However, like any other soil, they tend to be depleted from constant use. Therefore, after 2 to 3 years after their development, it is recommended to add organic fertilizers to the beds, to sow green manure.

  Black earth

It is difficult to call black soil light soils, so they are often loosened by the application of sand or peat. They can also be acidic, neutral and alkaline, which also needs to be controlled. To determine the chernozem, you need to take the guest of the earth and squeeze it in the palm of your hand. The result should be a black bold imprint.

Serozems

For the formation of gray soils, loesslike loams and loesses with pebble bedding are necessary. Plain serozems are formed on clayey and heavy loamy deluvial and alluvial rocks.

The vegetation cover of zones with serozems is characterized by pronounced zonality. At the lower level, as a rule, there is a semi-desert with bluegrass and sedge. He gradually moves to the next belt with a semi-desert and its bluegrass, sedge, poppy and barley. Higher areas of the foothills and lowlands are mainly occupied by wheat grass, barley and other crops. Willow and poplar trees grow in sections of river floodplains.

  Gray earth

The following horizons are distinguished in the profile of serozems:

• Humic (thickness from 12 to 17 cm.).
• Transitional (thickness from 15 to 26 cm.).
• Carbonate illuvial (from 60 to 100 cm thick).
• Dusty-loamy with inclusions at a depth of more than 1.5 m. Of crystalline gypsum.

The serozem is characterized by a relatively low content of humic substances - from 1 to 4%. In addition, they are characterized by an increased level of carbonates. These are alkaline soils with low absorption capacity. They contain some gypsum and readily soluble salts. One of the properties of serozems is the biological accumulation of potassium and phosphorus. Soils of this type contain a lot of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen compounds.

In agriculture, gray soil can be used subject to special irrigation measures. Most often they grow cotton. In addition, beetroot, rice, wheat, corn and melons can be successfully cultivated in areas with sierozems.

In order to improve the quality of gray earth soils, in addition to irrigation, measures are recommended aimed at preventing secondary salinization. It will also require regular application of organic and mineral fertilizers, the formation of a deep arable layer, the use of the method of alfalfa-cotton crop rotation and the sowing of green manure.

Brown soil

Brown forest soils are formed on variegated and red-colored gravelly-loamy, proluvial, alluvial and alluvial-deluvial plains, located in the foothills under deciduous, beech-hornbeam, oak-ash, beech-oak and oak forests. In the eastern part of Russia, they are localized on the foothill and intermountain plains and are located on clay, loamy, alluvial, and eluvial-deluvial bases. Mixed, spruce, cedar, fir, maple and oak forests often grow on them.

  Brown soil

The process of formation of brown forest soils is accompanied by the exit of soil formation and weathering products from the thickness of the soil profile. They usually have a mineral, organic, and organo-mineral structure. For the formation of soil of this type, the so-called litter (fallen parts of plants), which is a source of ash components, is of particular importance.

The following horizons can be identified:

• Forest litter (from 0.5 to 5 cm thick).
• Humus humus humus.
• Humic (up to 20 cm thick).
• Transitional (from 25 to 50 cm thick).
• Maternal.

The main characteristics and composition of brown forest soils vary significantly from one horizon to another.   In general, these are soils saturated with humus, the content of which reaches 16%.  A significant part of its components is occupied by fulvic acids. Soils of the present type are acidic or slightly acidic. In them often proliferation processes occur. Sometimes the upper horizons are depleted in silt components.

In agriculture, brown forest soils are traditionally used for growing vegetable, grain, fruit and industrial crops.

To determine what type of soil prevails on your site, it is best to consult a specialist. You will be helped to find out not only the type of soil by the content of minerals, but also the presence of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and other useful trace elements in it.

Fertilize, apply pesticides, water and loosen, from morning to late at night in the beds, but the crop is not happy? Spend money on zoned modern varieties and hybrids, and as a result, miserable diseased plants on the site? Maybe it's all about the soil?

Gardening and horticulture is aimed at obtaining good yields. Suitable plant varieties, timely application of fertilizers and pesticides, watering - all this affects the final result.

But proper agricultural technology gives the desired result only when taking into account the characteristics of the soil in this area. Let's look at the types and types of soil, their pros and cons.

Types of soil are classified according to its content:

• minerals (main part);
• organics and, above all, humus, which determines its fertility;
• microorganisms and other living creatures involved in the processing of plant debris.

An important quality of the soil is the ability to pass air and moisture, as well as the ability to retain incoming water.

For a plant, such a property of the soil as thermal conductivity (it is also called heat capacity) is extremely important. It is expressed in the period of time during which the soil is able to warm up to a certain temperature and, accordingly, give off heat.

The mineral part of any soil is sedimentary rocks formed as a result of weathering of rock formations. For millions of years, water flows have divided these products into two types:

• sand;
• clay.

Another mineral forming species is limestone.

As a result, for the flat part of Russia, 7 main types of soils can be distinguished:

• clayey;
• loamy (loam);
• sandy;
• sandy loam (sandy loam);
• calcareous;
• peat;
• black earth.

Soil characteristics

Clay

Heavy, poorly processed, long-drying and slowly warming in the spring. Poorly pass water and moisture to the roots of plants. In such soil, beneficial microorganisms poorly develop; practically no process of decomposition of plant residues takes place.

Loamy

One of the most common soil types. They are second only to chernozems in quality. Suitable for growing all horticultural crops.

Loams are easy to process, have normal acidity. They heat up quickly, but do not immediately give off the stored heat.

A good environment for the development of underground microflora. The processes of decomposition and decay, due to air access, are intensive.

Sand

Easy for any treatment, they pass water, air and liquid fertilizers to the roots well. But these same qualities have negative consequences: the soil quickly dries up and cools down, fertilizers are washed out by rain and irrigation with water and go deep into the soil.

Sandy loam

Possessing all the positive qualities of sandy soils, sandstones better retain mineral fertilizers, organic matter and moisture.

Calcareous

The soil is poorly suitable for gardening. It has little humus, as well as iron and manganese. Alkaline environment requires acidification of calcareous soil.

Peaty

Sites in marshy places need cultivation and, above all, land reclamation. Acidic soils must be chalked annually.

Black earth

Chernozem is a standard of soil; it does not need cultivation. Competent agricultural technology is all that is needed to grow a rich harvest.

For a more accurate classification of the soil, its main physical, chemical and organoleptic parameters are considered.

The main soil types in Russia

One hundred and more years ago V.V. Dokuchaev discovered that the formation of the main soil types on the Earth's surface follows the law of latitudinal zonality.

The type of soil is its attributes, which arise under similar conditions and have the same parameters and conditions of soil formation, which in turn depend on the climate for geologically significant periods of time.

The following soil types are distinguished:

• tundra;
• podzolic;
• sod-podzolic;
• gray forest;
• black earth;
• chestnut;
• brown.

For agriculture, the tundra and brown soils of semi-deserts are completely unsuitable. Podzolic taiga and chestnut soils of dry steppes are not very fertile.

Of primary importance for agricultural activities are the medium-fertile sod-podzolic soil, the fertile gray forest and the most fertile black soil. Humus content, climatic conditions with the necessary heat and moisture make these soils attractive for working on them.

We are used to seeing beauty in the clouds, in the surrounding nature, and never in the soil. But it is she who creates those unique paintings that remain in my memory for a long time. Love, learn and take care of the soil on your site! She will repay you and your children with wonderful harvests, the joy of creation and confidence in the future.

Determination of soil mechanical composition:

The significance of the soil in human life:

Matches a certain soil type.

In the savannah zone, the process of soil formation occurs under conditions of seasonal precipitation. In the wet season, the nutrients necessary for plants are washed out more strongly from the soil. In the dry period, due to lack of moisture, the vital activity of organisms slows down and the plant litter of the grass cover is not completely decomposed. Humus accumulates in the soil. In the savannas, relatively fertile brown soil.

On both sides of the equator in areas of constantly humid and variable-humid forests reds  and red-yellow ferrallite soilscontaining iron and aluminum compounds. Iron compounds give the soil a reddish tint. Organic substances entering the soil in large quantities decompose to the end, and do not accumulate in it. Plants quickly absorb these nutrients, and heavy rains wash the soil layer, so these soils do not have high fertility.