At the previous stage, we sorted it out with. It's time to do the calculation and design of electrical wiring in the apartment.

For the design of electrical wiring, we need your design project with furniture marked on it, household appliances (TVs, computers, refrigerator, microwave, etc.), chandeliers, spotlights  and wall sconces.

But before you start designing electrical circuits, here are a few recommendations:

• read the article
• it is better to place the switches at a height of 800-900 mm from the floor, from the side of the door handle and at a distance of at least 100 mm from the door frame.
• if it is the switches in the bedroom it will not be superfluous to duplicate them and next to the bed, placing them at a height of 750 mm from the floor.
• in the corridors and hallway, you can install motion sensors and dimmers instead of switches. Then at night, you do not have to feel for the switch every time in the dark, and then squint from the bright light, because your eyes are accustomed to the dark. With a dimmer, you calmly set the comfortable brightness of the lighting.
• standard arrangement of sockets 150-300 mm from the floor.
• above the kitchen worktop, the height of sockets and switches from the floor should be 1050 mm.
• if you want to place the outlet above the desk, you need to place it at a height of 800 mm above the floor.
• in the bathroom, the outlet should be located as high as possible from the floor, somewhere from 1500 mm. For installation in the bathroom, sockets marked IP44 are suitable. To connect the washing machine, an additional RCD (residual current device) is required.
• for each room it is better to use separate machines and wire feed for lighting groups and outlets.
• i also recommend using separate machines for the following household appliances: electric boiler, washing machine, dishwasher, electric stove and oven, air conditioning, warm floors can be included here.
• along with the design of sockets and switches, think about where you will need the sockets of the Internet, telephone and cable TV.
• you may need to hide the wire from the home theater, such things should also be taken care of in advance.

We draw points on the project

Transfer future power outlets to your design project. You can use the following notation

Examples of designing a wiring project

We calculate loads in groups

Next, you need to calculate the maximum load for consumers and separately for lighting for each room. The table below will help here. But it will be useful to learn about the characteristics of the consumer of electricity from his description, in cases with oil heaters, their power may be higher depending on the model

We calculate the section of wires for each group

When the calculations of consumers are finished, you can proceed with the selection of wire cross-sections and the selection of machines.

For simplicity of calculations, you can use the formula: a copper cable with a cross section of 1 mm.kv will pass a current of 10A through itself, which will be equal to (10Ax220V) 2200W. If you plan to use aluminum wires (which I would not recommend to you), respectively 1mm.kv of aluminum wire will pass a current of 7A, somewhere 1500W

Important Notice : if somewhere in the house there will be 12V wiring. The 12V transformer should be located as close to consumers as possible. The current strength (A) is calculated according to the same formula as for a 220V network.

The above method of calculating the cross-section is suitable only for wires with a cross-section of up to 6 mm, as they say "with a margin", for more accurate calculations, use the following table.

The task of preparing an electrical wiring diagram in an apartment requires careful thought and quality execution. In addition, the electrician in the apartment requires careful handling, you must be even more careful in a wooden private house, because electric current is dangerous if handled ineptly. But to conduct an electrician with your own hands is a feasible task. You will certainly be able to do this with your own hands, especially since no one except you owns all the information necessary for drawing it.

It is worthwhile to understand that repair work in a new room begins precisely with the electrical wiring in the apartment or house, the same applies to overhaul. This question is especially relevant for owners of apartments in new houses, because the electrician in the new building is one of the first questions that will arise during the repair. The electrician in the new building requires special care, because the repair is done for many years, and to spoil it due to the incorrect wiring diagram is not the best way. And special care requires laying an electrical wire in wooden house. The room is electrified in several stages - laying wires on the walls, primer, covering with a paint net, plaster, putty and wallpaper. It is assumed that such a dense layer should hide the wires for many years.

Where to begin

When the repair has just begun, you still vaguely imagine the final result. But in order to draw the wiring diagram correctly, you need to have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bwhat, how and where it will be located. After all, it will depend on how functional and logical an electrician will be in an apartment or private house, how convenient the arrangement of switches, sockets, lighting in general will be. Therefore, it is necessary to make a rough plan with your own hands: which of the wiring elements in which corner of the apartment do you need. Indeed, without a plan, you can find yourself in a situation where, at the end of the repair, all outlets will be blocked by furniture, and in places where you want to place your equipment, there will simply be no outlets. And in this case you will have to scatter extension cords throughout the apartment or private house, which is not convenient, will cause discomfort and take away a huge amount of nerves, money, effort and time. But to change the circuit after installing electricians and completing repairs will be very difficult. When drawing a plan for future wiring with your own hands, consider the equipment that you plan to buy in the near future and for which you will also need sockets with your own hands and provide where it will be located, as well as what furniture and where you will have to move after these purchases and installation of these devices. Be sure to consult with all the inhabitants of your apartment, wife and children, this is the case when their advice will not be superfluous.

Draw do-it-yourself wiring diagram

Let's get down to setting out our plans on paper. This important stage is preceded by the installation of electricians. To begin, draw a rough floor plan. We take such stationery:

• Squared paper sheet
• Ruler
• Handle
• Colored markers or pens

It is necessary to make measurements of the length and width of the rooms and transfer them to a sheet, reducing them by an nth number of times in order to maintain the correct ratio. Next, we schematically depict a room with walls, doors and window openings. Now we sign in the plan each room.

Next, we draw in the plan of each room schematically how the furniture and appliances will be located, observing the ratio of their dimensions to the size of the apartment. We number each item and separately paint for ourselves which number which piece of furniture or equipment means.

Items that involve the use of electricity for their functioning are painted with a contrasting color, for example, red. In the same color we select an item in the list by numbers. Then we take another sheet, we draw a diagram of the apartment with our own hands, but already without furniture and equipment, but now we finish the sockets. Do not forget to check with the previous diagram, so as not in the place where, for example, a cabinet or other potential interference is located.

We designate sockets, switches and lamps

Now we proceed directly to the introduction of key objects in the wiring diagram .   We use certain icons to draw sockets and switches, redraw them on a separate sheet and sign what each means. In the list for further installation of electricians you should have:

• Single outlet
• Double socket
• Single key switch
• Two-gang switch
• Chandelier, lamp or light bulb
• Junction box
• End of wire
• Power shield.

Lighting scheme

To arrange the fixtures, we draw a separate diagram, and put the icons of the fixtures where their location is approximately supposed. Already drawn circuits will still be useful to us for drawing the final wiring diagram and further installation of electricians. If in the center of the room, then divide the length of the drawn room in half and put an icon there. If two chandeliers are supposed in the room, then we divide the room in half and in each half we find the center, and there we put the designation of the lamp.

Circuit breaker

We draw the circuit diagram of the switches separately. This is an important stage in the design of electricians in an apartment or private house. To get started, decide on interior doors, not only exactly where they will be located, but also in which direction they will open. Otherwise, if this is not foreseen, it may turn out that the switch turned out to be outside the door. It is better if the switches are located inside the rooms of an apartment or a private house, so that when the doors are opened, the light can be turned on immediately. Only in the bathroom and toilet are the switches made near the door, as these rooms are humid, that is, to extend the service of the switch. We draw the switches on the new diagram, but do not forget that before installing the wiring directly, it is worthwhile to indicate specific measurements, indents from the door and the height of the switch.

Wiring Diagram

Now it is time to begin directly to the final wiring diagram for the design of electricians in a house or apartment. In order to do this successfully, it is necessary to think over this route in great detail and carefully calculate everything. First, carefully inspect the room. In addition, before starting wiring, you must understand what kind of repair work will be done. Such moments should interest:

• Will they install suspended or else.
• Will the walls be plastered and how thick will the layer be.
• If the house is monolithic, consider which of the walls of the house are load-bearing.
• Examine the location of the floor slabs and the paths of the channels, their cleanliness.

Why is this needed? To the wiring diagram of the apartment or house was rational. Well, for example, stretch ceilings can reduce the number of works - reduce the number of horizontal shtob, reduce time, you do not need to conduct wires in the channels of the plates, they can be hidden in stretch ceiling. That is, in this way we save power, time and quantity of wire, because the wire can be laid on the ceiling with the shortest.

If we conduct the wire in a standard way, hidden along the walls, then we need to bypass the concrete ceilings above the windows and doors, since it is rather difficult to ditch them and in order to avoid getting into the prosak in the future when hanging curtains and curtains.

In addition, you must calculate how to lay the wires to the fixtures, understand exactly how the channels are located in the plates, calculate where the boxes will be located. If all the calculations are carried out correctly, then you will significantly reduce the number of mounted wire and time costs.

As for the open wiring in the house or apartment, it is also necessary for her to draw a diagram and take into account many factors. But in a wooden house, on the contrary, it is worthwhile to make the wiring open to notice fires in time in the event of a short circuit or other problems. But it is worthwhile to understand that open wiring is fraught with danger and is not as safe and aesthetic as closed. What you choose: open wiring or a safer closed - it's up to you.

If the house is made of monolithic slabs, then sockets and switches should not get onto the bearing walls, because they violate the integrity bearing walls  Absolutely forbidden.

Now we must superimpose both schemes on each other, combine them by redrawing into one common one.

Sockets in the electrics circuit are painted in one color, switches and lights in another. Further, taking into account all the previously studied factors, we draw wires, schematically indicating which way they will be laid.

Next, we calculate the cross-section of the wire, how much wire is needed for our electrical equipment and lighting elements. We expect everything very, very carefully. We also calculate the amount of light needed for each room, and thus determine the power of the lamps.

Installation of electrical wiring is a whole complex of technical and organizational measures, stretched over time. And how everything will be planned and organized, depends on the earnings of an electrician and customer satisfaction. The electrical work must be clear, bringing pleasure and income. So that the customer, looking at the electrician and his work, says: “It's nice to watch when a professional works!”

The article is intended for practicing electricians involved in the installation of electrical wiring in apartments and private houses. And also for customers who use the services of these electricians. I’ll tell you how I usually work - from meeting a client to putting an object in. I will try to take into account all the points.

This article will be a review, it tells how the stages of wiring are conditionally divided. Links to site articles are provided, all articles open in new tabs.

Strob in the prefabricated house and cables on the ceiling. The distribution box is installed and fixed to the plaster.

There are easier options when the wall is already plastered before installation:

Maybe it will be interesting:

Strobing plaster and laying wires before finishing. Here the wire is fixed on the dowel-clamp in the gate, the junction box - with screws. There were no plaster.

It is imperative to provide for temporary lighting, which is necessary for finishers.

We also attach the switchboard to the draft version, be sure to intelligently and reliably, so that in a month or two everything will fall into place.

Depending on the circumstances, you can make all the connections in the junction boxes. Then there will be an opportunity.

Practice shows that the pause between the first and second stages lasts longer than expected. And you can go to another object.

And further. Life is such a thing ... unpredictable. A month, a year, two can pass from the first to the second stage. The owner can sell the apartment, leave.

He started to make a house, and suddenly there is no money. It turned out that the hostess "flew" daughter - a wedding. (I had nothing to do with it)) it just so happened)) A month later, another flew in - still a loan, a wedding, again no money. But I quickly managed to take my own, since the amount was still small.

It can happen quite unpleasant - they will take another electrician to work. I’m here for what - it’s very important to try after the first stage to take about half of the agreed amount for work. Type of advance to gain a foothold on the object.

Stage 2. Final assembly

The second stage of wiring is the final installation of switches, sockets, etc. The cleanest and most pleasant stage when there is no dust, and nothing needs to be hollowed. We actively use a screwdriver.

It begins when the walls are painted or papered; ceilings are also installed. When I come to the second stage, I see something like the following:

That's all, after completion it is necessary.

And how do you organize the wiring process? Colleagues, write, share your experience!

If you are a customer and use the services of electricians, write in the comments how you develop relations with electricians and how you imagine the ideal work of an electrician in an organizational sense.

  / The source files given in the text of the article in Visio., Rar, 138.96 kB, downloaded: 1414 times. /

One-room apartment today is often found. Many Russians, for example, in Moscow, cannot afford to purchase housing with a large area. Have to be limited to 1-bedroom apartments. This typical apartment variant is distinguished by its own electric network, consisting of a certain number of electrical wires. We learn from the article in detail about the "odnushki" scheme.

How is electrical maintenance in odnushka

Most of the modern 1-bedroom apartments are a legacy of the Soviet past. Such apartments were built either twenty or thirty years ago, or have remained since the time more distant. In those days, copper was mercilessly saved, and the electricity network was formed through aluminum wiring. Today, such material is considered completely unsuitable for use.

As a result, the owners of 1-bedroom dwellings face the difficult problem of replacing all the electrical wiring in the house. In order to competently, and most importantly, safely make the replacement, you have to look for a laying scheme.

To begin with, we note that all the "odnushki" were built in various standard buildings. It could be panel houses, brick, stone, etc. For this reason, each of these apartments was equipped with a design distinction. But, whatever one may say, the scheme for all residential premises is almost the same.

The difference can only be in the number of power supplies and light bulbs. And this feature depends, respectively, on the apartment area, classified as 1-room.

The big minus of the classic scheme

The standard wiring diagram for odnushki is the classic. It consists of 2 branches that supply power to the hallway and living room, as well as to the bathroom and kitchen. Each of the lines, which is very interesting, can be used both for lighting and for supplying current to electrical appliances.

The minus of such a scheme is obvious. When a short circuit appears in a socket or light bulb, the entire apartment is de-energized. It is clear that such a scheme cannot be considered favorable and ideal.

In some cases, the above scheme of 2 branches was supplemented by another branch that feeds the electric stove. The latter, as you know, is too powerful, requires much more current.

A separate cable of additional property is used in this case, as the only option to increase the level of security and minimize the load on the circuit. But such a scheme is better to completely replace, and not to use it at all.

Most effective scheme

It is much more expedient to apply a scheme in “odnushka”, which implies separate lines for each of the electrogroups. In other words, one of the lines must supply electricity to outlets, the other to light bulbs, and the third to devices with powerful current consumption.

Initially, in order to build such a scheme, it is necessary to divide the apartment into 4 parts. The first part will be represented by a living room, a second kitchen, a third bathroom, and the last - a corridor.

In almost any circuit, electrical wiring is indicated by color. These are either red or black lines. They are brought to the distribution box. Each of the lines is a separate branch supplying current.

Note. As a rule, one color indicates that the line is responsible for supplying current to the outlets, another color - to the line supplying current to the lighting elements.

Power shield and its functions

The power distribution element or shield is the center containing a fixed number of circuit breakers. In electrics, it is customary to distinguish between RCDs and AB switches. And one branch of lines should be integrated to both devices. But the current strength should not be more than 2 kW. And it’s also important to observe the rule: how many lines of electricity enter the living room, how many switches should be used.

The power shield is directly connected to a common shield located on the landing. An electric meter is placed between them, and room switches are mounted in front of it.

Note. It is important to observe one more rule: the technical characteristics of the circuit breakers should depend on the general power indicators of electrical appliances available in the apartment.

It will also be useful to know one exception. If the “odnushka” has a fixed number of units, with a throughput of 6-8 kW, then according to the rules it is necessary to use switches that are designed for at least 37A.

However, the installation of such switches is considered impractical due to the fact that most of the "odnushki" use the Soviet wiring diagram.

If you have any questions related to replacing the old circuit with a new one, please contact us. A professional team of electricians will provide services in the city of Khabarovsk and its environs to everyone.

Dear website visitors !!!

Answering your questions and analyzing the nature of those who are interested in such questions, as additional information to previous topics on electrics, the following content is set out - with which you will familiarize yourself.

The topic will have in its content various electrical lighting control circuits. Initially, the topic provides more simplified schemes and gradually, we will delve into a more voluminous exposition of all electrics in general.

The explanation will also provide examples from our own practice. Why exactly will be given? - Because the topic is significant and to summarize it in its entirety - it is not possible.

Both for beginning electricians and for electricians with a certain experience, the topic does not seem boring in its presentation, and the explanation seems to be a more accessible form.

Over time, all of you will get ahead of the knowledge of those who once taught you, from whom you received the information you need in this direction.

You, first of all, with a capital letter !!! You, future specialists !!! Namely:

• electricians for repair and maintenance of electrical equipment;
• electro - technologists of personnel;
• power industry.

Circuit breakers

Let's start with the simplest. This electrical circuit \\ Fig. 1 \\ can be represented as a connection of various types of ceiling lights:

• single lamp chandeliers;
• chandeliers with two lamps;
• with three lamps;
• ceiling armstrong,

- that is, up to a certain number of fixtures, taking into account the permissible load, based on the cross-section of the wire and the current strength \\ for residual current circuit breakers \\. Here the design of the load is taken into account, followed by the determination of the wire section.

We will talk about the calculations a little later, but for now we need to understand the execution:

• wire connections in the junction box;
• wire connections with light switch contacts;
• wire connections with a chandelier;
• wire connections to the electric meter;
• wire connections to circuit breakers;
• wire connections with the contacts of the electrical outlet.

In general, it is characterized as an electrical wiring with making wire connections. Points A, B, C, D, E  \\ Fig. 1 \\ indicate the wire connections in the junction box.

There are plenty of emerging issues in the practice of an electrician:

• how to eliminate the sparking of contact with the zero wire in the panel lighting panel;
• how to replace a single-pole circuit breaker in a group lighting panel;
• how to replace the fuse in the control cabinet \\ while not disconnecting the building \\;
• how to determine the location of a phase wire break with hidden wiring,

From the electrical circuit \\ Fig. 1 \\ it is clear that the neutral \\ neutral wire \\ from the junction box is connected to one of the contacts of the electrical cartridge.

The phase wire through a single-key switch is connected to other contacts of the electrical cartridge. Chandeliers in an electrical circuit are connected in parallel through a light switch.

Diagnostics for the total resistance of all the chandeliers in the circuit is carried out in a passive way. Prior to conducting diagnostics for this circuit, it is necessary:

• turn off circuit breakers in the apartment;
• set the device in the resistance measurement range;
• connect the two probes of the device with the contact connections of the wires \\ A and B \\ in the junction box \\ Fig. 1 \\.

Before measuring the resistance, you need to close the contacts of the light switch \\ Fig. 2 \\, since the electric circuit is closed through the switch.

For example, if the resistance of one lamp is 37.1 Ohms, - the total value of the resistance of 12 of the same lamps is 37.1 x 12 \u003d 445.2 Ohms.

Since this not only measures the total resistance value of all the lamps, here, in addition to the lamp resistance, the device will also take into account the resistance of the wires.

Let for this example, the resistance of all the wires in the circuit will be 0.2 Ohms, then the total resistance for our circuit will take the following value: Rtotal \u003d Rlamp + Rwires \u003d 445.4 Ohm.

We examined the lighting control circuitry through a single-key switch.

Sometimes in our practice we make any mistakes on the electrics. In the schematic image \\ Fig. 3 \\ connections of circuit breakers and RCDs \\ residual current device \\ from the meter, the circuit looks like this:

From the RCD, the wire with the phase potential is connected to the single-pole circuit breakers and further, the phase wire from the single-pole circuit breaker is supplied for connection with the load.

The zero wire from the RCD is connected to the zero bus and from the zero bus the wire also enters the load.

For this example, \\ fig. 3 \\, an error is made. There must be a mandatory installation of a circuit breaker between the electric meter and the RCD, that is, the RCD cannot be installed immediately after the electric meter.

RCD installation in the room

The electrical diagram of the connections of Fig. 4 \\ looks perfectly correct where such an electrical circuit is directly acceptable \\.

Here we can see that the RCD is installed in front of the circuit breakers \\ single-pole circuit breakers \\.

Pay attention to how the load is distributed in the electrical circuit. That is, we observe the following wiring:

From a single-phase \\ apartment \\ electric meter, wires with phase potential are connected to single-pole machines. RCD has a connection from the circuit breaker \\ single-pole circuit breaker \\.

The neutral \\ neutral wire \\ from the meter is connected to the zero bus. From the zero bus, the wires are distributed to the load and directly to the kitchen the sockets are connected via an RCD.

Grounding is also provided. The wires from the ground bus are also distributed on:

• lighting;
• sockets;
• sockets in the kitchen.

In this scheme, single-pole circuit breakers \\ and they in circuit 4 \\ are interconnected by three jumpers \\ wire segments \\. We get a balanced distribution of electrical energy. In practice, in my work, I had to make such electrical connections, but as we know, each circuit has its own purpose.

Suppose for a small house in the country to carry out wiring according to a similar scheme - is not required. That is, for each embodiment of the electrician \\ electric lighting circuit \\ of course, the estimated load is taken into account.

Consider the following lighting control circuit \\ Fig. 5 \\ with two lamps, - through a double light switch

In this diagram, we see that the wire with zero potential in the junction box is branched into two wires. The connection of wires can be made by twisting if the wires are made of homogeneous metal \\ copper-copper, aluminum-aluminum \\, or by twisting, followed by fusion of the ends of the wires by welding. We'll talk about wire connections later.

Two neutral wires are connected to the contacts of two electrical cartridges \\ of the first and second lamp \\. A wire with a phase potential is connected to the contact of the light switch, the contact is branched to close and open two keys. Two wires from the switch are also connected to the contacts of two electrical cartridges.

This scheme with lighting can be represented as connecting ceiling lamps with fluorescent lamps or connecting any other lamps - chandeliers with various types of lamps.

Lighting Control Schemes

For convenience, lighting control is permissible from two or more places in the circuits using walk-through switches.

Consider the lighting control circuit \\ Fig. 6 \\ from two places. As you turned your attention, there is nothing complicated. The electrical circuit consists of:

• lighting device \\ chandelier, sconce, built-in ceiling light  etc\\;
• two one-key pass-through switches.

In this circuit, as it is shown in the figure, the electric circuit is open and the lamp in this position with the button of the through switches, will not light up accordingly.

We look carefully at the circuit, if one of the keys of the first or second pass-through switch is closed, the electrical circuit will be short-circuited on the lamp spirals and the lamp will emit light accordingly.

The passage switches themselves are no different from ordinary light switches, although the design of the two types of switches has its own principle of contact closure.

Switch one keyboard Legrand through passage

We figured out this scheme \\ Fig. 6 \\, we look at the following two schemes:

In the two schemes themselves, Fig. 7, there is no significant difference between friends. A small difference for the two circuits is only that in the electric circuit for lighting control from three places \\ the circuit on the right \\ - the lamp housing is grounded.

If we trace the circuit \\ Fig. 7 on the left \\ with three passage switches, - the contacts of the electric cartridge are energized, the lamp spiral at this position of the switch keys is short-circuited, the lamp will glow.

For two circuits, the through switches on the sides are one key switch, in the center of the circuit there is a two-key switch through the switch.

The wiring diagram on the right \\ Fig. 7 \\ is more suitable for hazardous areas. Accordingly, for this circuit, the simultaneous disconnection of the phase and neutral wires by bipolar switches is used.

The work of an electrician is usually associated with the maintenance of group lines with three-phase systems encountered:

• in institutions;
• in organizations;
• in enterprises.

It is known that light sources are connected to the electrical network in parallel. A series connection of lamps is found, for example, in cars:

• trams;
• trains.

In three-phase AC networks, the following group network circuits are used, with grounded neutral:

• four-wire three-phase with a zero wire;
• two-wire two-phase;
• two-wire single-phase;
• three-wire three-phase;
• three-wire two-phase with a zero wire

With isolated neutral:

• two-wire two-phase;
• two-wire single-phase;
• three wire three phase

The protective and disconnecting devices in two wire lines are installed in the phase wire circuit. To power the lighting of explosive rooms with two wire lines, protection and control devices are installed on the phase and neutral wires. That is, in this example, bipolar switches are used to simultaneously disconnect the phase and neutral wires.

Now we will consider specifically the schemes of a group network \\ Fig. 8 \\, in which the following connections are presented:

a) three-wire two-phase circuit;

b) three-wire three-phase circuit;

c) three-wire three-phase circuit.

The lighting connection for the three-wire two-phase circuit \\ a) \\ looks wrong, since the make contact with automatic operation is set to only one phase C. When the machine operates, the next phase A remains connected to the lighting circuit. In this example, two phases must be switched off simultaneously, that is, a paired tripping machine must be installed.

We look further. Lighting connection for a three-wire three-phase circuit \\ b) \\ looks through a three-pole closing switch with overcurrent protection. A three-pole circuit breaker with automatic operation at maximum current turns off the light and disconnects the three phase lines at the same time. That is, the scheme looks absolutely correct.

And the last scheme \\ c) \\. It also shows the lighting connection for a three-wire three-phase circuit. The contacts of the closing switches with overcurrent protection are installed individually on each phase \\ A, B, C \\. Again, for this circuit, simultaneous shutdown of two circuit breakers at an exceeding current value is not always possible, and from this we can conclude that for this example the connection diagram looks wrong.

The theme in my opinion will turn out to be voluminous in content. Further it will be even more interesting - in terms of electrics.

Well, for now, all the friends !!! We will return to this topic later.