The central grammatical unit of syntax is the simple sentence. This is determined by the fact that a simple sentence is an elementary unit designed to convey relatively complete information, possessing properties that make it possible to assign the message to one or another time plan.

In addition, a simple sentence is the basic unit involved in the formation of a complex sentence and text. A simple sentence consists of phrases and word forms and has its own grammatical characteristics: 1) it is formed according to a special grammatical pattern; 2) has linguistic meanings, formal characteristics, intonation patterns and the ability to change (Brief Russian Grammar, p. 405). A simple sentence, just like previously studied units of the language system, is included in paradigmatic relationships. Paradigmatic relations are formal changes in the structure itself (particular manifestations of general categorical meaning), expressed by special means. Particular grammatical meanings of a simple sentence are expressed by significant or function words, syntactic particles, word order and intonation.

A simple sentence enters into syntagmatic relations - the members of a simple sentence are combined with each other according to certain rules (ibid., p. 407)

The formal and semantic organization of a simple sentence is especially complex. Each simple sentence is built according to a certain formal pattern, which is called a predicative basis or structural scheme. Such schemes are abstractions abstracted from an unlimited number of concrete propositions. Compare examples: The child is having fun. The train is coming. The boy is reading. The sentences are structured according to the model: noun + conjugated verb, expressing the relationship of the procedural feature and its bearer in a particular time plan.

The work is increasing. The water is decreasing. – Rod.p. noun + ch. in form 3rd l.unit.h. The diagram expresses the relationship between the procedural state and its carrier.

Winter. Night. – Im.p. noun – states the fact of existence.

Word forms that organize the predicative basis are called components of the structural diagram, main members, predicative center (Kr. Russian grammar, p. 408)

The grammatical meaning of a simple sentence is predicativity - a category that, with a whole complex of formal syntactic means, correlates the message with one or another temporal plane of reality. Thus, the structural scheme of a sentence has grammatical properties that make it possible to indicate that what is being reported is either actually carried out in time (present, past, future), that is, has a real time plan, or is thought of as possible, due, desired, then there is a unreal plan, or temporary uncertainty.

The meanings of time and reality/irreality are fused together, their complex is called objective modality.

Thus, the concept of predicativity as an abstract syntactic category consists of the concepts: structural diagram, time plan of the communicated and reality/irreality of the communicated (ibid., p. 409)

The main means of forming predicativity is the category of mood, with the help of which the message is presented in the aspect of reality/irreality.

The idea of ​​the essence of predicativity (like the term itself) is not unambiguous. Along with the concept of V.V. Vinogradov (op. article) and his school (Russian Grammar-54, -80), the term “predicativity” also denotes the property of the predicate as a syntactic member of a two-part sentence. The concept of predicativity is part of the concepts “predicative connection”, “predicative relations”, which denote the relationships connecting the subject and predicate, as well as the logical subject and the predicate; in this use, predicativity is no longer conceptualized as a category of the highest level of abstraction (inherent in the model of a sentence as such, a sentence in general, regardless of its composition), but as a concept associated with the level of division of a sentence, that is, with such sentences in which the subject can be distinguished and predicate (V.V.

Babaytseva, p.58).

Thus, it is important to distinguish between these concepts of predicativity. When qualifying the grammatical meaning of a simple sentence, the term “predicativity” is understood as a syntactic category (See literature).

Semantic structure. A sentence combines in one grammatical form several meanings of different levels of abstraction. Firstly, the structural pattern of a simple sentence itself has an abstract meaning common to all sentences, the so-called predicativity. The meaning of predicativity inherent in the sample is transferred to a specific sentence and modified in the paradigm of the sentence, that is, in its various syntactic forms expressing the meanings of reality and unreality. But in concrete sentences there is another meaning that comes from the components of the predicative basis and from their relationships + the lexical meaning of words. For example: The student writes - the subject and his active action; Thunder rumbles - the subject and its presence, existence; It is dawning - the presence of a subjectless action; Lots of work, little joy - the subject and its quantitative attribute, etc.

Everything said has to do with the semantics of the structural diagram or the semantic structure of the sentence (Kr.rus.gr., p. 410).

Thus, the semantic structure is its linguistic meaning, which is created by the interaction of the semantics of the structural diagram and the lexical meaning of words.

The categories of semantic structure are the predicative feature, the subject – the bearer of the predicative feature and the object; at the sentence level, these meanings are clarified and differentiated. Sentences that have different grammatical organizations, but a similar semantic structure, in some studies are considered as transforms, then transformations of one into another, for example: Evening is coming - It’s getting evening; The son is learning - The son is learning.

In addition to the meaning of predicativity and semantic structure, a sentence has a functional meaning associated with the distribution of the communicative load between its members; this meaning is expressed by actual division, that is, division into theme and rheme, word order and intonation.

The previous characteristics (aspects) of a sentence: structural diagram, semantic structure are statistical (see V.A. Beloshapkova, op. cit.), and the communicative aspect is dynamic. Considered in the statistical aspect, the proposal is autonomous and self-sufficient; all its properties are explained from the inside, by its own formal structure. Considered in a dynamic aspect, a sentence does not appear on its own, but as part of the text, that is, in the linguistic and extralinguistic context in which it exists (see lecture 1). The identification of the static and dynamic aspects of a sentence began in the 20-40s of our century almost simultaneously in the works of scientists from different Slavic countries.

The communicative aspect received the greatest development in the Prague Linguistic School (V. Mathesius - the founder of actual division), later than others, only in the 2nd half of the 20th century the semantic structure was identified as a special scientific object (one of the first works was the article by F. Danesh “On three aspects of syntax", Prague, 1964). See more details: I.P. Chirkina, part 4, pp. 72-89).

Currently, quite a lot of attention is paid to the pragmatic aspect of the proposal, which has great potential. Language provides the speaker (writer) with various opportunities to express in a sentence his attitude to the subject of speech, to the situation being reported, to the addressee. This pragmatic triad, realized in different sentences either completely or in some part and interacting with its semantic structure, makes the sentence a linguistic unit with a deep and multi-stage semantic structure (see Pragmatics in LES).

Thus, a sentence in the understanding of modern syntactic science is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon that can hardly ever be fully studied.

V.V. Vinogradov gave the following definition of a sentence:

“A sentence is an integral unit of speech, grammatically designed according to the laws of a given language, which is the main means of forming, expressing and communicating thoughts.”

It should be added that the sentence expresses not only thoughts, but also feelings: 1) - But I received a funeral note for you. - Funeral? Here you go! (Stelmakh); 2) - What’s wrong with Ivan? “Oh my God!” she (Stelmakh) exclaimed. The highlighted sentences express feelings: surprise, fear.

The expression of a thought or feeling is one side of a sentence, its semantics (meaning). But a sentence is a grammatical unit, so you need to find out what grammatical features are characteristic of a sentence.

The main grammatical feature that distinguishes a sentence from a phrase is the category of predicativity. Predicativity is revealed in the categories of modality and syntactic tense.

The content of any statement is always thought of as either real or unreal, but only possible, necessary, desirable, that is, the sentence has a certain modal meaning, for example: 1) Above the green earth - the skies are blue; 2) Let there be blue skies over the green earth. In the first example, the content of the statement relates to reality as a really existing fact; here the modality is real. In the second example, the content of the statement relates to reality not as a really existing fact, but only as a desirable fact, here the modality is unreal.

The meaning of the reality-irreality of what is being communicated is manifested in the temporal plane: in the present, past, future, therefore the modality of a sentence is closely related to its other grammatical feature - syntactic tense; cf.: quickly building a school is not a proposal, since its content cannot be attributed either to the present, or to the past, or to the future. This is a phrase, a nominative unit of language. 1) They quickly build a school; 2) They quickly built the school; 3) They will build the school quickly. These are sentences, communicative units of language. The content of the first of them refers to the present time, the second - to the past, the third - to the future. Here the syntactic tense of the sentence coincides with the morphological tense of the predicate verb. We're performing tonight. (N. Nikitin). In this sentence, the verb is in the present tense, and the content of the message is projected into the future, which is due to the presence of the adverbial tonight in the sentence, so there is a syntactic future tense here. In verbless sentences, the zero copula or zero predicate is an indicator of the syntactic present tense: 1) Modesty is one of the greatest traits of the Russian people (Paustovsky); 2) There is snow and snow between us (Surkov).

All the above examples are with a syntactic indicative (indicative mood), which establishes the relevance of the content of the statement to a specific time: present, past, future.

In sentences with the imperative and subjunctive mood, the content of the statement also appears in time, but in this case there is temporal uncertainty. For example, in the sentence Don’t look at the road, dear, And don’t wait in the poplars near the fence (Fatyanov), the content of the statement can be attributed to both the present and the future.

And in the sentence And everyone would listen to this babble, Everyone would kiss these feet (Pushkin) the content of the message can be attributed to the present, the past, and the future.

Predicativity is a general grammatical category that denotes the relationship of the statement contained in a sentence to reality and reveals this meaning in the particular grammatical categories of modality and syntactic tense.

Finally, we need to point out another important feature of a sentence - intonation.

Each independent sentence is intonationally complete and is separated from another sentence by a dividing pause.

The role of intonation design as an obligatory feature of any sentence is clearly revealed in one-word constructions. Any single word, if given the appropriate intonation of a sentence, can become an expression of an entire thought, i.e., a statement. This can usually be done in a specific contextual environment. The word forms table, chair, sofa, water are not sentences. But let's put the words in this context: Table. Chair. Sofa. My brother lives in this room. These words, pronounced with the intonation of a message, acquired a syntactic present tense and real modality, that is, they received predication and became sentences.

“Water!” the patient asked. The word form of water, pronounced with motivating intonation, acquired the character of a sentence, since it acquired the meaning of predicativity, expressed by unreal modality, in which the content of the statement is projected into the present or into the future.

So, the main features of a sentence are semantic completeness, intonation and predicativeness.

Sentences have different communicative purposes, different modality, structure, etc. Depending on the feature underlying the classification, sentences are grouped into types.

1. According to the communicative purpose of the statement, narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences are distinguished.

2. According to the presence or absence of emotional coloring - exclamation and non-exclamation.

3. According to the nature of the relationship between content and reality expressed in the sentence - affirmative and negative.

4. If possible or impossible, select one, two or more members of the sentence in a sentence - syntactically separable and syntactically inseparable.

5. Based on the presence of one predicative unit or two or more - simple and complex.

6. Based on the presence of one or two main members, sentences are one-part and two-part.

7. According to the presence or absence of minor members of the sentence - common and non-common.

8. According to the presence or absence of homogeneous or isolated members, introductory words, appeals in the sentence - complicated and uncomplicated.

9. Based on the representation in the sentence of all or not all members of the sentence necessary for a given structural type, complete and incomplete.

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§ 1. Sentence as a basic syntactic unit and its features

relevant scientific sources:

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Syntax is a section of the Russian language that examines the construction of coherent speech. The subject of his study is phrases and sentences.

One-part sentences - what are they?

Surely each of us has asked ourselves this question. A person expresses his thought, emotions, question, surprise, denial through words, phrases, sentences. This reveals the combination of language and thinking. That is, a sentence is the minimum unit of human speech in which words are organically combined. It has a complete thought and a certain intonation. More than 200 different definitions of a sentence are known in science, but they all speak of the unity of thinking and its expression through interconnected words.

Let's consider proposals for the composition

In Russian there are one-part and two-part sentences. This division depends on the presence of grammatical centers. If a sentence contains both a subject and a predicate, then it is called a two-part sentence. If it consists of one subject or one predicate, then it is monocomponent.

One-part sentences

We found out that the presence of only one main member in a sentence makes it one-part. It turns out that he is the only organizing center, showing an object, action or phenomenon, expressing his attitude to what is happening. There is no second center in sentences, but even without it it is clear who or what we are talking about; this is only a structural feature of the sentence. Compare: “Students carefully read the assignment: complete the test.” The sentence “...doing a test” is incomplete, there is no subject, but from the context it is clear who we are talking about. Or: “The news reported about the latest achievements of science.” There is no subject in this sentence, but there is no incompleteness of meaning, since what is important is not who said it, but the action itself. In the sentence: “I’m telling you about love” there is no subject, but it is easy to restore, since the predicate is given in 1 l, unit. h.: ​​(I) dialect - yu.

One-part sentences and their groups:

1. Sentences with one main member - the predicate.

2. Sentences with one main member - the subject.

Sentences with one predicate

One-part sentences are definitely personal: in such constructions the predicate is expressed by imperative verbs: run, run, run; I'm driving, driving, driving, driving. These verbs, with their endings, indicate a specific person - the subject (I, you, you, we). For example: “I’m waiting for a letter from you,” “Let’s go together,” “We’ve sent a package,” “We’re leaving tomorrow morning.”

Sentences are vaguely personal and generalized personal.

These two types are close to each other. Indefinite-personal sentences are used with verbs - predicates, standing in the plural of the past tense. Indicate an action performed by an indefinite number of persons. Used with 3rd person present tense verbs: “They knocked loudly on someone’s door,” “Finally they brought us lunch.” A generalized personal sentence shows the action of a wide generalized circle of people. The verb in it is a predicate in the 2nd person singular: “Measure seven times, cut once.” It can also be in the 3rd person plural form: “After a fight, they don’t wave their fists.” Sometimes it is also found in the 1st person plural or singular form: “Let’s forgive them the mistake of youth,” “I’ll help others, but I can’t help myself.” Most often, such sentences are found in proverbs and sayings.

One-part impersonal sentences

These sentences do not and cannot have a subject. “The sky is getting brighter” (personal sentence), “It’s already getting brighter in the field” - impersonal, there is no subject. It is unknown who performs the action. There are also infinitive impersonal sentences. Here the predicate is expressed by one indefinite form of the verb. Used in colloquial speech: “It is impossible to invent anything better than this,” “Be silent!”, “Stand up!”, “You cannot have mercy.”

One-part sentences with one subject

Name proposal. Consists only of a subject or subject and words explaining it. They assert the presence of a phenomenon in the present tense, for example:

"Spring. The flowers have bloomed."

"Autumn. The days have become colder."

"Roar, noise, din! School has begun."

One-part sentences can be common or uncommon. This depends on the presence in the sentence of secondary members that explain the main member.

Sentence: has semantic and grammatical independence, expresses a relatively complete thought, is characterized by intonation, has its own purpose of expression and emotional coloring.

Proposals are classified according to several criteria:

1) According to the purpose of the statement:

Narrative (contain a message);

Interrogatives (contain a question);

Incentive (contains an incentive to action).

2) by emotional coloring:

Exclamatory (colored with a strong feeling, have a special, exclamatory, intonation);

Non-exclamatory (even, calm in emotional coloring).

3) by structure:

Simple (two-part, one-part)

Complex

Offer- this is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) with a certain semantic and intonation completeness. Being a unit of communication, a sentence is at the same time a unit of formation and expression of thought, in which the unity of language and thinking is manifested.

A sentence is correlated with a logical judgment, but is not identical to it. As Aristotle rightly pointed out, every judgment is expressed in the form of a sentence, but not every sentence expresses a judgment. A sentence can express a question, motivation, etc., correlative not with a judgment, but with other forms of thinking. Reflecting the activity of the intellect, a sentence can also serve to express emotions and expression of will, which are part of the sphere of feeling and will.

There is no single definition of a proposal in science. In the history of the development of Russian syntax, one can note attempts to define a sentence in logical, psychological and formal grammatical terms.

Defining the proposal from the point of view of logic, the representative of the first direction F.I. Buslaev pointed out that “a judgment expressed in words is a sentence” (“Historical Grammar of the Russian Language.” M., 1858. § 110).

By comparing the sentence with a psychological judgment, i.e. a combination of two ideas, a supporter of the second direction D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky gave the following definition: “A sentence is such a word or such an ordered combination of words that is associated with a special movement of thought, known as “predication” (“predicability”)” (“Syntax of the Russian language.” St. Petersburg, 1912. P. 50).

There are various types of sentences in the Russian language.

According to the purpose of the statement and depending on this goal of intonation, sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive. Each of the sentences of these three groups can become exclamatory with the appropriate emotional coloring, expressed in a special exclamatory intonation.

Sentences are considered affirmative or negative depending on the indication in them of the presence or absence of a connection between objects and their characteristics in reality.

Structural characteristics proposals are built on the basis of taking into account various features of a given structure. So, proposals can be simple and complex depending on the number of predicative units - one or several.

Simple sentences are divided into one-part and two-part, i.e. having one or two main members as organizing centers of the proposal.

Proposals differ according to the presence or absence of minor members common and not common.

Both one-part and two-part sentences are considered complete if all the necessary members of a given sentence structure are present, and incomplete if one or more necessary members of a given sentence structure are omitted due to the conditions of the context or situation.

Lack of possibility of dividing certain types of sentences, i.e. identifying individual members in their structure leads to the identification of a special type of sentences - indivisible (word-sentences).

When preparing a sentence, intonation is of great importance, performing both a grammatical and stylistic function. With the help of intonation, the completeness of a sentence is conveyed and it is divided into syntactic units, the emotionality of speech, volitional impulses, as well as various modal shades of meaning are expressed.

Working on a proposal takes up Russian training. language has a central place because on a syntactic basis it is realized. mastering morphology, vocabulary, phonetics and spelling. The sentence acts as the basic unit of speech, on the foundation of which ml. schoolchildren understand the role of nouns, adj., verbs in the language. and pronoun.

There are five areas of work on the proposal:

1. Formation of grammatical concept of "offer".

2. Studying the structure of a sentence (work on understanding the essence of the connection of words in phrases, awareness of the grammatical basis of a sentence, the characteristics of the main and minor members, the direct and reverse order of words, common and non-common sentences.).

3. Formation of the ability to use sentences in your speech that differ in the purpose of the statement and intonation. Mastering the correct intonation of a sentence.

4. Development of the ability to accurately use words in a sentence.

5. Formation of the ability to formulate sentences in writing (using a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence, using punctuation marks).

Classification of exercises with sentences:

1. Classification depending on the predominance of analysis and synthesis (analytical, synthetic, analytical-synthetic).

2. Classification depending on independence and cognition. activities (model-based, constructive, creative).

Sample-based exercises involve practical mastery of clear, correctly constructed syntactic structures, understanding of internal connections, their meaning, as well as their external connections in the text. Among the exercises in this group, a significant place belongs to analytical ones, as well as observation, listening to sentences, and reading them; compiling exercises according to a model (based on imitation of a model).

The group of constructive exercises includes tasks on constructing or restructuring sentences with the obligatory identification and execution of internal and external connections. If the exercises based on the model are not based on grammar. theory (or are based only in particular), then constructive exercises are impossible without support, at least partially, on grammatical. concepts and rules.

Creative exercises with sentences involve mostly the absence of any samples or constructive tasks; The student composes a sentence completely freely.

Types of tasks for creative proposal writing:

1. A topic for the composition is given. sentences (“Make a sentence about the river”, etc.).

2. A picture is given - subject or plot; proposal comp. according to the picture.

3. 1-3 “support” words are given that should be used in the composition. proposal.

4. A phrase or any figure of speech that has particular expressiveness is given (for example, a phraseological unit).

Creative exercises are most valuable in developing students' speech.

Types of exercises for working on sentences:

1. Distribution of the offer.

You can specify in advance which part of the sentence you want to distribute.

2. Restoration of a deformed sentence.

Restoration of sentence It starts with the stem of the sentence, then using questions, phrases are found. for example: rooks, nests, in trees, climbers, tall. They are questioned and the most successful word order is determined.

3. Dividing continuous text into sentences.

In order for this type of work to be conscious, it is necessary to highlight the main members and phrases in each sentence .

4. Analysis of the proposal and drawing up its diagram.

When analyzing a sentence, the following are distinguished: the basis of the sentence, then a minor member that explains the predicate, and a minor member that explains another minor member of the sentence.

5. Drawing up a proposal on a given scheme or issues.

6. Compilation of a story followed by analysis of the proposed structure.

Sentences that begin with a subject, with a predicate, with a minor member are highlighted.

It turns out why it is advisable to use such a word order in a sentence.

2) Methodology for working with the Russian folk tale “Khavroshechka”.

Literary reading lessons.

3) Analysis of pp. 26-27 “Primer” by V.V. Repkina and others.

Elkonin-Davydov system.

The formation of common methods of writing and reading as mutually inverse actions is reflected step by step. The pages include not only exercises and reading texts, but also specially selected words for writing. A lot of time is spent working with sounds and at the same time with letters.

A sentence is a grammatically and intonationally designed minimal unit of speech that conveys the attitude of the speaker to reality. In a judgment, something about something is affirmed or denied, and in this the so-called predication (predication) finds its expression, i.e. disclosure of the content of a logical subject by a logical predicate.

The relationship between the subject and the predicate in a judgment finds its parallel in the predicative relationship between the subject and the predicate in a sentence, which expresses the connection between the subject of thought, designated by the subject, and its attribute, designated by the predicate. For example: Spring has come; The report will not take place; The lecture was interesting.

Predicative relations can only exist in a two-part sentence, therefore, although they are an essential feature of a sentence, they cannot be considered as a feature inherent in any sentence (cf. one-part sentences with one main member). Many grammarians consider predicativeness to be such a general, basic feature of a sentence, understanding by it the relation of the content of a sentence to objective reality (its possibility or impossibility, necessity or probability, reality or unreality, etc.). Grammatical means of expressing predicativeness are the categories of tense, person, mood and various types of intonation (intonation of a message, question, motivation, etc.).

Since, by expressing his thoughts, feelings, expressions of will, the speaker at the same time expresses his attitude to the content of what is being expressed (its desirability or undesirability, obligation or convention, etc.), then an essential feature of a sentence is also modality. The means of expressing modality, as well as predicativity in general, are the category of mood (indicative, imperative, conditionally desirable) and special lexical and grammatical means (the so-called modal verbs and modal words and particles).

Finally, an essential feature of a sentence, which, along with predicativity and modality, distinguishes a sentence from a phrase, is intonation. The intonation of the message, question, motivation, etc. differs.

Thus, the main features of a sentence are modality (the attitude of the speaker to what is being expressed), predicativity (the attitude of the content of the sentence to reality), intonational design and relative semantic completeness.

Classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement: Narrative, incentive, interrogative. Types of sentences based on emotional coloring: exclamatory and non-exclamatory. Sentences are affirmative and negative.

Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied). Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the relative completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and calm lowering the tone at the end of the sentence: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant’s house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew a beard (P.).

Interrogative sentences are those whose purpose is to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, i.e. their purpose is educational. For example: Why do you need to go to St. Petersburg? (P.); What will you tell yourself now to justify yourself? (P.).

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a word with which the meaning of the question is connected, for example: Were you on the Western Front? (Sim.) (Wed: Have you been on the Western Front?; Have you been on the Western Front?);

2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence), for example: Isn’t a hostile hail burning? (L.); But will he return soon with a rich tribute? (L.);

3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example: Isn’t it better for you to get behind them yourself? (P.); Is there really no woman in the world to whom you would like to leave something as a keepsake? (L.); Why are we standing here? (Ch.); Where does the glow come from? (L.); What were you doing in my garden? (P.); What do you want me to do? (P.).

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker; their purpose is to encourage action.

They can express: 1) an order, a request, a plea, for example: - Be silent!.. you! - Survivor exclaimed in an angry whisper, jumping to his feet (M.G.); - Go, Peter! - the student commanded (M. G.); Uncle Grigory... bend your ear (M. G.); And you, my dear, don’t break it... (M. G.); 2.) advice, suggestion, warning, protest, threat, for example: This original woman is Arina; you will notice, Nikolai Petrovich (M.G.); Pets of windy Fate, tyrants of the world! Tremble! And you, take heart and listen, rise up, fallen slaves! (P.); Look, my hands are washed more often - beware! (M.G.); 3) consent, permission, for example: Do as you want; You can go wherever your eyes take you; 4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example: Well, let’s try with all our might to defeat the disease (M. G.); My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses! (P.); 5) desire, for example: I would like to give him Dutch soot with rum (M. G.). Exclamatory sentences are sentences that are emotionally charged, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. According to the correlation of the components of thought (the subject of thought and its attribute), sentences are divided into affirmative (what is stated about the subject of thought is affirmed) and negative (what is expressed about the object of thought is denied).