The average man has two questions about the possibility of undergoing an analysis such as a spermogram - why and how. Despite the fact that medicine has already officially proven that in approximately 40% of cases of family infertility it is the representatives of the stronger half of humanity who are to blame, most men still continue to underestimate their own capabilities and even the lack thereof.

The decision to go to the clinic and take a spermogram is often assessed by them as a real feat when the family needs saving. In order for the analysis results to be reliable and error-free, a man must know the rules for preparing and donating sperm. We will talk about this in more detail.

Indications for analysis

A spermogram, which is a thorough laboratory study of the quantitative and qualitative indicators of sperm, is recommended for a man to take if the family decides to plan a pregnancy. It is at the planning stage, and not when the couple goes to the doctor with complaints about the inability to conceive a child.

Early detection of deviations in the quality and functionality of sperm will help the family save a lot of time, nerves and money, which the couple will spend on unsuccessful attempts to get pregnant by other means, if the cause of infertility lies precisely in the man.

If a spermogram was not done in advance, it’s time to think about the likelihood of such an examination if, within a year, a couple with unprotected sex and regular sexual relations fails to conceive a baby.

A couple in which the woman is over 35 years old or the man is over 45 years old is advised to start ringing the bell if sex without contraception does not lead to pregnancy within six months.

A spermogram is also performed on a man if infertility is detected in a woman.

In the event that the treatment does not provide the desired result, the couple will be offered modern assisted reproductive methods, such as IVF, ICSI, intrauterine insemination. For all these methods, it is important to have healthy sperm that can quickly and efficiently fertilize the egg through the mediation of doctors.

A spermogram may be recommended to a man as a control diagnosis after suffering injuries to the genital organs, infections, including those ailments that are sexually transmitted. After treatment, the doctor will definitely give recommendations to check the quality of the semen in the laboratory.

Men whose wives have suffered miscarriages several times in a row or have had frozen pregnancies, especially in the early stages, are urged to undergo a spermogram. This may indirectly indicate that the sperm that fertilized the egg was subject to mutation, and therefore a normal healthy pregnancy did not happen.

Men must have their semen tested before becoming a sperm donor. Those who decide to cryopreserve their genetic material, in particular sperm, are also sent for analysis. Freezing “for the future” is a good option for becoming dads someday later. Cryopreservation is often chosen by professional military personnel who work in combat conditions, as well as men whose work activities are associated with dangerous and harmful production, where there is a high probability of exposure to toxins and radiation.

About the essence of spermogram

A sample of a man's seminal fluid is subject to careful examination under high-precision modern microscopes, using special devices - sperm analyzers. During the study, the doctor evaluates the number of different parameters:

• liquids;
• live and motile spermatozoa;
• healthy and ideal germ cells for fertilization.

Every parameter is important - from counting living and active cells to assessing the morphological qualities of sperm according to Kruger. These criteria make it possible to “sort out” normal reference cells from spermatozoa that are susceptible to mutations, have deformities and pathologies in their own structure. Nature does not provide healthy offspring from such cells.

The analysis not only gives a complete picture of how capable a man is of fertilization, but also reveals some pathologies of the male reproductive system, detecting signs of inflammation or infection in the seminal fluid. Thus, impurities of blood and pus may be present in the seminal fluid, pathogenic microorganisms, a large number of leukocytes, macrophage cells, and antibodies to sperm in immunological infertility may be detected.

Based on the results of a spermogram, hidden infections that a man did not even suspect about, for example, mycoplasma, chlamydia, ureaplasma and others can be revealed.

Accurate diagnoses will be helped by other tests, in particular blood tests and urethral smears, but suspicions of these ailments, which are asymptomatic, may arise precisely after a spermogram. Today, a spermogram is considered the most accurate and informative technique that allows one to judge the state of a man’s fertility.

Preparation

To ensure the most accurate results, a man should prepare as thoroughly as possible for the upcoming examination. To do this, you need to understand what factors can affect the condition of the ejaculate:

• external factors - air temperature, cleanliness of the dishes in which material is collected for laboratory research;
• internal factors - they are much more numerous. The condition of sperm is influenced by the man’s health, his well-being, what he eats and drinks, and even the environmental features of the area in which he lives.

To take a spermogram correctly, you need to complete several points, which we will discuss in more detail.

Nutrition

The food a man eats necessarily affects the composition of the ejaculate. Therefore, before donating seminal fluid, you should stop eating spicy food - pepper, mustard and other spices - for about 7-8 days.

An abundance of salted and smoked foods is also considered undesirable. You should temporarily stop drinking strong coffee and tea, even if a man does not see the start of his working day without a cup of coffee.

You can replace your usual coffee with a drink made from chicory - the taste is almost the same, but it does not contain caffeine, which affects the motility and viability of sperm germ cells. The ban is imposed on everything fatty, on pickled foods and canned food.

To ensure that the amount of ejaculate at the time of delivery is sufficient, and the motility of germ cells is at its peak of activity, a man should eat a balanced diet for a week or even a little more.

His diet must include foods rich in proteins. Lean red meat, steamed or oven-cooked fish, milk porridge, vegetable purees - this is an example of proper nutrition before a spermogram.

It will be good if your diet includes baked or stewed pumpkin, fresh herbs, raw vegetables and fruits. You should definitely eat cottage cheese, milk, and fermented milk products.

Bad habits

Alcohol makes sperm more liquid, reduces the number of mobile and healthy germ cells, and systematic consumption of alcoholic beverages causes mutation processes in the structure of sperm, which increases the likelihood of both infertility and the conception of a child with severe genetic pathologies, since sperm is the carrier of genetic information.

Drugs are even more destructive. A Nicotine reduces the number of motile sperm, and this is also a medically proven fact.

If a man has bad habits, it is advisable to say goodbye to them at the pregnancy planning stage at least 3 months in advance. This is exactly the time required for the process of spermatogenesis to be completed and the germ cells to be completely renewed. If this has not been done, then before taking a spermogram you should abstain from beer and stronger drinks for at least 7-9 days.

In most cases, men cannot give up smoking, but they should at least halve the amount of tobacco consumed, and on the day of the test, refrain from smoking altogether.

Sexual activity

Approximately three days before the appointed day, a man should limit his sexual activity - not perform sexual intercourse and not masturbate. Otherwise, the amount of sperm will be insufficient for research, and its consistency will be liquid (the number of sperm will be reduced).

Ovulation calculator

Cycle duration

Duration of menstruation

• Menstruation
• Ovulation
• High probability of conception

Enter the first day of your last menstrual period

Ovulation occurs 14 days before the start of the menstrual cycle (with a 28-day cycle - on the 14th day). Deviation from the average value occurs frequently, so the calculation is approximate.

Also, together with the calendar method, you can measure basal temperature, examine cervical mucus, use special tests or mini-microscopes, take tests for FSH, LH, estrogens and progesterone.

You can definitely determine the day of ovulation using folliculometry (ultrasound).

Sources:

1. Losos, Jonathan B.; Raven, Peter H.; Johnson, George B.; Singer, Susan R. Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1207-1209.
2. Campbell N. A., Reece J. B., Urry L. A. e. a. Biology. 9th ed. - Benjamin Cummings, 2011. - p. 1263
3. Tkachenko B. I., Brin V. B., Zakharov Yu. M., Nedospasov V. O., Pyatin V. F. Human physiology. Compendium / Ed. B. I. Tkachenko. - M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2009. - 496 p.
4. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation

Abstinence exceeding 4-5 days is also undesirable, since it leads to thickening of the seminal fluid, aggregation, the formation of clots, as well as a decrease in the number of living and healthy sperm.

Medicines, treatment

If a man has taken antibiotics, then at least 3 weeks must pass between the last day of treatment and the spermogram. If hormonal treatment has been prescribed, then the pause should be longer - at least a month.

Non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs that a man may have taken recently, as well as painkillers, affect the composition of sperm for about 10 days.

Psychotropic drugs and anticonvulsants are eliminated from the body in about 7 days. This should be taken into account when preparing for a spermogram.

If treatment continues, and there is no way to temporarily stop taking the drugs, then the spermogram should be postponed until a later time, when therapy for the underlying disease is completed.

If a man plays sports and takes certain hormonal drugs, such as steroids, they should be stopped about 2 months before the test.

General health

A man should be more attentive to his well-being and body signals for 5-6 days before the test. Any acute illness or exacerbation of chronic illnesses will distort the picture of reproductive health. So, with influenza or acute respiratory viral infection, a large number of sperm die against the background of high temperature.

A spermogram taken at the onset of the disease, at its height, or immediately after recovery will show deviations in the number of viable germ cells, and the man may be mistakenly diagnosed with infertility.

If it was not possible to protect yourself from infection, and signs of a viral disease appear or old “sores” worsen, you should inform your doctor about this and postpone the spermogram to a later time.

Temperature

Before taking a spermogram, you should avoid visiting a bathhouse, sauna, or solarium for about 10 days. In these places, the male genitals are heated, which leads to an increase in the number of dead germ cells in the ejaculate.

Even if a man really loves going to the bathhouse and does it every week, the next trip should be postponed until better times. It is also not recommended to sunbathe on the beach in the summer and use heated car seats in the cold season.

Physical activity

In general, a man should lead a normal lifestyle during preparation. However, if his activity is associated with heavy physical labor or professional sports, the stress on the body should be limited for a week.

It is advisable to give up night shift work this week and be sure to get enough sleep at night. Excessive physical activity can negatively affect the composition of seminal fluid. Therefore, it makes sense to temporarily refuse to visit the gym.

Psychological attitude

A good mood and calmness largely ensure the normal functioning of the human reproductive system. Before taking the test, it is not recommended to be nervous, depressed or emotionally overexcited.

All showdowns with your superiors, as well as parachute jumping and other activities that can affect your mental state, should be postponed until later.

Mechanical impact on the genitals

Before a spermogram, you should not massage the prostate gland and scrotum. Usually these procedures are quite useful, but not before assessing the condition of the seminal fluid.

The prostate may begin to produce more juice, causing the sperm to become thinner. You should also not wear tight, tight underwear or tight swimming trunks.

How is research material submitted?

The process of donating sperm itself looks quite traditional, the man will not experience any unpleasant sensations. There are two ways to collect material for analysis - in the clinic and at home. The Ministry of Health gives certain recommendations on this matter, calling delivery in a medical institution more preferable.

The man is given a sterile container for biomaterials and left alone in an office with adult magazines. Through masturbation, he obtains a sample of seminal fluid, which should be collected in a container. The material is immediately sent to the laboratory.

The big advantage of such a test is its efficiency, because the sperm reaches the laboratory technicians just a few minutes after ejaculation, and the accuracy of the study increases. The downside is the psychological discomfort that a man may experience if he is forced to masturbate in unfamiliar conditions.

At home, collecting seminal fluid completely eliminates psychological discomfort, because the man is familiar with the environment.

If this option is agreed upon in advance at the clinic, the man will be given a sterile container and a special medical condom that does not contain lubricant that destroys sperm. In it, a man can have full sexual intercourse with his partner, after which he needs to collect the material in a container and deliver it to the laboratory.

At home, a man can also obtain material for research through masturbation, including with the participation of his wife. There are plenty of options for obtaining sperm.

It is important to remember that the jar must be sterile, your hands must be clean, and the container must be delivered to the laboratory no later than an hour later, or better yet, earlier.

During transportation, the ambient temperature should be close to human body temperature. You can use special medical thermal containers for transporting biomaterials, or you can, and this has been tested by generations of men, place a tightly closed container with sperm in the wife’s bust, between the mammary glands, and so, together with the wife, deliver it to the laboratory.

Common Mistakes

The most common mistake made by men who take a spermogram, especially if they are tested for the first time, is that they collect sperm in a plastic or glass non-sterile container.

Plastic jars not intended for biological fluids may contain toxic impurities that kill germ cells even before the seminal fluid reaches the laboratory. Sometimes men bring sperm for analysis in a condom. An ordinary condom, even the best one, is not suitable for storing sperm, much less for transporting it.

If the collection is carried out in a medical condom, then sperm cannot be transported in it either.

Ignoring the recommendations of doctors, men sometimes believe that material can be collected through interrupted sexual intercourse. Being confident that they will “make it”, many in fact do not remove the penis in time and collect the material, as a result of which the sperm is not obtained in full, it contains admixtures of vaginal secretion, blood cells (for example, from the genital tract or cervix women with erosion).

Having received one negative test, many men are in no hurry to retake it and immediately begin treatment.

Refusal to undergo a spermogram is also a common mistake. This is the “sin” of men who already have children in this or a previous marriage, but are faced with the impossibility of conceiving another child.

If a man already has children, this does not mean that nothing has happened to his sperm in the time since the previous fertilization that could affect its properties. Toxins, radiation, nervous stress, poor environmental conditions, and bad habits take their toll over time, and a man’s fertility may decrease.

Contraindications

All men who are undergoing this analysis need to prepare for a spermogram. Without preparation, you can get incorrect, false results, and often these results are false negatives.

The analysis is not carried out in the following cases:

• A man has inflammatory processes in the body, regardless of their location, against a background of high temperature.
• The man has acute inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system.
• The patient fell ill with the flu, ARVI or other infections.
• The man is being treated with antibiotics, hormonal drugs, and drugs for the treatment of cancer.
• The patient's chronic diseases have worsened.

In all these cases, the examination is postponed to a later time.

The analysis is done from several hours to several days, on average it takes about a day. You will be given a form with the results entered into it without decoding. Interpretation

Article 00127

Readiness time for tests in express mode (Cito)

Delivery schedule

Weekdays

DUBROVKA: from 8.00 to 19.30. No recording!

VOYKOVSKAYA: from 9:30 to 19:30 (07/10 (Wed), 07/25 (Thu)), from 9:30 to 15:00 (07/05 (Fri), 07/19 (Fri))

Weekend

DUBROVKA: from 9.00 to 15.00. No recording!
BUNINSKAYA ALLEY: 11:30, 11:40, 11:50 (by appointment)

PODOLSK: from 10:00 to 14:40 (07.07 (Sun), 14.07 (Sun), 20.07 (Sun), 28.07 (Sun))

Synonyms: ejaculate analysis

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The portal contains medical centers and laboratories that offer sperm analysis. You will find where to get a spermogram done in Moscow based on the most convenient area or metro.

This is a semen analysis that allows you to identify diseases of the male reproductive system and evaluate a man’s fertility. The procedure is carried out in a laboratory using a microscope. As a rule, urologists-andrologists or reproductive doctors refer it to it.

Convenient tables for comparison show prices for spermograms in medical centers in Moscow. This will allow you to choose the best option in terms of cost and location. Reviews about the spermogram left by visitors to the portal will also be useful.

We suggest studying how much a spermogram costs in city clinics, patient opinions and choosing the best offer to suit your needs.

Where can I get a spermogram in Moscow?

As a rule, it is better to collect material directly at the medical center where you plan to take a spermogram analysis. There are specially equipped rooms for this purpose. Of course, if the time frame prescribed by the doctor is observed and the proper level of sterility is maintained, the collection of material can also be carried out at home.

If the results deviate from the norm, the patient is sent for a repeat spermogram to eliminate the possibility of error. After receiving a new result, the patient must consult a reproductive specialist or urologist-andrologist. Even low values ​​of motility, number and percentage of morphologically normal forms of sperm do not mean infertility. They talk about the need to turn to more sophisticated diagnostic methods.

Many medical centers offer two ways of taking a spermogram: computer-based and parallel by a biologist. These studies allow you to evaluate the basic parameters of sperm. An HBA test and a MAR test (a study of the level of antisperm antibodies) are sometimes offered as standard procedures.

Rules for collecting material and preparing for a spermogram

The procedure can only be carried out in specialized clinics that have a laboratory equipped for this purpose and a room prepared for collecting material.

Before taking a spermogram, it is advisable to abstain from sexual intercourse for 3 to 7 days. With a shorter period, the number of sperm may be underestimated; with a longer period, their motility deteriorates and the percentage of abnormal cells increases. Preparation for sperm analysis involves avoiding alcohol, taking medications, and visiting saunas and baths.

To collect material, masturbation is used after emptying the bladder. Condoms cannot be used, as their walls are treated with spermicidal substances. It is not recommended to collect material during interruption of sexual intercourse, since in this case cellular elements from the partner may get into the sample. The container with the material indicates the patient’s name, time and date of collection.

Ideally, sperm analysis should begin immediately after collecting the ejaculate. If this is not possible, the sample can be delivered to the laboratory no later than one hour after receiving the sample. Transportation requires keeping the ejaculate at body temperature. Collection and transportation of sperm involves the use of wide-mouthed, sterile containers with an airtight stopper.

In cases of aspermia and anejaculation, doctors may refer the patient for surgical sperm extraction using testicular biopsy.

Long-term unsuccessful attempts by a couple to conceive a child may indicate problems in the reproductive system or infertility of either partner. To identify the true reasons, spouses must undergo a full examination. In addition to general tests, the man will definitely be prescribed a spermogram. It is important not to put off completing it out of fear or shame. A man must know how to take a spermogram correctly so that the results are as accurate as possible.

Read in this article

The essence of the analysis and indications for it

Spermogram test is a comprehensive analysis of sperm, which will show its qualitative and quantitative composition, morphological characteristics. Based on the results of the study, it is possible to determine a man’s ability to fertilize. All analyzed indicators are compared with standard values.

It is impossible to judge fertility only by the results in case of detection of deviations in any direction. It is important to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the man’s health. A spermogram allows you to identify other health pathologies. Based on the results of the analysis, additional examination or treatment may be prescribed.

The indication for a spermogram is usually the presence of problems with conception. You can undergo the procedure for preventive purposes, excluding possible pathologies. Sperm analysis is a rather specific study regarding the collection of material. Therefore, few men decide to have it without a specific problem.

Basic rules for taking a spermogram

Before taking a spermogram, a man needs to prepare. Be sure to abstain from sexual intercourse or masturbation for 3-5 days (but not more than 7) before taking the test. During this period, you should avoid a hot bath, steam bath, or sauna. Overheating the body reduces sperm activity and can distort the result. It is important to avoid physical activity and stressful situations during the preparation period.

Colds and medications can affect the results. The advisability of taking the test will be determined by the doctor.

A week before the test, you need to completely stop drinking alcohol, including energy drinks.

Options for donating sperm for analysis

A spermogram is taken by masturbation. The material is collected in a special container, previously tested to ensure that it does not have a toxic effect on the activity of germ cells. Before starting manipulations, you need to empty your bladder, thoroughly wash your genitals and hands with soap. Be sure to rinse well and wipe dry.

In rare cases, collection of material through an interrupted act is practiced. In this case, the first part of the sperm may be lost. But it is precisely in it that contains the maximum number of sperm. The resulting material may contain impurities from the woman’s vagina, which will affect the motility of germ cells and, as a result, distort the final indicators.

Collecting material into a condom is not allowed. From the contact of sperm with rubber and processing substances, the germ cells lose their mobility within 15-20 minutes. It is recommended to get tested in a laboratory. For this purpose, a separate room with optimal temperature and increased comfort is equipped. If this is not possible, the received material must be delivered within an hour after receipt. Be sure to control the temperature conditions (from -20°C to +40°C) during transportation.

The container should indicate the name, date and exact time of sperm collection. By following these rules, you can get the most correct result. This is especially true for older men or in cases of insufficient spermatogenesis.

What do the results indicate?

The conclusion of the study reflects:

• indicators of sperm acidity, its volume;
• number of germ cells, their viability and mobility;
• morphological features (cell structure);
• leukocyte concentration;
• material viscosity;
• color;
• liquefaction time;
• presence of antibodies.

Additionally, advanced analysis may be prescribed. During the test, the level of fructose, zinc, and other elements in a man’s semen is determined.

The conclusion is provided on a separate form within 2-3 days. Standard will show the following results:

A spermogram can be analyzed by the man himself, comparing his results with the standards. This will be enough to satisfy curiosity. But it is not recommended to draw independent conclusions. Any deviations from the standards may not indicate fertility, but the presence of pathologies, infections and other factors that have a direct impact on indicators.

You should pay attention to the concentration of motile and weakly motile sperm, the percentage of germ cells of the correct shape, and the presence of leukocytes. If high values ​​are obtained, you can stop at one spermogram. Otherwise, it is worth repeating the study 1-2 more times with an interval of at least a week.

Only a specialist can figure out whether a spermogram is good or not. Based on its conclusion, a diagnosis will be made and treatment prescribed if necessary. Sometimes additional studies are carried out to determine the exact cause of reproductive dysfunction that led to.

Measures to improve sperm quality

Spermogram indicators are influenced, first of all, by a man’s lifestyle, and secondly, by the presence of concomitant diseases. And if the last factor cannot be changed without the help of specialists, then you can increase sperm activity yourself like this:

• give up bad habits (smoking, alcohol, including beer);
• start leading an active lifestyle (if this is not possible, you can do exercises, try to be in the fresh air, take more walks);
• introduce rational nutrition into the diet (increase the amount of vegetables, fruits and cereals, if possible, avoid fatty foods);
• reduce time spent sitting at the computer;
• reduce the level of harmful radiation to the reproductive organs (carry your mobile phone less in your pants pocket);
• avoid stressful situations;
• do not wear underwear made of artificial fabrics, temporarily refrain from visiting saunas or hot baths, as they cause an increase in temperature in the genital area, which negatively affects a man’s semen.

The recommendations given may not always help improve sperm quality. Some pathologies require mandatory treatment. It is worth remembering that all the efforts made will be rewarded with the appearance of the long-awaited baby.

Description

Determination method Visual counting in Goryaev’s chamber, special coloring.

Material under study Ejaculate

Analysis of ejaculate to assess male fertility.

Spermogram (spermatogram) is a method of studying ejaculate to assess fertilizing ability.

When analyzing ejaculate, quantitative, qualitative, and morphological parameters are determined. The spermogram includes: physical parameters (volume, color, pH, viscosity, liquefaction rate), quantitative characteristics (number of sperm in 1 ml and in the entire ejaculate, motility), as well as their morphology (content of normal forms, with pathology), the presence of agglutination and spermatogenesis cells, as well as the content of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and the presence of mucus.

It is incorrect to assess the fertility of ejaculate based on individual parameters; all indicators must be taken into account simultaneously. Even for the same man, spermogram indicators can change significantly over the course of a year, therefore, according to WHO recommendations, standard indicators of fertile ejaculate have been adopted. These standards (WHO) were obtained from a study of a population of healthy fertile men (whose partners became pregnant). These indicators were not obtained from studying fertilization in a population of subfertile patients, i.e. they are not the minimum required for conception. Thus, men even with lower rates can be fertile.

When diagnosing male infertility with results different from the norm, it is necessary to retake the spermogram after 1 - 2 weeks and, with the results obtained, contact an andrologist to look for the causes of the pathology that has arisen.

Attention! You can submit biomaterial for research in medical offices:

Indications for use

• Infertile marriage (detection of the male factor).
• Infertility in men (prostatitis, varicocele, infections, injuries, hormonal disorders).
• Preparation for IVF, ICSI.

Interpretation of results

Interpretation of research results contains information for the attending physician and is not a diagnosis. The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. The doctor makes an accurate diagnosis using both the results of this examination and the necessary information from other sources: medical history, results of other examinations, etc.

Please note that test No. 599<<спермограмма>> is of a screening nature (i.e., aimed at identifying common causes of the presence/absence of male factor infertility, as well as signs of urological diseases (leukospermia, hemospermia)).

The reference values ​​of all parameters, with the exception of sperm morphology, correspond to the recommendations of the 5th edition of WHO (2010) in the field of ejaculate research, and the reference values ​​of sperm morphology correspond to the recommendations of the 4th edition of WHO (1999) ≥14%.

Reference values:

• number of days of abstinence - 2-7 days;
• volume - ≥1.5 ml;
• consistency - viscous;
• liquefaction after 10 - 60 minutes;
• viscosity up to 2 cm;
• color - white-grayish;
• smell - the smell of sperm;
• pH - 7.2 - 8.0;
• turbidity - cloudy;
• mucus - not detected;
• red blood cells - not detected;
• number of sperm in 1 ml - ≥ 15 million;
• total number of sperm in the ejaculate - ≥ 39 million;
• total number of motile sperm (cat. A + cat. B + cat. C) ≥40%;
• the total number of actively motile and inactive sperm (cat. A + cat. B) - ≥ 32%;
• absence of agglutination;
• lack of aggregation;
• leukocyte count - ≤ 1 million/ml;
• normal sperm - ≥14%* (WHO, 4th ed.);
• spermatogenesis cells 2 - 4.

Interpretation of results, classification of ejaculate indicators

• Normozoospermia – the total number (or concentration) of sperm and the percentage of progressively motile (cat. A + cat. B) and morphologically normal sperm are equal to or higher than the reference values.
• Aspermia – absence of ejaculate (or retrograde ejaculation).
• Asthenoteratozoospermia - the percentage of both progressively motile sperm (cat. A + cat. B) and morphologically normal sperm is below reference values.
• Asthenozoospermia – the percentage of progressively motile sperm (cat. A + cat. B) is below the reference values.
• Azoospermia – there are no sperm in the ejaculate.
• Hemospermia (hematospermia) is the presence of red blood cells in the ejaculate.
• Leukospermia (leukocytospermia, pyospermia) – the presence of leukocytes in the ejaculate above the reference values.
• Oligoasthenozoospermia – the total number (or concentration) and percentage of progressively motile sperm (cat. A + cat. B) are below reference values.
• Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia - the total number (or concentration) of sperm and the percentage of both progressively motile sperm (cat. A + cat. B) and the percentage of morphologically normal sperm are below reference values.
• Oligoteratozoospermia - the total number (or concentration) of sperm and the percentage of morphologically normal sperm are below reference values.
• Oligozoospermia - the total number (or concentration) of sperm is below reference values.
• Teratozoospermia is the percentage of morphologically normal sperm below the reference values.