Beginning radio amateur: school for beginner radio amateur, diagrams and designs for beginners, literature, amateur radio programs

Good afternoon, dear radio amateurs!
Welcome to the website ““

The site works “ Beginner radio amateur school“. The full course of study includes classes ranging from the basics of radio electronics to the practical design of amateur radio devices of average complexity. Each lesson is based on providing students with the necessary theoretical information and practical video materials, as well as homework. During the course of study, each student will receive the necessary knowledge and skills in the full cycle of designing radio-electronic devices at home.

In order to become a student of the school, you need a desire and subscription to the site's news either through FeedBurner, or through a standard subscription window. Subscription is required to receive new lessons, lesson videos and homework in a timely manner.

Only those who have subscribed to the training course at the “Beginner Radio Amateur School” will have access to video materials and homework assignments for the classes.

For those who decide to study amateur radio with us, in addition to subscribing, it is necessary to carefully study the preparatory articles:
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You can leave all questions, suggestions and comments in the comments in the “Beginners” section.

First lesson.

Second lesson.
Radio amateur laboratory. We assemble the power supply.

We decide on the scheme. How to check radio elements.

Preparing parts.
Location of parts on the board.
Making a board in the easiest way.

Soldering the circuit.
Functionality check.
Making a housing for the power supply.
Making a front panel using the “Front Designer” program.

Third lesson.
Radio amateur laboratory. We assemble a function generator.



Designing a printed circuit board using the “Sprint Layout” program.
Use of LUT (laser ironing technology) to transfer toner to the board.

The final version of the board.
Silk-screen printing.
Checking the functionality of the generator.
Setting up the generator using the special program “Virtins Multi-Instrument”

Fourth lesson.
Assembling a light and sound device using LEDs

Preface.
We decide on a diagram and study the characteristics of the main parts.

Photoresists and their applications.
A little about the Cadsoft Eagle program. Installation and Russification of the official version.

We study the Cadsoft Eagle program:
– initial program settings;
– creating a new project, a new library and a new element;
– creation of a schematic diagram of the device and printed circuit board.

We clarify the scheme;
We make a printed circuit board in the Cadsoft Eagle program;
We service the board tracks with the “Rose” alloy;
We assemble the device and check its performance with a specialized program and generator;
Well, in the end, we are happy with the results.

Let us summarize some of the results of the work of the “School”:

If you went through all the steps sequentially, then your result should be as follows:

1. We learned:
- what is Ohm’s law and studied 10 basic formulas;
– what is a capacitor, resistor, diode and transistor.
2. We learned:
♦ produce housings for devices in a simple way;
♦ tinning printed conductors in a simple way;
♦ apply “silk-screen printing”;
♦ produce printed circuit boards:
– using a syringe and varnish;
– using LUT (laser ironing technology);
– using PCB with applied film photoresist.
3. We studied:
- program for creating front panels “Front Designer”;
– an amateur program for setting up various devices “Virtins Multi-Instrument”;
– program for manual design of printed circuit boards “Sprint Layout”;
– program for automatic design of printed circuit boards “Cadsoft Eagle”.
4. We have produced:
- bipolar laboratory power supply;
– function generator;
– color music using LEDs.
In addition, from the “Practicum” section we learned:
- assemble simple devices from scrap materials;
– calculate current limiting resistors;
– calculate oscillatory circuits for radio devices;
– calculate the voltage divider;
– calculate low and high pass filters.

In the future, the “School” plans to produce a simple VHF radio receiver and a radio observer receiver. This will most likely be the end of the work of the “School”. In the future, the main articles for beginners will be published in the “Workshop” section.

In addition, a new section on studying and programming AVR microcontrollers has been started.

Works of beginner radio amateurs:

Intigrinov Alexander Vladimirovich:

Grigoriev Ilya Sergeevich:

Ruslan Volkov:

Petrov Nikit Andreevich:

Morozas Igor Anatolievich:

Recently, having learned that I am a radio amateur, on the forum of our city, in the Radio thread, two people turned to me for help. Both for different reasons, and both of different ages, already adults, as it turned out when they met, one was 45 years old, the other 27. Which proves that you can start studying electronics at any age. They had one thing in common: both were somehow familiar with technology, and would like to independently master the radio business, but did not know where to start. We continued our conversation in In contact with, to my answer that there is a sea of ​​information on this topic on the Internet, study it - I don’t want to, I heard about the same thing from both - that both do not know where to start. One of the first questions was: what is included in the required minimum knowledge of a radio amateur. Listing the necessary skills for them took quite a lot of time, and I decided to write a review on this topic. I think it will be useful to beginners like my friends, to everyone who cannot decide where to start their training.

I’ll say right away that when learning, you need to evenly combine theory with practice. No matter how much you would like to quickly start soldering and assembling specific devices, you need to remember that without the necessary theoretical basis in your head, at best, you will be able to accurately copy other people’s devices. Whereas if you know the theory, at least to a minimum extent, you will be able to change the scheme and adapt it to your needs. There is a phrase that I think is known to every radio amateur: “There is nothing more practical than a good theory.”

First of all, you need to learn how to read circuit diagrams. Without the ability to read schematics, it is impossible to assemble even the simplest electronic device. Also, subsequently, it will not be superfluous to master the independent drawing up of circuit diagrams in a special one.

Soldering parts

You must be able to identify any radio component by appearance, and know how it is indicated on the diagram. Of course, in order to assemble and solder any circuit, you need to have a soldering iron, preferably with a power no higher than 25 watts, and be able to use it well. All semiconductor parts do not like overheating, if you are soldering, for example, a transistor onto a board, and you were unable to solder the output in 5 - 7 seconds, pause for 10 seconds, or solder another part at this time, otherwise there is a high probability of burning the radio component from overheating.

It is also important to solder carefully, especially the terminals of radio components located closely, and not create “snot” or accidental short circuits. Always, if in doubt, ring the suspicious location with a multimeter in sound testing mode.

It is equally important to remove flux residues from the board, especially if you are soldering a digital circuit, or with flux containing active additives. You need to wash it off with a special liquid or 97% ethyl alcohol.

Beginners often assemble circuits by surface mounting, directly on the terminals of the parts. I agree, if the leads are securely twisted together and then soldered, such a device will last a long time. But in this way it is no longer worth assembling devices containing more than 5 - 8 parts. In this case, you need to assemble the device on a printed circuit board. The device assembled on the board is characterized by increased reliability; the connection diagram can be easily traced along the tracks, and if necessary, all connections can be checked with a multimeter.

The disadvantage of printed wiring is the difficulty of changing the circuit of the finished device. Therefore, before laying out and etching a printed circuit board, you always first need to assemble the device on a breadboard. You can make devices on printed circuit boards in different ways, the main thing here is to follow one important rule: the copper foil tracks on the PCB should not have contact with other tracks, where this is not provided for in the diagram.

In general, there are different ways to make a printed circuit board, for example, by separating sections of foil - tracks, with a groove cut through a cutter in the foil made from a hacksaw blade. Or by applying a protective pattern to protect the foil underneath (future tracks) from etching using a permanent marker.

Or using LUT technology (laser ironing technology), where the tracks are protected from bleeding by baked-on toner. In any case, no matter how we make a printed circuit board, we first need to lay it out in the tracer program. I recommend it for beginners; it is a manual tracer with great capabilities.

Also, when laying out printed circuit boards yourself, or if you have printed a finished board, you need the ability to work with the documentation for the radio component, with the so-called Datasheets ( Datasheet), pages in PDF format. There are datasheets on the Internet for almost all imported radio components, with the exception of some Chinese ones.

On domestic radio components, you can find information in scanned reference books, specialized sites that post pages with the characteristics of radio components, and information pages of various online stores such as Chip & Dip. The ability to determine the pinout of a radio component is required; the name pinout is also used, because many, even two-terminal parts, have polarity. Practical skills in using a multimeter are also required.

A multimeter is a universal device, with the help of just one, you can carry out diagnostics, determine the pins of a part, their performance, the presence or absence of a short circuit on the board. I think it would not be amiss to remind, especially young beginner radio amateurs, about observing electrical safety measures when debugging the operation of the device.

After assembling the device, you need to arrange it in a beautiful case so that you won’t be ashamed to show it to your friends, which means you need metalworking skills if the case is made of metal or plastic, or carpentry skills if the case is made of wood. Sooner or later, any radio amateur comes to the point that he has to do minor repairs to equipment, first his own, and then, as he gains experience, from friends. This means that it is necessary to be able to diagnose a malfunction, determine the cause of the breakdown, and its subsequent elimination.

Often, even experienced radio amateurs, without tools, find it difficult to unsolder multi-pin parts from the board. It’s good if the parts need to be replaced, then we bite off the leads from the body itself and solder the legs one at a time. It is worse and more difficult when this part is needed to assemble some other device, or repairs are being made, and the part may need to be soldered back later, for example, when searching for a short circuit on the board. In this case, you need tools for dismantling, and the ability to use them is a braid and a desoldering pump.

I do not mention the use of a soldering gun, due to the frequent lack of access to it for beginners.

Conclusion

All of the above is only part of the required minimum that a novice radio amateur should know when designing devices, but having these skills, you can already assemble, with a little experience, almost any device. Especially for the site - AKV.

Discuss the article WHERE TO START FOR A RADIO AMATEUR

When studying electronics, the question arises of how to read electrical diagrams. The natural desire of a novice electronics engineer or radio amateur is to solder some interesting electronic device. However, at the initial stage, sufficient theoretical knowledge and practical skills are, as always, not enough. Therefore, the device is assembled blindly. And it often happens that a soldered device, on which a lot of time, effort and patience was spent, does not work, which only causes disappointment and discourages a novice radio amateur from getting involved in electronics, having never experienced all the delights of this science. Although, as it turns out, the scheme did not work due to a mere trivial mistake. It would take a more experienced radio amateur less than a minute to correct such an error.

This article provides useful recommendations that will help minimize the number of errors. They will help a novice radio amateur assemble various electronic devices that will work the first time.

Any radio-electronic equipment consists of individual radio components, soldered (connected) to each other in a certain way. All radio components, their connections and additional symbols are displayed on a special drawing. Such a drawing is called an electrical diagram. Each radio component has its own designation, which is correctly called conventional graphic designation, abbreviated as UGO. We will return to UGO later in this article.

In principle, two stages can be distinguished in improving the reading of electrical circuits. The first stage is typical for installers of radio-electronic equipment. They simply assemble (solder) devices without delving into the purpose and operating principle of its main components. In fact, this is a boring job, although soldering is good, you still need to learn. Personally, I find it much more interesting to solder something that I fully understand how it works. There are many options for maneuvers. You understand which denomination, for example, is critical in this case, and which one can be neglected and replaced with another. Which transistor can be replaced with an analogue, and where should a transistor of the specified series be used only. Therefore, I personally prefer the second stage.

The second stage is inherent to developers of electronic equipment. This stage is the most interesting and creative, since one can improve endlessly in the development of electronic circuits.

Entire volumes of books have been written in this area, the most famous of which is “The Art of Circuit Design.” It is to this stage that we will strive to approach. However, this will require deep theoretical knowledge, but it’s all worth it.

Power supply designation

Any radio-electronic device is capable of performing its functions only in the presence of electricity. There are fundamentally two types of electricity sources: direct and alternating current. This article discusses sources exclusively. These include batteries or galvanic cells, rechargeable batteries, various types of power supplies, etc.

There are thousands of thousands of different batteries, galvanic cells, etc. in the world, which differ in both appearance and design. However, they are all united by a common functional purpose - to supply electronic equipment with direct current. Therefore, in the drawings of electrical circuits, sources are designated uniformly, but still with some minor differences.

It is customary to draw electrical circuits from left to right, that is, the same way as writing text. However, this rule is not always followed, especially by radio amateurs. But, nevertheless, this rule should be adopted and applied in the future.

A galvanic cell or one battery, no matter “finger”, “pinky” or tablet type, is designated as follows: two parallel lines of different lengths. A longer dash indicates the positive pole – plus “+”, and a shorter one – minus “-”.

Also, for greater clarity, battery polarity signs may be indicated. The galvanic cell or battery has a standard letter designation G.

However, radio amateurs do not always adhere to such encryption and often instead G write a letter E, which means that this galvanic cell is a source of electromotive force (EMF). The EMF value may also be indicated next to it, for example 1.5 V.

Sometimes, instead of a picture of the power supply, only its terminals are shown.

A group of voltaic cells that can be recharged repeatedly, battery. In the drawings of electrical circuits they are designated similarly. Only between the parallel lines is a dotted line and a letter designation is used G.B.. The second letter just means “battery”.

Designation of wires and their connections on diagrams

Electrical wires perform the function of combining all electronic elements into a single circuit. They act as a “pipeline” - they supply electronic components with electrons. Wires are characterized by many parameters: cross-section, material, insulation, etc. We will deal with installation flexible wires.

On printed circuit boards, conductive paths serve as wires. Regardless of the type of conductor (wire or track), in the drawings of electrical circuits they are designated in the same way - a straight line.

For example, in order to light an incandescent lamp, it is necessary to supply voltage from the battery using connecting wires to the light bulb. Then the circuit will be closed and a current will begin to flow in it, which will cause the filament of the incandescent lamp to heat up until it glows.

The conductor should be denoted by a straight line: horizontal or vertical. According to the standard, wires or live paths can be depicted at an angle of 90 or 135 degrees.

In branched circuits, conductors often intersect. If an electrical connection is not formed, then a dot is not placed at the intersection.

Common wire designation

In complex electrical circuits, in order to improve the readability of the diagram, the conductors connected to the negative terminal of the power source are often not shown. Instead, they use signs indicating the negative wire, which is also called generally th or weight or chassis or s earth.

Next to the grounding sign, especially in English-language circuits, the inscription GND is often written, abbreviated from GRAUND - Earth.

However, you should know that the common wire does not have to be negative; it can also be positive. It was especially often mistaken for the positive common wire in old Soviet circuits, which predominantly used transistors p— n— p structures.

Therefore, when they say that the potential at some point in the circuit is equal to some voltage, this means that the voltage between the indicated point and the “minus” of the power supply is equal to the corresponding value.

For example, if the voltage at point 1 is 8 V, and at point 2 it is 4 V, then you need to install the positive probe of the voltmeter at the corresponding point, and the negative probe to the common wire or negative terminal.

This approach is quite often used, since it is very convenient from a practical point of view, since it is enough to indicate only one point.

This is especially often used when setting up or adjusting radio-electronic equipment. Therefore, learning to read electrical circuits is much easier by using potentials at specific points.

Conventional graphic designation of radio components

The basis of any electronic device is radio components. These include LEDs, transistors, various microcircuits, etc. To learn how to read electrical circuits, you need to have a good knowledge of the conventional graphic symbols of all radio components.

For example, consider the following drawing. It consists of a battery of galvanic cells G.B.1 , resistor R1 and LED VD1 . The conventional graphic designation (UGO) of the resistor looks like a rectangle with two terminals. In the drawings it is indicated by the letter R, followed by its serial number, for example R1 , R2 , R5 etc.

Since an important parameter of a resistor, in addition to resistance, is , its value is also indicated in the designation.

The LED UGO has the shape of a triangle with a line at its apex; and two arrows, the tips of which are directed from the triangle. One terminal of the LED is called the anode, and the second is called the cathode.

An LED, like a “regular” diode, passes current in only one direction - from the anode to the cathode. This semiconductor device is designated VD, and its type is indicated in the specification or in the description of the circuit. The characteristics of a particular type of LED are given in reference books or “datasheets”.

How to read electrical diagrams for real

Let's return to the simplest circuit consisting of a battery of galvanic cells G.B.1 , resistor R1 and LED VD1 .

As we see, the circuit is closed. Therefore, electric current flows in it I, which has the same meaning since all elements are connected in series. Direction of electric current I from the positive terminal G.B.1 through a resistor R1 , Light-emitting diode VD1 to the negative terminal.

The purpose of all elements is quite clear. The ultimate goal is to light up the LED. However, so that it does not overheat and fail, the resistor limits the amount of current.

The voltage value, according to Kirchhoff’s second law, may differ on all elements and depends on the resistance of the resistor R1 and LED VD1 .

If you measure the voltage with a voltmeter R1 And VD1 , and then add the resulting values, then their sum will be equal to the voltage at G.B.1 : V1 = V2 + V3 .

Let's assemble a real device using this drawing.

Adding radio components

Consider the following circuit, consisting of four parallel branches. The first one is just a battery G.B.1, voltage 4.5 V. Normally closed contacts are connected in series in the second branch K1.1 electromagnetic relay K1 , resistor R1 and LED VD1 . Further along the drawing there is a button S.B.1 .

The third parallel branch consists of an electromagnetic relay K1 shunted in the opposite direction by a diode VD2 .

The fourth branch has normally open contacts K1.2 and boozer B.A.1 .

There are elements here that we have not previously considered in this article: S.B.1 – this is a button without fixing the position. While it is pressed, the contacts are closed. But as soon as we stop pressing and remove our finger from the button, the contacts open. Such buttons are also called tact buttons.

The next element is an electromagnetic relay K1 . Its operating principle is as follows. When voltage is applied to the coil, its open contacts close and its closed contacts open.

All contacts that correspond to the relay K1 , are designated K1.1 , K1.2 etc. The first digit indicates that they belong to the corresponding relay.

Boozer

WITH The next element, previously unknown to us, is the boozer. The buzzer can to some extent be compared to a small speaker. When an alternating voltage is applied to its terminals, a sound of the corresponding frequency is heard. However, in our circuit there is no alternating voltage. Therefore, we will use an active buzzer, which has a built-in alternating current generator.

Passive Boozer – for alternating current .

Active boozer – for direct current.

The active buzzer has a polarity, so you should adhere to it.

Now we can look at how to read an electrical diagram as a whole.

In the original state the contacts K1.1 are in a closed position. Therefore, current flows through the circuit from G.B.1 through K1.1 , R1 , VD1 and returns again to G.B.1 .

When the button is pressed S.B.1 its contacts close and a path is created for current to flow through the coil K1 . When the relay has received power its normally closed contacts K1.1 open, and normally closed contacts K1.2 are closed. As a result, the LED goes out VD1 and a buzzer sound is heard B.A.1 .

Now let's return to the parameters of the electromagnetic relay K1 . The specification or drawing must indicate the series of the relay used, for example H.L.S.‑4078‑ DC5 V. Such a relay is designed for a nominal operating voltage of 5 V. However, G.B.1 = 4.5 V, but the relay has a certain operating range, so it will work well at a voltage of 4.5 V.

To select a buzzer, it is often enough to know only its voltage, but sometimes you also need to know the current. You should also not forget about its type - passive or active.

Diode VD2 series 1 N4148 designed to protect elements that open the circuit from overvoltage. In this case, you can do without it, since the circuit is opened by a button S.B.1 . But if it is opened by a transistor or thyristor, then VD2 must be installed.

Learning to read circuits with transistors

In this drawing we see VT1 and engine M1 . To be specific, we will use a transistor of the type 2 N2222 who works in .

In order for the transistor to open, you need to apply a positive potential to its base relative to the emitter - for n— p— n type; For p— n— p type you need to apply a negative potential relative to the emitter.

Button S.A.1 with fixation, that is, it retains its position after pressing. Engine M1 direct current.

In the initial state, the circuit is open by contacts S.A.1 . When the button is pressed SA1 multiple paths for current flow are created. The first way is “+” G.B.1 - contacts S.A.1 – resistor R1 – transistor base-emitter junction VT1 – «-» G.B.1 . Under the influence of current flowing through the base-emitter junction, the transistor opens and a second current path is formed - “+” G.B.1 – S.A.1 – relay coil K1 – collector-emitter VT1 – «-» G.B.1 .

Having received power, the relay K1 closes its open contacts K1.1 in the engine circuit M1 . This creates a third path: "+" G.B.1 – S.A.1 – K1.1 – M1 – «-» G.B.1 .

Now let's summarize everything. In order to learn to read electrical circuits, at first it is enough just to clearly understand the laws of Kirchhoff, Ohm, electromagnetic induction; methods of connecting resistors, capacitors; You should also know the purpose of all elements. Also, at first, you should assemble those devices for which there are the most detailed descriptions of the purpose of individual components and assemblies.

My very useful course for beginners will help you understand the general approach to developing electronic devices from drawings, with many practical and visual examples. After completing this course, you will immediately feel that you have moved from a beginner to a new level.

Our website contains materials that you will find not only interesting, but also very useful. This section is dedicated to “Practical diagrams of various devices”, it contains a lot of reference materials, information for beginner radio amateurs and not only, professionals will also find something useful for themselves. After all, people who want to develop learn throughout their lives. They say that it is impossible to know everything, we confirm this hypothesis by posting more and more new materials that cover science, electronics and constantly provide new knowledge.

We offer cooperation to experienced radio amateurs; they can share their experience on the pages of our website with beginners, that is, still completely amateurs. Our site will be useful in that participants can write comments on articles, discuss their problems on the forum, thereby sharing their experiences with each other.

If you want to develop, but you simply have little experience, our site will give you great benefit, the presentation of information is not at the most complex level, but in order to understand the electrical circuits of different devices, get acquainted with the description of the principles of their operation, you need to work a little. Therefore, if you are lazy and restless, and do not want to work to achieve something, then pass by, our site is not for you. There is no “I want to know everything” button on our website.

Our initial and primary goal is to meet the expectations of our users. We want you to expand your technical knowledge or strengthen your existing ones. You will definitely need them, since for many, the hobby of amateur radio often develops into a form of active income.

In this article we will look at a differential pressure gauge, what it is, what its function is, and what it is used for. A differential pressure gauge is a device that measures the difference in pressure between two places. Differential pressure gauges can range from devices simple enough to build at home to complex digital equipment. Function Standard pressure gauges are used to measure the pressure in a container by comparing it...

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• • Practical diagrams of different devices

WITH where to start studying radio electronics? How to build your first electronic circuit? Is it possible to quickly learn to solder? It is for those who ask such questions that this section was created. "Start" .

N and pages This section publishes articles about what any beginner in radio electronics should know first. For many radio amateurs, electronics, which was once just a hobby, over time has grown into a professional environment and has helped in finding a job and choosing a profession. Taking the first steps in studying radioelements and circuits, it seems that all this is terribly complicated. But gradually, as knowledge accumulates, the mysterious world of electronics becomes more understandable.

E if If you have always been interested in what is hidden under the cover of an electronic device, then you have come to the right place. Perhaps a long and exciting journey in the world of radio electronics will begin for you from this site!

To go to the article you are interested in, click the link or thumbnail image located next to the brief description of the material.

Measurements and instrumentation

Any radio amateur needs a device that can be used to test radio components. In most cases, electronics enthusiasts use a digital multimeter for these purposes. But not all elements can be tested with it, for example, MOSFET transistors. We present to your attention an overview of the universal ESR L/C/R tester, which can also be used to test most semiconductor radio elements.

An ammeter is one of the most important instruments in the laboratory of a beginning radio amateur. Using it, you can measure the current consumed by the circuit, configure the operating mode of a specific node in an electronic device, and much more. The article shows how in practice you can use an ammeter, which is necessarily present in any modern multimeter.

A voltmeter is a device for measuring voltage. How to use this device? How is it indicated on the diagram? You will learn more about this in this article.

From this article you will learn how to determine the main characteristics of a pointer voltmeter by the symbols on its scale. Learn to read readings from a dial voltmeter. A practical example awaits you, and you will also learn about an interesting feature of a pointer voltmeter that you can use in your homemade products.

How to test a transistor? This question is asked by all beginning radio amateurs. Here you will learn how to test a bipolar transistor with a digital multimeter. The transistor testing technique is shown using specific examples with a large number of photographs and explanations.

How to check a diode with a multimeter? Here we talk in detail about how you can determine the health of a diode with a digital multimeter. A detailed description of the testing methodology and some “tricks” for using the diode testing function of a digital multimeter.

From time to time I get asked the question: “How to check a diode bridge?” And, it seems, I have already talked about the method of testing all kinds of diodes in sufficient detail, but I have not considered the method of testing a diode bridge in a monolithic assembly. Let's fill this gap.

If you don’t yet know what a decibel is, then we recommend that you slowly and carefully read the article about this interesting unit of measurement for levels. After all, if you are involved in radio electronics, then sooner or later life will make you understand what a decibel is.

Often in practice it is necessary to convert microfarads to picofarads, millihenries to microhenries, milliamps to amperes, etc. How not to get confused when recalculating the values ​​of electrical quantities? A table of factors and prefixes for the formation of decimal multiples and submultiples will help with this.

During the repair process and when designing electronic devices, there is a need to check capacitors. Often seemingly serviceable capacitors have defects such as electrical breakdown, breakage or loss of capacity. You can check capacitors using widely used multimeters.

Equivalent series resistance (or ESR) is a very important parameter of a capacitor. This is especially true for electrolytic capacitors operating in high-frequency pulse circuits. Why is EPS dangerous and why is it necessary to take its value into account when repairing and assembling electronic equipment? You will find answers to these questions in this article.

The power dissipation of a resistor is an important parameter of the resistor that directly affects the reliability of the operation of this element in an electronic circuit. This article discusses how to evaluate and calculate the power of a resistor for use in an electronic circuit.

Beginner radio amateur workshop

How to read circuit diagrams? All novice electronics enthusiasts face this question. Here you will learn how to learn to distinguish the designations of radio components on circuit diagrams and take the first step in understanding the structure of electronic circuits.

DIY power supply. The power supply is an indispensable attribute in the amateur radio workshop. Here you will learn how to independently assemble an adjustable power supply with a switching stabilizer.

The most popular device in the laboratory of a novice radio amateur is an adjustable power supply. Here you will learn how to assemble an adjustable 1.2...32V power supply based on a ready-made DC-DC converter module with a minimum of effort and time.